Showing papers by "Forest Research Institute published in 1982"
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured surface flow through soils in Tawhai, Big Bush and Craigieburn State Forests by applying water at a line source 1 m upslope from a pit, in the base of which an intercepting trough is located.
220 citations
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TL;DR: Information relevant to the ecology of Agathis australis is presented, together with a distribution map based on its presence or absence in grid squares and bibliographic references to other information.
Abstract: Information relevant to the ecology of Agathis australis is presented, together with a distribution map based on its presence or absence in grid squares and bibliographic references to other information.
143 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, rain and throughfall drops were sampled during rain events in a New Zealand beech forest and the frequency distributions of drop mass and kinetic energy calculated, and the kinetic energy of throughfall under the canopy was always greater than that of rainfall in the open, notwithstanding interception losses.
Abstract: Rain and throughfall drops were sampled during rain events in a New Zealand beech forest and the frequency distributions of drop mass and kinetic energy calculated. The kinetic energy of throughfall under the canopy was always greater than that of rainfall in the open, notwithstanding interception losses. During a typical rain event in which 51 mm fell in 36 h, the total kinetic energy of throughfail was 1.5 times greater than that of rainfall, and the mean amount of sand splashed from sample cups was 3.1 times greater under the canopy than in the open. It appears that where mineral soil is exposed at the surface, by animal trampling or burrowing for example, rates of soil detachment by splash under a forest canopy will probably exceed those in the open.
78 citations
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TL;DR: Morphological and anatomical descriptions of Beilschmiedia tawa are given together with information relevant to its ecology, a distribution map based on its presence or absence in grid squares, and bibliographic references to other informaion.
Abstract: Morphological and anatomical descriptions of Beilschmiedia tawa are given together with information relevant to its ecology, a distribution map based on its presence or absence in grid squares, and bibliographic references to other informaion. B. tawa is one of the main canopy-forming trees in the lowland and low hill forests of the North Island and is also one of the main merchantable hardwoods. It has a good capacity to regenerate in shade or small canopy gaps, but is sensitive to exposure, tending to deteriorate in intensively logged forests.
67 citations
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TL;DR: The results indicate a possible importance of H. carneum as a mycorrhizal fungus of eucalypts in the North Island of New Zealand.
Abstract: Fungal sporocarps of Hydnangium carneum Wallr., Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk. ex Br., Scleroderma spp, Hymenogaster spp., Hysterangium spp, Cortinarius spp, etc. were found to be associated with five species of eucalypts Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Bak., E. regnans F. Muell., E. nitens Maiden, E.fastigata Deane et Maiden, and E. saligna Sm.) in nurseries or stands in the North Island of New Zealand. A total of 5345 mycorrhizal pieces were plated out in isolation studies. More than 47% of these pieces remained free of fungal outgrowth, 16% yielded dark sterile mycelia, 7% yielded hyaline sterile fungi, 17% produced sporing Fungi Imperfecti, 5.8% were basidiomycetous fungi identified as H. carneum, Scleroderma spp, Paxillus sp. and Hymenogaster albus (Klotzsch) Berk. et Br., and 5.9% were unidentified basidiomycetes. Mycorrhizas were synthesized on eucalypt seedlings by 12 identified basidiomycetes which form sporocarps in eucalypt stands and 12 unidentified basidiomycetes isolated from the mycorrhizas. Under the test conditions two Cortinarius spp and one unidentified basidiomycete did not form mycorrhizas. The results indicate a possible importance of H. carneum as a mycorrhizal fungus of eucalypts in the North Island of New Zealand.
64 citations
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TL;DR: The physical barriers to pollinator movement in the understorey, and high interspecific competition for pollinators by a large number of tree species, appear to make it difficult to maintain an obligate outbreeding system.
Abstract: Xerospermum intermedium, a fairly common understorey species in the West Malesian lowland dipterocarp forest is androdioecious, with delayed self-compatibility. It flowers annually, and has an extended flowering period, with individuals flowering somewhat asynchronously, presenting small flowers with minimal visual lures. The flowers are visited by an unrestricted array of apparently imprecise opportunistic feeders, predominated by trigonid bees and butterflies. Most of these visitors exhibit low fidelity and forage opportunistically on numerous competing tree species. Presentation of nectar in alternating rhythms between the male and hermaphrodite trees appears to induce pollinator movement between them. Out of such alternating visits between the sexes, a low level of short-range inter-tree pollen transfer by trigonids and butterflies seems to occur. Despite the elaborate system which promotes pollinator movement between the sexes, this species has retained a low level of self-compatibility. The physical barriers to pollinator movement in the understorey, and high interspecific competition for pollinators by a large number of tree species, appear therefore to make it difficult to maintain an obligate outbreeding system. Hence, androdioecism may be one of the explanations for the survival of X. intermedium.
41 citations
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TL;DR: Age-specific life-table data were collected over a year for field and insectary populations of Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) on logs of Eucalyptus grandis in Malawi, and severe overcrowding led to a reduction in population density from one generation to the next.
Abstract: Age-specific life-table data were collected over a year for field and insectary populations of Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) on logs of Eucalyptus grandis in Malawi. Most mortality occurred in the larval stage, and the major mortality factor was intraspecific competition. Severe overcrowding led to a reduction in population density from one generation to the next. Overcrowding also led to a reduction in beetle size and to a shift in the sex ratio in favour of males. Elimination of potential breeding sites is recommended as an effective control measure for this pest.
40 citations
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TL;DR: The quickflow responses of six subcatchment areas in a small hill country catchment in the Craigieburn Range, South Island, New Zealand, were compared for a range of storm sizes, rainfall intensities and antecedent wetness conditions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The quickflow responses of six subcatchment areas in a small hill country catchment in the Craigieburn Range, South Island, New Zealand, were compared for a range of storm sizes, rainfall intensities and antecedent wetness conditions. Topography and soil characteristics suggested that all subcatchments would receive subsurface stormflow input, but that some would receive larger saturation overland flow inputs than others. Quickflow yields and response ratios were positively correlated with storm size and antecedent wetness conditions in the subcatchment most suited to producing saturation overland flow. In subcatchments more likely to be dominated by subsurface flow, quickflow yields and response ratios were positively correlated with storm size, but were either not correlated, or negatively correlated, with antecedent wetness. Quickflow responses were either not significantly or negatively correlated with rainfall intensity variables. Quickflow from the subcatchment most suited to produce saturation overland flow providing an increasing proportion of total catchment quickflow in larger storms and as antecedent conditions became wetter. Subcatchment responses varied greatly in space and time and there was less pattern to the variation than had been expected. Where topographic and pedologic conditions permit substantial responses to storm rainfall by both saturation overland flow and subsurface stormflow, simple topographic and soil indicators may not be useful guides to the relative importance of runoff mechanisms, or to the identification of runoff-source areas.
34 citations
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TL;DR: Four kill-trap models and 2 leg-hold trap models were assessed in relation to the commonly used Lanes-Ace gin trap for trapping the brush-tailed possum and only the Victor proved as efficient as the Gin, with a relative catch of 103.9%.
Abstract: Four kill-trap models (Banya, Bigelow 1, Conibear 220, and Kaki) and 2 leg-hold trap models (Montgomery 1 and Victor 1) were assessed in relation to the commonly used Lanes-Ace gin trap (‘Gin’) for trapping the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The criteria selected were catch efficiency, humaneness, fur removal, target specificity, cost, weight/size, robustness, and ease of setting. The percentage catch of the gin trap was set at 100%, and the other traps' catches were adjusted to this. Only the Victor proved as efficient as the Gin, with a relative catch of 103.9%. The Montgomery, Conibear, Kaki, Bigelow, and Banya had relative catches of 43.2, 43.7, 31.7, 28.5, and 5.2% respectively. The 3 leghold traps proved equally injurious: 71.2%, 70.5%, and 74.5% of the possums captured in the Gin, Montgomery, and Victor respectively sustained either cut skin or fractured bone. The Bigelow and Conibear kill traps did not always kill the captured possums, often catching them across the chest, a...
24 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the amount and distribution of terpenoid components are useful aids to chemotaxonomy for Nasutitermitinae termites, which can have tetracyclic, tricyclic and bicyclic skeletal structures with various degrees of oxygenation.
Abstract: Mono- and diterpenoid components of severalNasutitermitinae soldier secretions have been characterised by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Patterns in monoterpene distribution are useful, but not sufficient for chemotaxonomic purposes without determination of the diterpene distribution. Diterpenoids are structurally complex and can have tetracyclic, tricyclic and bicyclic skeletal structures with various degrees of oxygenation. The relative retention indices for several identified diterpenoid compounds have been determined on OV-1 and OV-17 columns. The amount and distribution of the terpenoid components are useful aids to chemotaxonomy forNasutitermitinae termites.
16 citations
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TL;DR: Current pest-control methods include the use of insecticides, biological control with Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis and Trichogramma dendrolimi, and silvicultural methods such as selective cutting, with planting of mixed stands and protection of beneficial birds.
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TL;DR: The Thriasian Plain near Athens in Greece is a site of concentrated industrial development as discussed by the authors, and total concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and S in samples of olive leaves from the same area were found to be, respectively, 4-40, 3-10, 3 -9, 2-6 and 17-21 times higher than those found in samples from rural sites.
Abstract: The Thriasian Plain near Athens in Greece is a site of concentrated industrial development. Total concentrations of Pb, Cd and extractable SO4
2− in surface soil samples collected from this area, were found to be, respectively, 2–7, 6–34 and 2–20 times higher than those in similar soil samples from parts of the country remote from industrial activity. Total concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and S in samples of olive leaves from the same area were found to be, respectively, 4–40, 3–10, 3–9, 2–6 and 17–21 times higher than those found in samples of olive leaves from rural sites. Leaves of cabbages growing in the area contained between 0.82 and 40 μg/g (wet weight) of Pb. Addition of Cd, Ni and Cu to a calcareous potted soil at concentrations of 100, 200 and 200 ppm increased the concentrations of the metals in the needles of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedlings to 4.5, 3.5 and 10 ppm, respectively, after 7 months growth in the nursey.
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TL;DR: There were some cases of real resistance with an additive genetic basis, although infection response seems to be only weakly heritable at the level of the individual.
Abstract: A glasshouse inoculation trial with Diplodia pinea (Desm) Kickx was carried out on 20 wind-pollinated progenies of Pinus radiata D Don The parents had been selected on a site of very high disease incidence for freedom from Diplodia-associated shoot dieback Compared with two control seed lots the progenies as a whole showed less infection after an inoculation than the controls (697% v 796%), this difference being statistically significant (P <005) in even the most stringent tests The contrast was somewhat less marked in respect of shoot dieback (368% v 444%) The progenies, however, were strongly variable among themselves, ranging from substantially less affected than the controls to marginally more affected This suggests that there were some cases of real resistance with an additive genetic basis, although infection response seems to be only weakly heritable at the level of the individual
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01 Jan 1982TL;DR: In this paper, the soil factors affecting phosphorus sorption are discussed together with phosphate sorption isotherms and sorption mechanisms, and a simple and accurate sorption index for phosphorus in soil and the treatment systems1 operation time is found.
Abstract: The soil factors affecting phosphorus sorption are discussed together with phosphate sorption isotherms and sorption mechanisms. Both soil column experiments and field studies have shown that suited soils have a high sorption capacity for phosphorus from wastewater. It is very important that a simple and accurate sorption index for phosphorus in soil and the treatment systems1 operation time be found.
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TL;DR: It was concluded that this mild form of the disease is due to a combination of resistance of the chestnut trees and unfavourable local climatic conditions for the development of the fungus.
Abstract: Chestnut blight in Greece occurred since its beginning in a mild form, causing superficial cankers with callus formation, a low production of pycnidia and very slow distribution, even though the strain of this fungus has shown to be virulent It was concluded that this mild form of the disease is due to a combination of resistance of the chestnut trees and unfavourable local climatic conditions for the development of the fungus
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TL;DR: The central North Island contains significant areas of New Zealand's exotic forests as discussed by the authors, and the insects which are found in these forests, and damage which some species can cause, are discussed.
Abstract: The central North Island contains significant areas of New Zealand's exotic forests. This paper discusses the insects which are found in these forests, and damage which some species can cause.
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TL;DR: From the account given above, it seems likely that more than one species of leaf-hoppers are involved in spreading the disease in nature (Sen-Sarma 1981).
Abstract: A review of present status of knowledge in respect of insect vectors of sandal spike disease in India has been given. So far, three species of homopterous insects, namely, Moonia albimaculata, Coelidea indica and Nephotettix virescens, have been incriminated as possible vectors of spike disease of sandal. The experimental methods used for the transmission tests have been discussed. Except Nephotettix virescens, the role of remaining two species needs further investigation.
Conclusion: From the account given above, it seems likely that more than one species of leaf-hoppers are involved in spreading the disease in nature (Sen-Sarma 1981). Currently leaf-hopper species occurring in sandal ecosystem are being screened for their ability to transmit the disease.
Zusammenfassung
Insekten als Vektoren bei der “Sandal-Spike-Krankheit”
Es wird ein Uberblick uber den gegenwartigen Wissensstand zur Frage der Insekten als Vektoren bei der “Sandal-Spike-Krankheit” gegeben. Bis jetzt werden die drei Homopteren-Arten Moonia albimaculata, Coelidea indica und Nephotettix virescens als mogliche Vektoren von “Sandal-Spike” angesehen. Die experimentellen Methoden fur die Transmissionsversuche werden diskutiert. Mit Ausnahme von N. virescens bedarf die Vektorfunktion der beiden anderen Arten weiterer Untersuchungen.
Resume
Insectes vecteurs de la maladie epineuse du Santal
Une revue de l'etat actuel des connaissances pour ce qui concerne les insectes vecteurs de la maladie epineuse du Santal en Inde est fournie. Ainsi trois especes d'Homopteres nommes respectivement Moonia albimaculata, Coelidea indica et Nephotettix virescens ont ete mis en cause en tant que vecteurs possibles de la maladie epineuse du Santal. Les methodes experimentales utilisees pour les essais de transmission on fait l'objet de discussion. A l'exception du Nephotettix virescens, le rǒle des deux autres especes necessite une recherche plus poussee.
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TL;DR: The activities of CK and its isoenzymes were determined in the sera of six test subjects just before and 6 and 24 h after, alcohol intake, and in serum from 14 chronic alcoholics, who had consumed alcohol for several days before the blood sampling.
Abstract: The activities of CK and its isoenzymes were determined in the sera of six test subjects just before, and 6 and 24 h after, alcohol intake. The CK activity was higher after alcohol intake, but the change was not significant. CK-MB isoenzyme was not observed. The activities of CK and its isoenzymes were also determined in serum from 14 chronic alcoholics, who had consumed alcohol for several days before the blood sampling. Pathologically high activity of creatine kinase was found in six of them, but CK-MB and CK-BB isoenzymes were not found.
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TL;DR: Renal calculi were found in eight of 325 red deer kidney pairs examined, all eight were females and only one was infected in both kidneys, and one calculus analysed for chemical composition comprised predominantly calcium carbonate.
Abstract: Renal calculi were found in eight of 325 red deer kidney pairs examined, all eight were females and only one was infected in both kidneys. A further three deer badly infected with urolithiasis were found by chance, two were males. Examples of the calculi found are illustrated to show their range of sizes and shapes. One calculus analysed for chemical composition comprised predominantly calcium carbonate.
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TL;DR: Cardiovascular and respiratory effects induced by central histamine H r and H2-receptor stimulation in anaesthetized rats, First Soviet-Finnish symposium in neurotransmitters and the mechanism of action of neurotropic and cardiovascular drugs
Abstract: and clinical studies in patients with cimetidineassociated mental confusion, Lancet 27, 177-181 (1979). [7] W. LORENZ, A. DOENICKE, B. SCHONING, J. MAMORSKI, O. WEBER, E. HINTERLANG, B. SCHWARZ and E. NEUGEBAUER, e I + H2-receptor antagonists for premeditation in anaesthestia and surgery: A critical view based on randomized clinical trials with haemaceel and various antiallergenic drugs, Agents and Actions 10, 114-124 (1980). [81 I. PAAKKARI, A simple method for the verification of a successful cannulation of the rat cerebral ventricles, Experientia 36, 887-888 (1980). [9] I. PAAKKAm, Computerized recording of ventilation, cardiovascular parameters and body temperature in anaesthetised rats, J. Pharmacol. Meth. 6, 97-107 (1981). [10] M.E. PARSONS, The antagonism of histamine H 2receptors in vivo with particular reference to the actions of eimetidine. In Cimetidine, pp. 13-20 (Eds W.L. BURLAND and M.A. SIMKINS). Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1977. [11] W.A. MAHON and M. KOLTON, Hypotension after intravenous cimetidine, Lancet 1,828 (1978). [12] J. COHEN, A.P. WEETMAN, H.J. DARGIE and D.M. KmKLER, Life-threatening arrhythmias and intravenous cimetidine, Br. Med. J. 2, 768 (1979). [13] H. KARPPANEN, I. PAAKKARI and P. PAAKKARI, Further evidence for central histamine H2-receptor involvement in the hypotensive effect of clonidine in the rat, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 42, 299-302 (1977). [14] H. KARPPANEN, I. PAAKKARI and P. PAAKKARI, Studies on the nature of cerebral receptors mediating the hypotensive effect of clonidine in rats. In Histamine Receptors, pp. 255-269 (Ed. T.O. YELLIN). Spectrum Publications, New York 1979. [15] P.E. HICKS, Central cardiovascular actions of histamine in rats: Involvement of histamine H2-receptors, Clin. Exp. Hypertension 1, 251-265 (1978). [16] I. PAAKKARI, P. PAAKKARI and H. KARPPANEN, Central cardiovascular effects of the selective histamine H2-receptor agonist dimaprit in the rat, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41, suppl. 4, 67 (1977). [17] I. PAAKKARI, Cardiovascular and respiratory effects induced by central histamine H r and H2-receptor stimulation in anaesthetized rats, First Soviet-Finnish symposium in neurotransmitters and the mechanism of action of neurotropic and cardiovascular drugs, Abstracts, 85 (1979).
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TL;DR: In this article, the replacement of a sample loop of the injector by a short column permits injection of larger volumes as well as separate elution of the most polar components, which is also applicable but not recommended for the characterisation of unfractionated wax samples.
Abstract: Plant leaf waxes can be characterised by HPLC eitherin toto or after separation into acidic and neutral fractions using DEAE Sephadex A-25. Group separation of acidic fraction components is easy using reversed phase systems; this method is also applicable but not recommended for the characterisation of unfractionated wax samples. Separation and quantitation of wax neutral fractions is easier by adsorption HPLC systems but solvent composition is critical and normally involves use of tetrahydrofuran. The replacement of a sample loop of the injector by a short column permits injection of larger volumes as well as separate elution of the most polar components. Examples are presented using mass and UV detectors as well as gravimetric analysis of wax from several plant species.