Showing papers by "Forest Research Institute published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this article, a Hele-Shaw viscous-flow analogue has been used to investigate the causal link between some soil pipes and slope failure, showing that when a pipe is blocked or is a dead-end passageway, the cavity can readily fill with water during rainstorms.
Abstract: Summary Experimentation with a Hele-Shaw viscous-flow analogue apparatus has supported earlier suggestions, based on field evidence, that a causal link may exist between some soil pipes and slope failure. The analogue has shown that when a pipe is blocked or is a dead-end passageway (a closed pipe), the cavity can readily fill with water during rainstorms. Pipes partially filled with standing water will generate pore pressures in the surrounding soil matrix in proportion to the hydrostatic head achieved. Long pipes parallel to the fall line of the slope have the potential, when partially filled with water, of generating soil pore-water pressures much greater than those generated by total saturation of the soil. Such pore-pressure increases could trigger landslides at sites that would otherwise be stable.
121 citations
TL;DR: In this article, throughfall under a beech (Nothofagus) forest canopy at Donald Creek, Nelson averaged 69% of the rain falling on the canopy, i.e. 1060 mm of 1530 mm in a year of normal rainfall.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a computerized wood densitometer system using X-rays is described, which uses 5 mm increment core samples, machined to 2 mm thickness in the axial direction of the fibre, and an isotopic radiation source (Fe 55).
Abstract: A computerised wood densitometer system using X-rays is described. The technique uses 5 mm increment core samples, machined to 2 mm thickness in the axial direction of the fibre, and an isotopic radiation source (Fe 55). Direct measurement of the intensity of radiation passing through the sample enables wood density variations to be recorded automatically and stored on disc file for subsequent analyses with an interactive computer program.
81 citations
TL;DR: Bioassays of selected fatty and resin acids using Dothistroma pini as test organism have shown that a long chain fatty acid, ω-hydroxy fatty acids and oxidized resin acids are highly fungistatic, suggesting that these compounds could be preinfectional factors contributing to resistance of mature P. radiata trees.
Abstract: Bioassays of selected fatty and resin acids using Dothistroma pini as test organism have shown that a long chain fatty acid (stearic), ω-hydroxy fatty acids and oxidized resin acids (7-keto, 7-hydroxy dehydroabietic acid, 13-hydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-18-oic acid) are highly fungistatic. The compounds inhibited both D. pini spore germination, and mycelial growth in vitro. Dehydroabietic acid had no effect on the fungus. The effect of the compounds on D. pini in vivo was studied by artificial inoculation in growth cabinets of P. radiata rooted cuttings whose foliage had been spray-extracted with acetone, and thereby depleted of epicuticular and stomatal pore fatty and resin acids. The mean infection level recorded for acetone-treated plants was ca. twice that of control plants, suggesting that these compounds could be preinfectional factors contributing to resistance of mature P. radiata trees.
58 citations
TL;DR: The bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus and the short-tailed vole Microtus agrestis made up 52.3 and 29.0% of the rodent populations in Norway during the years 1971-979.
Abstract: Small rodent populations were monitored by autumn snap trapping in 22 localities of Norway during the years 1971–979. A total of 105528 trap days yielded 7987 small mammals, out of which the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus and the short-tailed vole Microtus agrestis made up 52.3 and 29.0%, respectively. Third in abundance was the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus.
Both M. agrestis and C. glareolus fluctuated fairly regularly, with general peak years of abundance in 1973 and 1977. Other Microtidae, such as M. oeconomus, C. rutilus and Lemmus lemmus apparently also exhibited cyclic fluctuations. In Arvicola terrestris, Apodemus, and in Sorex shrews, regular fluctuations could not be demonstrated, although the abundance varied considerably.
The body weights of sub-adult C. glareolus cycled in accordance with the fluctuations in abundance; the highest weights being recorded in peak years. In M. agrestis, this correlation was less obvious.
50 citations
TL;DR: The National Agricultural Council for Variety Testing (NCVT) approved three selected or introduced locust cultivars in 1973 and five more in 1979, and a further 13 candidates were grouped into three categories according to their proposed uses: sawlogs; poles and posts; and finally beekeeping and decorative planting as discussed by the authors.
48 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the results from field plots (with Norway spruce, Scots pine or silver birch) and lysimeters exposed to artificial rain are described. But neither the growth of trees nor the chemical properties of the foliage indicate that the trees suffered from Al-toxicity.
Abstract: Results from field plots (with Norway spruce, Scots pine or silver birch) and lysimeters exposed to artificial rain are described. “Rain” was acidified to pH levels from 6 to 2.5 or 2 by means of H2SO4, and applied to field plots and 40 cm deep lysimeters in quantities of 50 mm month-1 in the frost-free period. Increased acidity of the “rain” increased the leaching of Ca, Mg and Al. When “rain” acidity increased from pH 3 to pH 2, Al concentration in the effluent increased from an average of 80 μmol 1-1 to an average of 1290 μmol 1-1. The Ca/Al mol ratio decreased from 7 to 0.5. Significant and corresponding changes in soil chemistry were observed. Neither the growth of trees nor the chemical properties of the foliage indicate that the trees suffered from Al-toxicity.
40 citations
TL;DR: The sugars in wood hydrolysates were fermented to ethanol using Pachysolen tannophilus using unaerated cultures at 11 g/1 yeast concentration to produce ethanol and xylose.
Abstract: The sugars in wood hydrolysates were fermented to ethanol using Pachysolen tannophilus. Batch fermentations were complete within 36 hours using unaerated cultures at 11 g/1 yeast concentration. A Pinus radiata“beer” medium containing mostly xylose gave 0.33 g ethanol/g sugar consumed. The yield from an as pen hydrolysate containing a mixture of hexose and pentose sugars was 0.43 g ethanol/g sugar consumed.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two landsliding episodes between late 1973 and early 1975 delivered about 60000 m3 of sediment to six small deeply incised streams draining a 2·7 km2 area.
Abstract: Two landsliding episodes between late 1973 and early 1975 delivered about 60000 m3 of sediment to six small deeply incised streams draining a 2·7 km2 area. About 4700 m3 of logs in the landslide debris formed major log jams in five streams, which impounded large volumes of landslide-derived sediment. Five years after the landsliding, 42 per cent (25000 m3) of sediment was still in storage behind 35 log jams ranging from 1·4–8·2 m high. The landsliding episodes have produced multi-stepped stream profiles, aggradation of channel reaches up to 150 m long to mean depths between 1·2 and 4·1 m, reductions in gradient, fining of bed material size, and related changes in bedforms and channel width:depth ratios that seem likely to persist for at least several decades. Sediment presently stored behind log jams is equivalent to between 50 and 220 years normal supply of sediment from hillslopes to stream channels. Long-delayed, large magnitude impacts on higher-order channels may occur if sudden failure of log jams is induced by a large storm at some future date.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of lime and artificial rain of varying acidity on the enchytraeid fauna were studied in 4 field experiments in coniferous forest.
Abstract: Effects of lime and artificial rain of varying acidity on the enchytraeid fauna were studied in 4 field experiments in coniferous forest. Artificial rain was applied 5 months per year in quantities of 25 or 50 mm per month and with pH values from about 6 to 2. The “rain” was produced by mixing groundwater and sulphuric acid. The greatest total abundance of enchytraeids and the greatest population densities of Cognettia sphagnetorum and Mesenchytraeus pelicensis were found in plots supplied “rain” of pH 6, pH 4 and pH 3. Their abundances were lowered by additional acidification (pH 2.5 and 2) and also by liming. Species like Enchytronia parva and especially Enchytraeus buchholzi and Fredericia parnoniana were mostly stimulated by liming.
33 citations
TL;DR: Thirteen types of natural Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) mycorrhizas were characterized and nine of them were identified as P. menzieii + Rhizopogon sp.
Abstract: Thirteen types of natural Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) mycorrhizas were characterized and nine of them were identified as P. menziesii + Rhizopogon sp., P. menziesii + R. vinicolor, P. menziesii + Hebeloma crustuliniforme, P. menziesii + Amanita muscaria, P. menziesii + Endogone flammicorona, P. menziesii + Boletus sp., P. menziesii + Laccaria laccata, P. menziesii + Thelephora terrestris and P. menziesii+Tuber sp.
TL;DR: In this article, a variety of phosphorus esters and diesters were found in four Norwegian forest soils, namely crust, felty, greasy and granular raw humus.
TL;DR: Hypogeous fungi were found associated with the following forest tree species — Pinus radiata D. Don, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Eucalyptus spp.
Abstract: Hypogeous fungi were found associated with the following forest tree species — Pinus radiata D. Don, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Eucalyptus spp., Nothofagus spp., and Leptospermum spp. in New Zealand. The hosts with their fungal associates are listed and the sporocarps and spores of certain fungal species are illustrated. Host specificity of some of these fungi is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 10-year study on the effects of ditching-systems on water table levels in deep peat has been conducted and the following factors have been tested: ditch depth, ditch distance, vegetation type, surface fall, permeability of peat, air temperature, evaporation and rainfall.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The limiting factor usually is not the amount of nitrogen but its availability to the trees, as shown by the rapid response of trees to nitrogen fertilization in both temperate and boreal forests.
Abstract: Nitrogen is quite often a growth-limiting factor in both temperate and boreal forests, as is shown by the usually rapid response of trees to nitrogen fertilization. The total amount of nitrogen in most forest soils, however, is quite high. The limiting factor usually is not the amount of nitrogen but its availability to the trees.
TL;DR: In this paper, P. radiata clones were measured after 2, 5 and 8 months on plants grown in controlled environment rooms with markedly different water vapour saturation deficits (D).
Abstract: . Stomatal conductance and needle water potential of P. radiata clones were measured after 2, 5 and 8 months on plants grown in controlled environment rooms with markedly different water vapour saturation deficits (D). Conductance was significantly lower at high D, but water potential differences between treatments were not significant. When trees were moved between treatments most of the changes in conductances occurred within 2 h, with residual changes after 24 h. Water potentials were not different 24 h after the trees were moved. The effects were completely reversible.
Transpiration rates of individual trees were highest in the high D treatment and lowest in the low D treatment. They were not linearly related to D because of decreasing conductance with increasing D.
Height growth, diameter growth and foliage areas were not significantly different between treatments. Tracheid lumen diameters tended to be larger in trees grown at higher D although treatment differences were not significant.
There were significant clonal differences in shoot conductance and tracheid dimensions.
TL;DR: Studies on the intraspecific variations on sympatric and allopatric populations indicate two distinct patterns of chemical composition.
Abstract: Trinervita-1(15),8(19)-dien-2β,3α-diol and the new trinervita-1(15),8(19)-dien-2β, 3α-diol 2-O-acetate constitute the major diterpene constituents of the soldier defense secretions of the NasutitermiteHospitalitermes umbrinus of Malaysian region Studies on the intraspecific variations on sympatric and allopatric populations indicate two distinct patterns of chemical composition
TL;DR: In this paper, the extent of soda-AQ pulping with anthraquinone (AQ) additions and chlorine-free bleaching with oxygen-based treatments was investigated with the aim of producing bleached softwood pulp with kraft-like strength properties.
Abstract: Some aspects of sulphur-free soda pulping with anthraquinone (AQ) additions and chlorine-free bleaching with oxygen-based treatments were investigated with the aim of producing bleached softwood pulp with kraft-like strength properties. The extent of soda-AQ pulping was studied by pulping to 32, 42 and 68 Kappa number. After oxygen delignification to 10, 15 and 20 Kappa number respectively, the extent of bleaching with ozone, alkali extraction, and hydrogen peroxide treatments (ZEP sequence) was studied. For comparison, oxygen delignified pulps were conventionally bleached with a sequential chlorine/chlorine dioxide, alkali extraction, and chlorine dioxide (D/CED) sequence. A reference kraft pulp at 45 Kappa number was similarly oxygen delignified and bleached. Kraft-like strength properties (as measured by tear/burst relationships) were attainable if soda-AQ pulping was terminated at high Kappa number and was followed by oxygen delignification and D/CED bleaching. This pulp had a 3% (on wood) higher total yield and consumed less active alkali (2.0% as Na2O) than the bleached reference kraft pulp. Soda-AQ pulping followed by oxygen delignification and ZEP bleaching produced pulp with strength properties that were at least 25% less than those of the reference kraft pulp after oxygen delignification and conventional bleaching with chlorine-based treatments. Although the combination soda-AQ pulping to low Kappa number and extended oxygen delignification adversely affected pulp strength properties, it was ZEP bleaching and ozone treatments in particular, which caused the majority of the strength loss.
TL;DR: Results support the inclusion of the Guadalupe Island population in Pinus radiata and the recent transfer of the Cedros Island populations from P. muricata to P. radiata var.
Abstract: Samples of oleoresin were collected from natural populations of pines on Guadalupe and Cedros islands, Baja California. The monoterpenes of the individual trees were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography and compared with those of Pinus radiata and P. muricata as found in nature and in cultivation. In all the samples from the two islands the main constituents were α-pinene and β-pinene. There was wide tree-to-tree variation in the proportions of these, and a strong over-all similarity to the monoterpenes found in the three natural populations of P. radiata on the mainland of California. On average, β-pinene was 75% of the total for Guadalupe Island and 80% for Cedros Island. From the taxonomic point of view, these results support (1) the inclusion of the Guadalupe Island population in P. radiata; (2) the recent transfer of the Cedros Island populations from P. muricata to P. radiata, with the new combination P. radiata var. cedrosensis (Howell) Axelrod.
TL;DR: Fertilization had no effect on the concentration of K in needles of trees in intermediate stages of disease, but it influenced in the lower rate the exhaustion of Mg in wood of roots, and the role of K and MG in defensive reactions is discussed.
Abstract: The chemical analysis of needles and wood of roots of trees belonging to four stages of disease caused by A. mellea in fertilized (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and non-fertilized three Scotch Pine plantations were made. The attack caused gradual interruption of absorption and resulted in the exhaustion of some elements (N, P) and concentration of other ones (K, Ca) in needles and in the decrease of P and transitional growth of Mg-level in wood of roots. Considerable growth of concentration of some chemical substances in wood of roots of dead trees was observed. This referred to the fertilized and nonfertilized trees as well. The rate of these changes, however, was different after treatment: fertilization had no effect on the concentration of K in needles of trees in intermediate stages of disease, but it influenced in the lower rate the exhaustion of Mg in wood of roots. The role of K and Mg in defensive reactions is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in soil samples from 144 profiles located in remote forested areas throughout the mainland of Greece, including Greece.
Abstract: Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in soil samples from 144 profiles located in remote forested areas throughout the mainland of Greece.
TL;DR: Bertiella trichosuri was found in 41.3% of 218 possums examined from Claverly, North Canterbury, and indicates decreases in fecundity and in the proportion of 1-year-old possums that had attained sexual maturity.
Abstract: Bertiella trichosuri was found in 41.3% of 218 possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) examined from Claverly, North Canterbury. The mean worm burden was 3.5 (range 1-18); female and male possums were equally infested. Worm loadings greater than 5 resulted in loss of condition as measured by mesenteric fat index. Females with such loadings had a significantly lower mean mesenteric fat index than uninfested females (1.38, cf. 6.14). The age distributions of infested and uninfested possums differed significantly, a greater proportion of 1-year-old possums occurring in the infested subsample. The data for infested possums also indicate decreases in fecundity and in the proportion of 1-year-old possums that had attained sexual maturity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-stage HNO3 and H2O2/UV irradiation procedure was described, in which the samples were pre-gested with HNO 3 and then processed under UV irradiation.
Abstract: A two‐step digestion procedure using HNO3 and H2O2/UV irradiation is described. The samples are predigested with HNO3, succeeded by digestion in H2O2 under UV irradiation. The maximum temperature is 150°C. The digestion is performed without sample transfer during oxidation. The analytical data obtained by the new digestion method do not deviate from those obtained by HClO4 digestion. The macronutrient elements including P were measured.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined the features and properties of the quartz grains and fractions, produced by the environment of the cryoarid continental climate of Central Asia, and established that in cold and humid climates processes of cryogenic and hydrothermic splitting occur on the surface of quartz grains.
Abstract: Morphoscopic studies were conducted with the aid of SEM and TEM microscopes, on quartz grains and fractions not exceeding 2 μm, on soil samples from the continental tundra, alpine meadow and arid steppe. The aim of these studies was to define the features and properties of the quartz grains and fractions, produced by the environment of the cryoarid continental climate of Central Asia. It has been established that in cold and humid climates processes of cryogenic and hydrothermic splitting occur on the surface of quartz grains and in cold and dry climates processes of cryothermic scalling. The increase in the surface area of disintegrated minerals under continental climate conditions is accompanied by cryochemical coating by mineral-organic compounds.
TL;DR: Studies on chiasma frequency were correlated to recombination and evolution among the four species of Salvia, e.
Abstract: Chiasma frequency and nucleolar behaviour in four species of Salvia e. g. S. farinacea, S. glutinosa, S. coccinea and S. splendens were studied. Out of four species, S. glutinosa showed the highest chiasmata per bivalent (1.18). S. farinacea and S. glutinosa formed both ring and rod bivalents although the number of ring bivalents were less. S. coccinea and S. splendens formed only rod bivalents. Variation in nucleolar number and behaviour was noted in three species of Salvia, e. g. S. farinacea, S. glutinosa and S. splendens. The number of nucleoli varied from PMC to PMC and also the number of bivalents attached to the nucleolus varied. Various causes of low chiasma frequency as well as variation in the nucleolar number and behaviour were discussed in detail. Studies on chiasma frequency were correlated to recombination and evolution among the four species of Salvia.
TL;DR: In this paper, the 31P-NMR of Humic Acids Isolated from Two Different Peat Soils in Norway was used to identify Humic acid in Norway.
Abstract: (1983). 31P-NMR of Humic Acids Isolated from Two Different Peat Soils in Norway. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 143-144.
TL;DR: In the case of Tadmor River, this article showed that the surface of the Moutere Gravel was interstratified with Kawakawa Tephra and matrix-rich colluvium and scree-like gravels.
Abstract: Interstratified matrix-rich colluvium and scree-like gravels form a regolith up to 5 m thick over a dissected bedrock surface of Moutere Gravel in the headwaters of Tadmor River, South Island, New Zealand. Drainage density of the paleolandscape was 2–4 times greater than at present, with substantially steeper lower-slope gradients. Several episodes of gully filling by scree-like gravels and matrix-rich colluvium are identifiable. Dissection of the paleolandscape is considered to have occurred prior to the last Otiran stadial or during the Oturian Interglacial, with the present regolith having accumulated either during late Otiran and Postglacial time or during the whole of the Otiran and Postglacial time. Inferred regolith accumulation rates during either time span are much larger than current sediment yield rates. The deposits studied are probably equivalent to other similar deposits in Nelson and Marlborough which are interstratified with Kawakawa Tephra (c. 20000 years old). The large regolith...
TL;DR: Members of the subfamily Nasutitermitinae are widely distributed throughout the tropics and is the highest evolved one, and is also the largest subfamily in the Order Isoptera.
Abstract: Members of the subfamily Nasutitermitinae are widely distributed throughout the tropics. This subfamily is the highest evolved one, and is also the largest subfamily in the Order Isoptera. The direction of evolutionary advancement in the subfamily Nasutitermitinae is the gradual reduction of the mandibles of the soldier caste accompanied by progressive increase in rostrum or nasus. A gland secreting defensive fluid opens at the tip of the rostrum and the secretion is forcefully squirted out at the enemy. The most primitive living genus in the subfamily is Syntermes which is Neotropical. Other primitive genera with well developed mandibles also occur in the same region. The morphological characters found useful in the classification and phylogenetic relationship among various genera are: (i) gross structure of imago-worker mandibles, (ii) length of postclypeus in relation to its width in imago, (iii) degree of degeneration of mandibles and presence or absence of lateral spinous process (apical poi...
TL;DR: The concentration and distribution of organic P and of the inorganic P fractions of Al, Fe and Ca were determined in forest soils derived from a range of parent materials and developed in different bioclimatic zones as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The concentration and distribution of organic P and of the inorganic P fractions of Al, Fe and Ca were determined in forest soils derived from a range of parent materials and developed in different bioclimatic zones. Organic P was significantly correlated (r=0.61) with soil organic matter, and in the top soil, it constituted between 7 and 63% of total P, depending on the origin of soil parent material. Similarly, the concentrations of Al‐, Fe‐ and Ca‐P, ranged from 20 to 60% of total P, and in the topsoil increased from locations on the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine zone i.e. with increasing precipitation. The concentration of Al‐P was always lower than Fe‐ and Ca‐P. The concentration of Fe‐P increased and the corresponding cocentration of Ca‐P decreased with decreasing soil pH and increasing age of the geological formations from which soil parent materials are presumed to have been produced by weathering.