Showing papers by "Forest Research Institute published in 1986"
TL;DR: It is suggested that Rhizophora spp.
276 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that up to 75% of the sedimentary rock debris from a magnitude 7.7 earthquake in the South Island of New Zealand was retained in the fourth-order 92-km 2 catchment 50 years after the earthquake.
Abstract: Landsliding during a magnitude 7.7 earthquake in 1929 in northwestern South Island, New Zealand, delivered up to ∼400 000 m 3 /km 2 of sediment to stream channels. First- to third-order channels were buried to depths of as much as 10 m with sedimentary rock debris for distances ranging from 2 of the 92-km 2 study area because of the coarse grain size of the sedimentary rock debris and trapping of sediment in numerous landslide-dammed lakes. Sand- and pebble-sized debris originating from landslides on a 6.6-km 2 area of granite has been transported downstream no more than ∼10 km. At least 50% to 75% of this granitic debris is retained in the fourth-order 92-km 2 catchment 50 yr after the earthquake. The long retention times of sediment and the volume of debris supplied by landslides during a large earthquake suggest that earthquake-induced landsliding is the principal sediment-supply mechanism in the region.
154 citations
TL;DR: The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, was induced to attack Norway spruce by means of pheromone dispensers and the trees were later categorized as surviving or dying, according to the degree of sapwood blue-staining caused by the attacks.
133 citations
TL;DR: Isolations of microorganisms were made from the sapwood of Norway spruce infested by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. Karst, and the most important group of fungi isolated, the species of Ophiostomataceae, is treated.
Abstract: Isolations of microorganisms were made from the sapwood of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (L.) Karst. infested by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. The most important group of fungi isolated, the species of Ophiostomataceae, is treated. Ten species were isolated, of which Ophiostoma polonicum Siem. appears to be the most active invader of the sapwood. Three new species are described, Ophiostoma ainoae sp. nov., O. flexuosum sp. nov. and O. cucullatum sp. nov. and three new combinations are proposed, O. davidsonii (Olchow. & Reid.) comb. nov., O. europhioides (Wright & Cain) comb. nov. and O. sagmatospora (Wright & Cain) comb. nov.
128 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Nothofagus menziesii, Weinmannia racemosa, and several species of sub-canopy hardwoods were found to have a gap-phase replacement pattern.
Abstract: Valley floor beech/hardwood forests in northern Fiordland, New Zealand are dominated by Nothofagus menziesii, Weinmannia racemosa, and several species of subcanopy hardwoods. Population structures and replacement patterns, as determined from size- and age-structure and spatial pattern analysis, reflect the effects of periodic disturbances. The differential expression of aspects of species life history resulted in several regeneration strategies for Nothofagus and Weinmannia. Frequent minor treefalls allowed sporadic regeneration of N. menziesii and W. racemosa on logs in canopy openings resulting in all-aged stands. Infrequent catastrophic landslides and extensive windthrow (e.g., 0.2–0.5 ha) resulted in even-aged stands of N. menziesii or N. menziesii/W. racemosa with little subsequent regeneration. Other hardwoods, although rare on the forest floor in dense-canopied even-aged forest, were numerous on fallen logs and in the Nothofagus canopy crowns of all-aged forests. Establishment above competing dense fern understoreys on the forest floor and outside the browse zone of introduced deer and wapiti appeared critical for the regenerative success of many species, especially subcanopy hardwoods. The gap-phase replacement pattern for N. menziesii parallels that of N. cunninghamii in the rainforests of Tasmania but contrasts with a continual replacement pattern for N. menziesii in many pure beech forests of New Zealand.
69 citations
TL;DR: 1. Smol, J.P., et al.
Abstract: amt Materialien 1/84, 169 (1984); Battarbee, R.W.: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 451 (1984); Renberg, I., Hellberg, T. : Ambio 11, 30 (1982) 2. Smol, J.P., et al. : Nature 307, 628 (1984); Can. J. Bot. 62, 911 (1984) 3. Stool, J.P. : ibid. 58,458 (1980); Battarbee, R.W., et al. : Hydrobiologia 71,225 (1980) 4. Steinberg, C., et al. : Naturwissenschaften 71, 631 (1984) 5. Cronberg, G., Kristiansen, J. : Bot. Not. 133, 595 (1980) 6. Steinberg, C., et al.: Umweltbundesamt Materialien 1/84, 304 (1984) 7. Renberg, I., Hellberg, T. : see [1]
52 citations
TL;DR: The magnitude of the response of needles to dothistromin has been correlated with observed field resistance to D. pini among 7-year-old control-cross progeny comprising 50 full-sib P. radiata needles, and this correlation supports the hypothesis that a rapid response of P. Radiata needles todothistomin accompanied by accumulation of the phytoalexin, benzoic acid, is a mechanism of resistance of the fungus.
51 citations
TL;DR: Of two separately performed experiments, the one indicated a primary attraction of Ips typo‐graphus to cut Norway spruce branches with green foliage of winter felled healthy, mature trees.
Abstract: Of two separately performed experiments, the one indicated a primary attraction of Ips typo-graphus to cut Norway spruce branches with green foliage of winter felled healthy, mature trees.
In the other experiment, the presence of foliated spruce branches at drainpipe traps loaded with synthetic pheromones significantly increased the beetle catches.
Zusammenfassung
Lockwirkung von Schlagabraum und syntbetischen Pheromonen auf Ips typograpbus
Bei zwei unabhangig voneinander durchgefuhrten Experimenten ergab das erstere, das abge-schnittene, benadelte Aste von im Winter gefallten, gesunden Fichten Primaranlockung auf den Buchdrucker, I. typograpbus, ausuben. Im anderen Versuch wurde durch benadelte Fichtenaste in unmittelbarer Nahe von mit synthetischen Pheromonen bestuckten Rohrfallen, die Anzahl gefangener Kafer signifikant erhoht.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimum conditions for the adaptation of the spectrophotometric pyrocatechol violet method for aluminium to a flow-injection system are described, and the detection limit is 3 μg Al l−1 and calibration graphs are linear up to 3 or 10 mg l− 1 (with 200-μl or 10-μL injection loops, respectively).
46 citations
TL;DR: A north-south trend in skull size was found, which conforms with Bergmann's rule, and probably evolved during less than 50 years (30-35 generations), and is not significantly different from the present Australian trend for skull size in this species.
Abstract: Over 300 specimens of the Australian introduced Common brushtail possum, taken from throughout its range in New Zealand, were measured. A north-south trend in skull size was found, which conforms with Bergmann's rule. This trend probably evolved during less than 50 years (30-35 generations), and is not significantly different from the present Australian trend for skull size in this species. Males are slightly larger (1.8% in skull length) than females.
43 citations
TL;DR: A new locality for Kawakawa Tephra from Graham Terrace, near Nelson Creek in the Grey River valley, South Island, is described in this article, where the tephra occurs in loess and is clearly visible as a macroscopic layer where the loess is thickest (about 130 cm) close to the presumed loess source at Nelson Creek, to the north and east.
Abstract: A new locality for Kawakawa Tephra from Graham Terrace, near Nelson Creek in the Grey River valley, South Island, is described. The tephra occurs in loess and is clearly visible as a macroscopic layer where the loess is thickest (about 130 cm) close to the presumed loess source at Nelson Creek, to the north and east. Variable tephra thickness (up to 8 cm), lack of layering within the tephra, and inclusion of locally derived minerals are thought to indicate slight reworking. Electron microprobe and X-ray fluorescence analyses of glass separated from the tephra show that it is chemically indistinguishable from samples of Kawakawa Tephra elsewhere. The tephra represents a datum plane of about 20 000 years B.P. Location and recognition of Kawakawa Tephra allows Graham Terrace loess to be correlated confidently with the latest glacial loess found in the northeastern South Island and southern North Island of New Zealand.
TL;DR: In this article, the above-ground biomass of peatland stands was measured using two statistically coupled linear models with squared diameter at breast height as independent variable, and all fractions except reproductive structures of pine and dead branches of spruce were estimated at high precision levels.
Abstract: Above‐ground biomass has been measured on fertilized and control plots up to stand age 31 years. Each biomass fraction was estimated by two statistically coupled linear models with squared diameter at breast height as independent variable. All fractions except reproductive structures of pine and dead branches of spruce were estimated at high precision levels, R. between 0.93 and 0.99. The above‐ground biomass fractions per hectare could be precisely described by stem volume with bark. Application of the models for prognostic purposes is discussed. Annual above‐ground net biomass production in pine increased from 2.05 to 4.34 MT d.m./ha‐yr on control plots over 11 years, while plots given complete fertilizer mixture ranged from 6.75 to 9.09. Spruce stands with a nearly optimum water relationship and fertilizer programmes yielded from 9.50 to 11.86 MT d.m./ha‐yr. The combination of energy and timber production in highly productive peatland stands is discussed.
TL;DR: Chamois subpopulations in the Avoca River area, Canterbury, New Zealand, had different migrant or resident behaviour, and aggregated into discrete high-use areas that were defined by suitable terrain and vegetation.
Abstract: Chamois subpopulations in the Avoca River area, Canterbury, New Zealand, had different migrant or resident behaviour, and aggregated into discrete high-use areas (varying in size from 1.7 km2–7.1 km2) that were defined by suitable terrain and vegetation. Chamois favoured patchy alpine grasslands and bluff grasslands above the timberline, but also used montane grasslands and shrublands on the lower slopes. They fed mostly on herbaceous vegetation and short-sward grasses (Poa spp.), but ate more shrubs (Dracophyllum spp.) in winter. High summer numbers declined by 20–54% in winter because of the diminished food supply. Resident females and sub-adults overwintered mainly in the area and more males than females migrated. Long-range movements up to 61.4 km extended throughout a 6000 km2 area of Canterbury and Westland. Mean distances travelled were 18.7 km for males, 18.2 km for females, and 21.6 km for unknowns. Distances travelled for each sex were not significantly different, though females travell...
TL;DR: P pityocampa is the most harmful needle-eating insect of the Greek pine forests and field trials showed that the development of young larvae which were enclosed in cloth bags on trees of the experimental site was greatly influenced by the kind of food the larvae consumed.
TL;DR: The effect of the group shelterwood cutting in the stands of Tilio‐Carpinetum stachyetosum association on the cerambycid fauna is analysed and the changes in species composition, numbers, dominance structure and biocoenotic diversity of longhorns were discovered.
Abstract: The effect of the group shelterwood cutting in the stands of Tilio-Carpinetum stachyetosum association on the cerambycid fauna is analysed on the basis of the studies conducted during 1979–1983. The changes in species composition, numbers, dominance structure and biocoenotic diversity of longhorns were discovered. Also the changes in the body size of individuals of a most numerous species Alosterna tabacicolor (Deg.) are reported.
Zusammenfassung
Artenzusammensetzung und Gemeinschaftsstruktur der Bockkafer (Col., Cerambycidae) in ursprunglichen und bewirtschafteten Bestanden der Tilio-Carpinetum stachyetosum Assoziation im Forst Bialowieza (Nordost-Polen)
Es wurde in den Jahren 1979–1983 die Wirkung des Gruppenschirmschlags in einer Tilio-Carpinetum stachyetosum Assoziation auf die Cerambyciden-Fauna untersucht. Dabei wurden Veranderungen der Artenzusammensetzung, Anzahl, Dominanzstruktur und biozonotischen Diversitat der Kafer festgestellt. Auch uber die Anderung der individuellen Korpergrose bei der haufigsten Art Alosterna tabacicolor (Deg.) wird berichtet.
TL;DR: The aim of the study was to obtain the basic information about nitrogen mobilization needed in carrying out studies on the optimal nitrate and ammonium ratios in the metabolism of Scots pine.
Abstract: Free amino acid and protein levels, and γ‐glutamyltransferase activity in apical buds and shoots of Scots pine during the growing season. The aim of the study was to obtain the basic information about nitrogen mobilization needed in carrying out studies on the optimal nitrate and ammonium ratios in the metabolism of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Considerable seasonal changes in the concentrations of free amino acids and other ninhydrin‐positive low molecular‐weight compounds were observed in the buds and shoots of Scots pine. 43 different amino compounds were identified, the concentrations of arginine, glutamine, glutamic acid, γ‐aminobutyric acid, alanine and aspartic acid being highest at the break of dormancy. The amounts of certain amino compounds decreased during the growing season, those of arginine, ethanolamine and various ammonium compounds in particular. The amount of glutamic and aspartic acids, glycine, alanine and γ‐aminobutyric acid, however, remained relatively constant. The protein con...
TL;DR: A new hybrid strain of Pachysolen tannophilus that combines the properties of both parents and possesses improved characteristics for xylose fermentation to ethanol is reported.
Abstract: Two previously reported mutants ofPachysolen tannophilus, which accumulate ethanol more rapidly and in greater yield than the wild-type NRRL Y2460, have been cross-mated. Aneth 2-1 mutant which is unable to grow on ethanol, was mated with the mutant NO3−NO3-4 which possesses increased levels of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes. The new hybrid strain combines the properties of both parents and possesses improved characteristics for xylose fermentation to ethanol.
TL;DR: Eight trees were selected at age eight years from seed in each of 52 full‐sib families of Picea abies and were propagated by rooted cuttings and the parents were both of Norwegian and German origin.
Abstract: Eight trees were selected at age eight years from seed in each of 52 full‐sib families of Picea abies and were propagated by rooted cuttings. The parents were both of Norwegian and German origin. Results are presented for the variation in height growth in the progeny test and in the clonal test, for rooting percentages, and for plagiotropic growth. More than 40% of the total variance of rooting percentages is of genetic origin. In the set of crosses between Norwegian and German parents 18% of the clones were classified as plagiotropic, while the same number was 27% in the crosses between Norwegian parents. The plagiotropic growth reduces the correlations between ortets and ramets both at the individual and at the family level. Family information is important in the selection of ortets, and a culling of plagiotropic clones seems necessary to obtain a substantial gain from selection.
TL;DR: In this article, the relative importance of two potential sources of stress associated with salt weathering in deserts is assessed. But the authors do not consider the effect of the weathering on rock disaggregation.
Abstract: Salt weathering is now regarded as an important agent of rock disaggregation in deserts. This paper assesses the relative importance of two potential sources of stress associated with salt weatheri...
TL;DR: The effects of artificial rain of various acidities were studied in a lysimeter experiment as discussed by the authors, where pH levels of 6, 4, 3 and 2 were established by adding H2SO4.
Abstract: The effects of artificial rain of various acidities were studied in a lysimeter experiment. Lysimeters, 29 cm in diameter, and 40 cm deep contained a Gleyed Dystric Brunisol. Natural structure, stratification and original vegetation were maintained. Artificial rain was produced from groundwater with “high” concentrations of neutral salts and from rainwater with lower concentrations. pH levels of 6, 4, 3 and 2 were established by adding H2SO4. Effects of dilution with given amounts of acid were examined by comparing the effects of 50 mm “rain” month−1 of pH 3 and pH 2 with 500 mm “rain” month-1 of pH 4 and pH 3, respectively. The study continued for 5 yr. Totals of 1250 or 12500 mm “rain” were applied in addition to a natural input of 2773 mm. Increased input of SO 4 2− increased the output of SO 4 2− but, as concentration increased, sorption of SO 4 2− in the soil also increased. Concentrations of base cations in the leachate increased parallel to the output of SO 4 2− . However, significant effects on leaching of base cations and on the content of exchangeable cations in the soil, was only found in the pH 2 treatment with 1250 mm of “rain” and in the pH 4 and pH 3 treatment with 12500 mm of “rain”.
TL;DR: Soldier defense secretions of the genusHospitalitermes were chemically analyzed by GC-MS and were found to contain volatile monoterpenes and polyoxygenated diterpenes, indicating that colonies of this species can be separable into two chemically distinct groups.
Abstract: Soldier defense secretions of the genusHospitalitermes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) were chemically analyzed by GC-MS and were found to contain volatile monoterpenes and polyoxygenated diterpenes. Interspecific and intraspecific chemical variations forH. umbrinus, H. hospitalis, H. flaviventris, andH. bicolor are described. Interspecific variations in monoterpene and diterpene structures and compositions were evident. A remarkable example of large intraspecific variation from a single species was observed inH. umbrinus, indicating that colonies of this species can be separable into two chemically distinct groups. The diterpenes found in one of these groups have unusually high molecular weights.
TL;DR: Studies with caged adults of Ips typographus during the period autumn 1982‐spring 1985 revealed that none of 2212 parent beetles which oviposited in 1983 survived a second hibernation (1983–1984).
Abstract: Studies with caged adults of Ips typographus during the period autumn 1982-spring 1985 revealed that none of 2212 parent beetles which oviposited in 1983 survived a second hibernation (1983–1984). In a repetition experiment one male specimen of 359 parent beetles survived a second hibernation (1984–1985).
Zusammenfassung
Uber die Lebensdauer von Ips typographus L.-Imagines
Versuche mit Imagines von I. typographus in der Zeit von Herbst 1982—Fruhling 1985 zeigten, das von den 2212 Elternkafern, die im Jahre 1983 Eier legten, kein einziger eine zweite Uberwinterung uberlebte. In einem Wiederholungsversuch uberlebte von insgesamt 359 Kafern der Elterngeneration ein mannlicher Kafer die zweite Uberwinterung.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated humic interference in the determination of total monomeric and acid-reactive aluminium using three methods: 8-hydroxyquinoline/MIBK extraction, flow injection pyrocatechol violet, and flow injection eriochrome cyanine R/CTA.
Abstract: Humic substances in solution constitute a generally overlooked source of interference in the spectrophotometric determination of aluminium. We investigated humic interference in the determination of total monomeric and acid-reactive aluminium using three methods: (1) 8-hydroxyquinoline/MIBK extraction, (2) flow injection pyrocatechol violet, and (3) flow injection eriochrome cyanine R/CTA. Interference was apparent in all three methods from both humic and fulvic acid concentrations above 10mg CL−1 in the measurement of total monomeric aluminium. The 8-hydroxyquinoline/MIBK extraction method was not subject to interference in the determination of acid-reactive aluminium (<200mg CL−1), while interference appeared in the other two methods at 20–50 mg CL−1. The observed interferences were pH-dependent and were minimized by performing the reaction at higher pH-values.
TL;DR: In this paper, a dynamic model of branch length and weight growth was developed for two contrasting sites, both with young stands of spruce, and sample trees were obtained from both unfertilised plots and...
Abstract: A dynamic model of branch length and weight growth was developed for two contrasting sites, both with young stands of spruce. At one site sample trees were obtained from both unfertilised plots and...
TL;DR: In this paper, S. glabra and P. thomsonii were isolated, purified and characterized using electron microscopy of the granules of both starches showed that they were spherical in shape while some were polygonal.
Abstract: Starches from the tubers of S. glabra and P. thomsonii were isolated, purified and characterized. Scanning electron microscopy of the granules of both starches showed that they were spherical in shape while some were polygonal. P. thomsonii starch had low protein and phosphorus, a comparable amount of fat, higher content of amylose and lower water binding capacity than S. glabra starch. Gelatinization temperature, swelling power and solubility of P. thomsonii starch was lesser than S. glabra starch. At all reference points Brabender viscosity of the P. thomsonii starch was higher than S. glabra starch. Being fragile in character the viscosity of S. glabra starch fell precipitously with the time of heating.
Physikalisch-chemische Untersuchungen der aus den Waldwurzeln Stephania glabra und Pueraria thomsonii isolierten Starke.
Die Starke aus den Wurzeln S. glabra und P. thomsonii wurde isoliert, gereinigt und charakterisiert. Die Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie der Korner beider Starken zeigte, das diese spharische und vereinzelt polygonale Gestalt haben. P. thomsonii-Starke hatte wenig Protein und Phosphor, einen vergleichbaren Fettgehalt, einen hoheren Gehalt an Amylose und ein niedrigeres Wasserbindungsvermogen als S. glabra-Starke. Die Verkleisterungstemperatur, das Quellvermogen und die Loslichkeit von P. thomsonii-Starke waren geringer als bei S. glabra-Starke. An allen Bezugspunkten war die Brabender-Viskositat der P. thomsonii-Starke hoher als bei S. glabra-Starke. Der Viskositatscharakter von S. glabra-Starke war sehr empfindlich, und die Viskositat fiel rasch mit der Erhitzungszeit ab.
[...]
Forest Research Institute1, Uppsala University2, University of São Paulo3, University of Peshawar4, Michigan Technological University5, Murdoch University6, Indian Institute of Science7, United States Forest Service8, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences9, Spanish National Research Council10, University of California11
TL;DR: The potential benefits of establishing forests with selected vegetatively propagated clonal planting stock have long been recognized and the importance of tissue culture in forestry has recently been emphasized.
Abstract: The potential benefits of establishing forests with selected vegetatively propagated clonal planting stock have long been recognized Japanese records show that cuttings of Cryptomeria japonica have been planted continuously since around 1400 (Toda 1974) In the past decade, the potential for application of in vitro techniques to vegetative multiplication of forest trees has attracted a great deal of attention (Bonga 1974, 1977, Durzan 1980a, b, Dormling et al 1976, Farnum et al 1983, McKeand 1981, Mott 1982, Mott et al 1977, Sommer and Brown 1979, Teo and Huhtinen 1975) The importance of tissue culture in forestry has recently been emphasized (Bonga and Durzan 1982)
TL;DR: Preliminary results show that the alternate gemfibrozil formulations are thus far equal to the standard gemf fibrozils dosage in their effects on blood lipids, as well as in serum apolipoproteins AI and AII.
Abstract: To assess the lipid-regulating effects of 2 new gemfibrozil formulations, a nonblind parallel group comparison was performed using Finnish industrial workers with types IIA and IIB primary hyperlipoproteinemia. In all, 670 subjects were evaluated; 416 had total low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (serum total cholesterol--high density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol) levels greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl and thus qualified for the screening period of the trial. During this 2-month period, the subjects were placed on an optimal diet according to their Fredrickson phenotype. Those whose total LDL levels remained greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl until the end of the 2-month period (n = 321) were admitted to the active drug phase of the trial and randomized to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Group 1 received the standard gemfibrozil dosage of two 300-mg capsules 2 times a day, for a total daily dosage equal to 1,200 mg. Group 2 also received a 1,200-mg daily dose, given as a 600-mg tablet of gemfibrozil 2 times a day. Group 3 received a once-a-day dose of two 450-mg tablets in the evening. Preliminary results show that the alternate gemfibrozil formulations are thus far equal to the standard gemfibrozil dosage in their effects on blood lipids. Substantial decreases have been noted in serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and serum apolipoprotein B. The 3 formulations also produced similar increases in HDL cholesterol and its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, as well as in serum apolipoproteins AI and AII.
TL;DR: In this paper, the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with conventional resin adhesives was found to be sufficiently exothermic for the heat to accelerate and improve resin cure in the hotpress.
Abstract: The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with conventional resin adhesives was sufficiently exothermic for the heat to accelerate and improve resin cure in the hotpress. As a consequence, pressing times for medium density fibreboard, particleboard, and plywood could be reduced by up to 30% and, in some cases, better resin cure permitted a reduction in binder level. Differences in the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with various adhesives were observed and a catalyst was found to enhance the exothermic effect. The behaviour of hydrogen peroxide in combination with a tannin-based binder and wood fibre was studied over a wide temperature range. Below 60°C the system was stable. At 70°C the initial reaction was endothermic followed by a slow exothermic reaction. At hotpressing temperatures the exothermic reaction was rapid but controllable. It was concluded that the hydrogen peroxide-tannin-fibre system does not impose an additional safety hazard on medium density fibreboard plant operation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a very simple approach of the forces operating in the pores of porous media was presented, based on the method of the standardized time needed to infiltrate a given volume of a liquid into a porous medium in a defined state was throught to be an integrated measure of pore geometry and continuity.
Abstract: The method presented was based on a very simple approach of the forces operating in the pores of porous media. The standardized time (tv) needed to infiltrate a given volume of a liquid into a porous medium in a defined state was throught to be an integrated measure of pore geometry and continuity. The state of the pore system was defined by external suction (S) and medium porosity characterized by the parameters k1 and k2 in the equation tv=k1+k2 S−0.5. The method theory was not rejected by experiments with glass beads and selected peat based growth media. The method ranked the media with respect to the probability for satisfactory gas exchange in the order of peat, peat and 26% perlite, peat and 34% perlite, and peat and 44% mineral wool. This ranking was achieved 95 days after the media were filled in containers and exposed to a daily watering procedure. Before this time, the ranking of the media was slightly different, if at all possible. Five days after the containers were filled, only peat and 44% mineral wood was significantly different from the other media. Judged by the standardized time method, the probability for satisfactory gas exchange decreased significantly during the 95 days experiment. This aggravation was supported by measurements of the volume fraction of pores filled with gas. The changes with time were least marked in the medium containing mineral wool.
TL;DR: In this article, the degree of contamination as well as the changes in the forest communities have been determined in the vicinity of a lead and zinc smelter, where species typical of conifer forest disappear being replaced by ubiquitous grass and bryophytes of a wide ecological amplitude.