Showing papers by "Forest Research Institute published in 1988"
TL;DR: These new findings indicate that extrinsic factors are much more important for the generation of regular rodent cycles than was earlier believed, and that regular cycles represent only a minority of the dynamic patterns found in rodents.
Abstract: Small rodent fluctuations are mentioned in many textbooks as examples of regular population cycles with constant interval and amplitude. However, recent evidence and analyses have indicated much more complex patterns, with geographic trends in frequency and amplitude of fluctuations and covariation with many interacting community components. These new findings indicate that extrinsic factors are much more important for the generation of regular rodent cycles than was earlier believed, and that regular cycles represent only a minority of the dynamic patterns found in rodents.
351 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is the most destructive scolytid in the coniferous forests of the palaearctic region.
Abstract: The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is the most destructive scolytid in the coniferous forests of the palaearctic region. In Europe, outbreaks may lead to the destruction of millions of Norway spruces [Picea abies (Linnaeus) Karsten], its principal host tree. In Northeastern Asia a subspecies, Ips typographus Linnaeus f. japonicus Niijima, may cause severe damage to spruces in the group P. jezoensis (Siebold and Zuccarini) Carriere sensu lato.
249 citations
TL;DR: The geochemistry, availability and abundance of different forms of phosphorus in soil, water and sediments are reviewed in this article, and the present knowledge of phosphorus pathways in ecosystems and their regulation is discussed.
Abstract: The geochemistry, availability and abundance of different forms of phosphorus in soil, water and sediments are reviewed. The present knowledge of phosphorus pathways in ecosystems and their regulation is discussed.
210 citations
TL;DR: It appears that steam explosion increases cellulose digestibility in P. radiata by increasing fiber porosity by altering the conditions of steam explosion.
Abstract: Steam explosion after sulphur dioxide impregnation of wood chips is an effective method for improving the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose in the softwood Pinus radiata. Digestibility of pretreated fiber was progressively increased by altering the conditions of steam explosion. With increasing digestibility, there was an observed increase in fiber porosity as measured by the solute exclusion technique. Accessible pore volume and accessible surface area to a 5-nm dextran probe positively correlated with both 2- and 24-h digestion yields from pretreated fiber. The increase in accessibility was probably the result of hemicellulose extraction and lignin redistribution. A subsequent loss in accessibility, brought about by structural collapse or further lignin redistribution, resulted in a corresponding loss in digestibility. It appears that steam explosion increases cellulose digestibility in P. radiata by increasing fiber porosity.
171 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: A subculturable meristematic tissue system capable of plantlet regeneration has been developed for Pinus radiata and genetic stability and automation, two prerequisites for commercial use, are discussed as well as the potential for gene transfer.
Abstract: A subculturable meristematic tissue system capable of plantlet regeneration has been developed for Pinus radiata. Multiplication was achieved by the continuous production of meristematic tissue on a modified Lepoivre medium containing 5 mg/1 BAP (LP5). This tissue has been maintained for 2.5 years to date. Meristematic nodules multiplied for one year consisted of three zones: the outer meristematic layer, a bulky layer of vacuolated cells, and friable cells containing tannins and degrading cell walls. Cavities (hollows) were often present near the center of meristematic nodules. Natural separation of meristematic nodules contributed to the multiplication process. Factors affecting the success of the system were studied because there was a large variation in response. Embryos formed shoots and multipliable meristematic tissue in similar percentages. Seedlot was not a major factor in multiplication of meristematic tissue. Half-strength LP5 medium proved best for the first 12 weeks in culture, whereas LP5 medium proved best after six months in culture. Both gelrite and liquid induced vitrification, and habituation on LP5 medium had not occurred after 20 months in culture. One of the best embryos produced 5,480 pieces of meristematic tissue in 13.5 months. In a separate experiment with the same clone, an average of 68.4 shoots elongated from each piece of tissue. It was estimated that 260,000 trees could be produced from a single, good reacting seed in 2.5 years. Genetic stability and automation, two prerequisites for commercial use, are also discussed as well as the potential for gene transfer.
135 citations
TL;DR: This contribution presents German results of nitrogen fertilisation experiments on stand growth, published 1958-1987, and growth patterns of forest trees and stands in Southern Germany, where Norway spruce in particular is now growing better than in earlier years of this century.
101 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the autonomic neurohumoral response evoked by cigarette smoking results in downregulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in long-term smokers.
Abstract: The effect of long-term cigarette smoking on beta-adrenoceptor density and catecholamine response was studied in 10 monozygotic male twin-pairs discordant for smoking, with an average discordance time for smoking of 23 years (range, 12-35 years). The density of beta-adrenergic receptors was 40% lower in the lymphocytes of smoking twins compared with their nonsmoking cotwins (beta-receptor density, 6.7 +/- 1.2 and 11.1 +/- 1.8 fmol/10(6) cells, respectively; p less than 0.05). The corresponding apparent Kd values were 31.7 +/- 5.5 and 26.7 +/- 5.4 pM, respectively. Stimulation of the lymphocyte beta-receptors resulted in significantly lower levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the smokers compared with the nonsmokers (16.2 +/- 3.3 vs. 29.2 +/- 6.5 pmol/10(6) cells, p less than 0.05). When subjected to submaximal exercise, the smokers had a lower level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in plasma (25.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 28.6 +/- 1.0, p less than 0.05) and a net decrease was seen in plasma free fatty acids in the smokers compared with a net increase in the nonsmokers (-15% vs. +19%, p less than 0.01). The total plasma catecholamine level was, in the basal state, significantly higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (74.8%, p less than 0.05). The intrapair difference in plasma norepinephrine predicted well the intrapair difference in beta-receptor density (r = -0.84, p less than 0.001). We conclude that the autonomic neurohumoral response evoked by cigarette smoking results in downregulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in long-term smokers.
99 citations
TL;DR: Books relating to the ecology of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) are reviewed with respect to the reproductive biology, vegetative morphology and growth, and population dynamics of this species.
Abstract: Literature relating to the ecology of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) is reviewed with respect to the reproductive biology, vegetative morphology and growth, and population dynamics of this species.
83 citations
TL;DR: The increased prostacyclin production, on the other hand, suggested a compensatory mechanism for the general vasoconstrictive properties of cigarette smoking.
Abstract: The mechanism by which atherosclerotic disease is induced by cigarette smoking has not yet been identified unequivocally Chronic cigarette smoking and the generation of vasoactive prostanoids and the size of carotid atherosclerotic plaques were studied in nine pairs of identical male twins discordant for smoking for over 20 years The urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 (thromboxane B2 metabolite) of the smoking twin was significantly higher (on average 18 times higher) in every pair and that of 2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (prostacyclin metabolite) was significantly higher (on average 13 times higher) in eight of the nine pairs The ratio of excretion of these metabolites was significantly higher, being 40 (95% confidence interval 27 to 54) among the smokers compared with 29 (21 to 38) among the non-smokers, thus favouring a mechanism of vasoconstriction Excretion of the thromboxane B2 metabolite was related to the urinary concentrations of nicotine metabolites Atherosclerotic plaques detected by ultrasonography in the carotid arteries were significantly larger among smokers but did not correlate with the urinary excretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane B2 metabolites or intensity of smoking Smoking was concluded to induce activation of platelets by an effect mediated by nicotine The increased prostacyclin production, on the other hand, suggested a compensatory mechanism for the general vasoconstrictive properties of cigarette smoking
67 citations
TL;DR: Tree resistance was correlated with resinosis, and tree variables not correlated with resistance were DBH, annual ring width, periodic growth, vigor index, or phloem carbohydrate concentration.
Abstract: Fifty pole stage trees were inoculated with O. polonicum at monthly intervals between May and September. Most infection, measured as the area of sapwood blue‐stained, occurred in July and least in May and September. The difference between July, August and September might be explained by the effect of temperature on fungal growth, but in May and June the trees had a higher resistance than expected. Tree resistance was correlated with resinosis. Tree variables not correlated with resistance were DBH, annual ring width, periodic growth, vigor index, or phloem carbohydrate concentration.
40 citations
TL;DR: There were no major differences in the mycorrhizal fungal species between the forests in the North and South Islands and the most common mycor rhizopogon rubescens Tul.
Abstract: Mycorrhizal fungi of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) planted in forests established on different soil types (sand, pumice-scoria and clay) located in the North and South Islands of New Zealand were studied. There were no major differences in the mycorrhizal fungal species between the forests in the North and South Islands and the most common mycorrhizal fungi were Rhizopogon rubescens Tul. and Suillus luteus (L. ex. Fr.) S.F. Gray. The different soil types did affect the number of myocrrhizal fungal species and the abundance of sporocarps of this fungi. The largest number of fungal species were found in forests established on pumice-scoria.
TL;DR: In a five-year-old Pinus radiata stand, trees were pruned to remove 50%, 40% or 25% of the crown and pruning stubs inoculated with Diplodia pinea showed an infection peak in summer, but extremely low infection level during the rest of the year.
Abstract: In a five-year-old Pinus radiata stand, trees were pruned to remove 50%, 40% or 25% of the crown and pruning stubs inoculated with Diplodia pinea. Infection occurred in 65–68% of the intensely pruned trees some of which also developed crown wilting and died, but in lightly pruned trees (25% crown removal) only 8% of the trees were infected and no mortality occurred.
Pruning and inoculation every two weeks for a whole year cycle showed an infection peak in summer, but extremely low infection level during the rest of the year.
A vertical gradient of resistance of infection was apparent along the stem with the basal part being extremely resistant, becoming more susceptible towards the top. Within limits infection also increased with increasing stub diameter.
TL;DR: In this article, surface and buried paleosols on Niwot Ridge in the Front Range of Colorado were analyzed for extractable Fe and Al to determine if their distributions would assist in the interpretation of past and present soil-forming environments.
Abstract: Summary Surface and buried paleosols on Niwot Ridge in the Front Range of Colorado were analyzed for extractable Fe and Al to determine if their distributions would assist in the interpretation of past and present soil-forming environments. Extractable Fe and Al distributions in surface and buried paleosols suggest that leaching is more pronounced in the older paleosols with a considerable difference in soil-forming environment between Pleistocene interstadial, later Pleistocene, and postglacial paleosols. Using radiocarbon dated buried A horizons it appears that little pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and Al have been translocated downward into these middle-latitude alpine buried paleosols. There is no evidence that the Na-pyrophosphate extractable Fe and Al were affected by degradation of organic matter following burial; however, the data suggest that some amorphous Fe and Al might have been affected by soil water movement over permafrost and by redistribution of preweathered sediments.
TL;DR: In this paper, upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (U ASB) reactor studies using an authentic wastewater and completely mixed stirred tank reactor (CSTR) studies using a synthetic wastewater were conducted to assess the degradation and accumulation of resin acids within the reactor.
TL;DR: Size and age structure analysis was used to reconstruct the population dynamics of six apparently old and stable stands dominated by the conifers Libocedrus bidwillii and/or Dacrydium biforme in Camp Creek, Westland, New Zealand, finding no evidence to support synchronous failure of regeneration.
Abstract: Size and age structure analysis were used to reconstruct the population dynamics of six apparently old and stable stands dominated by the conifers Libocedrus bidwillii and/or Dacrydium biforme in Camp Creek, West land, New Zealand. All stands contained relatively even-aged groups of Libocedrus that had probably originat ed after either mass movement or windthrow. The age distributions of stands reflected the effects of distur bances 200-400 yr ago. There was no evidence to support synchronous failure of regeneration of Libocedrus and Dacrydium bi forme. Between 1600 and 1800 A.D., the period of the postulated conifer regeneration gap, over 70% of trees of these species had established. A lack of Libocedrus regeneration over the last 200 yr reflects a lack of distur bance over that time. Because of the dominating influence of disturbances and other factors it may be inap propriate to use tree population structures alone to substantiate or refute claims of recent climate change.
TL;DR: Males of two species of Platypus endemic to New Zealand expressed fluids from the anus from approximately 2 days after tunnelling commenced, and contact with a conspecific female induced production of fresh fluid.
Abstract: Males of two species of Platypus endemic to New Zealand expressed fluids from the anus from approximately 2 days after tunnelling commenced. Laboratory bioassays and observations showed that the fluids contained and aggregation pheromone and were concentrated at the tunnel entrances - deposited around the tunnel by P. apicalis and on the elytral declivity by P. gracilis. In both species contact with a conspecific female induced production of fresh fluid. Dried droplets of fluid produced by P. apicalis readily released attractive volatiles in a moist airstream but under dry conditions retained at least one attractive compound for long periods.
Zusammenfassung
Zur Pheromonverhreitung der mannlichen Kafer von Platypus apicalis White und P. gracilis Broun (Col., Platypodidae)
Die Mannchen von zwei in Neuseeland endemischen Platypus-Arten scheiden ca. 2 Tage nach dem Einbohren aus der Analoffnung Flussigkeiten ab. Biotests im Labor sowie Beobachtungen zeigten, das die Flussigkeiten ein Aggregationspheromon enthalten und am Einbohrloch konzentriert auftreten; bei P. apicalis im Frasgang und bei P. gracilis auf dem Flugeldeckenabsturz. Bei beiden Arten induziert der Kontakt mit artgleichen Weibchen die Produktion der Flussigkeiten. Trockene Flussig-keitstropfen von P. apicalis geben in einem feuchten Luftstrom anlockende Duftstoffe ab, jedoch bleibt unter trockenen Bedingungen nur eine Lockstoffkomponente langere Zeit wirksam.
TL;DR: The Black Locust has a wide variety of climatic and soil conditions and its wood finds many uses -for making furniture, the frame, etc. as mentioned in this paper The tree is a uniquely useful tree.
Abstract: Over the years the Black Locust has emerged as a uniquely useful tree. It thrives under a wide variety of climatic and soil conditions and its wood finds many uses – for making furniture, the frame...
TL;DR: Behavioural bioassays of samples and extracts of host material containing the tunnels of unmated Platypus gracilis were significantly more attractive to both sexes than similar samples ofhost material alone, indicating that males impart an aggregation pheromone to their tunnels during the early stages of host colonization.
Abstract: Behavioural bioassays of samples and extracts of host material containing the tunnels of unmated Platypus gracilis were significantly more attractive to both sexes than similar samples of host material alone. This indicates that males impart an aggregation pheromone to their tunnels during the early stages of host colonization.
Zusammenfassung
Nachweis von Aggregationspheromon bei Platypus gracilis Broun (Col., Platypodidae)
Verhaltensstudien bei Platypus gracilis ergaben, das Probematerial und Extrakte von Wirtsbaumen, die Bohrgange ungepaarter P.-gracilis-Kafer aufwiesen, signifikant attraktiver fur beide Geschlechter waren als Wirtsbaummaterial ohne Bohrgange. Dies bedeutet, das die Mannchen wahrend der ersten Phase der Wirtsbaumbesiedlung in den Gangen ein Aggregationspheromon abgeben.
TL;DR: It was concluded that spraying of forest plantations up to at least 10 years after logging mainly affects the spring habitat of L. timidus.
Abstract: The mountain hare's (Lepus timidus) use of sprayed and unsprayed parts of a forest plantation was studied using pellet counts, radiotracking and a winter feeding site survey. There was a strong reduction in use by L. timidus the first year after spraying. The second year after spraying the difference between sprayed and unsprayed parts was small by comparison. It was concluded that spraying of forest plantations up to at least 10 years after logging mainly affects the spring habitat of L. timidus.
TL;DR: The essential oil derived by steam distillation of the leaves of Melissa officinalis L subsp altissima (Sibthr et Smith) Arcang naturalized in New Zealand has been shown by capillary column GLC combined with mass and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry to comprise β-cubebene (39% of the oil) together with lesser amounts of other sesquiterpenes, including α- and β-copaene, β-bourbonene,β-caryophyllene, and germacrene-B and -
Abstract: The essential oil derived by steam distillation of the leaves of Melissa officinalis L subsp altissima (Sibthr et Smith) Arcang naturalized in New Zealand has been shown by capillary column GLC combined with mass and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry to comprise β-cubebene (39% of the oil) together with lesser amounts of other sesquiterpenes, including α- and β-copaene, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, and germacrene-B and -D Significant amounts of terpene alcohols were identified in the oil, viz 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, and α- and T-cadinol, and T-muurolol, together with cis-hex-3-en-1-ol The fragrance of the essential oil is green and woody (pine-like), with a floral (rosy) top note, probably attributable to the terpenes, terpineols and hexenol The oil did not contain any geranial, neral, or citronellal typically found in M officinalis L subsp officinalis
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a homogenous stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies) planted in 1956 on a Cambic Arenosol soil was used to investigate the effect of sulphuric acid on the growth of the spruce.
Abstract: Field plots, 150 m2 in size, were watered 27 times, 50 mm each time in the period of July 1973 to September 1978 Groundwater adjusted with sulphuric acid to pH levels of 6, 4, 3, and 25, was applied to treatment plots The experiment was in a homogenous stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies) planted in 1956 on a Cambic Arenosol soil Tree growth measurements and needle and soil samples have been taken in the period 1973 to 1986 The relatively large changes in soil chemical properties created by applying strong acid to the soil were moderated within a relatively short period after the application of acid was terminated No effect from the acid treatments were measured on tree height and basal area growth during the watering period However, negative effects on growth from the acid treatments gradually developed after the watering was stopped Maximum effects occurred two to five years later Since then, recovery has been measured The negative effects are difficult to explain by the nutrient status of the stand as measured by standard foliar analysis High Al concentrations in the soil solution may have been important
TL;DR: The finding of these three classes of metabolites in Merrillia strongly supports Swingle in his proposal that this taxon is closely allied to Murraya paniculata, a member of Murraya section Murraya.
TL;DR: It is suggested that in smokers the significant exhaustion of platelets to in vitro stimulation might be a consequence of continuous platelet activation during physical stress, which implies that the sympathoadrenergic system has a multiple role in vivo, which needs further research to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the effects of smoking on cardiovascular diseases.
TL;DR: Dieback patterns indicate that the susceptibility of Westland rata-kamahi forest depends on their composition and structure, and stands containing abundant seral shrub hardwoods and a high proportion of old canopy trees are highly predisposed to dieback.
Abstract: In many areas of WestlandMetrosideros umbellata (southern rata) andWeinmannia racemosa (kamahi) have undergone apparently excessive canopy dieback over the las 30–40 years. Browsing by the introduced brushtail possum is the predominant trigger involved. However, the roles of predisposing factors have received little attention. Dieback patterns indicate that the susceptibility of Westland rata-kamahi forest depends on their composition and structure. Stands containing abundant seral shrub hardwoods and a high proportion of old canopy trees are highly predisposed to dieback. Less dieback occurs in mature stands lacking seral species or in young apparently vigorous stands. Forest composition and structure are largely determined by site stability, i.e., the frequency and magnitude of physical disturbances such as mass movements. The underlying stability of different parent materials and landforms therefore largely determines rata-kamahi dieback patterns.
TL;DR: In this article, satellite data were used in developing methods for forest inventory and mapping in a cooperation project involving Finland, Norway and Sweden, where a goal was to improve the technical competence in forestry remote sensing in those countries.
Abstract: Satellite data were used in developing methods for forest inventory and mapping in a cooperation project involving Finland, Norway and Sweden. A goal was to improve the technical competence in forestry remote sensing in those countries. Landsat TM‐ and simulated SPOT‐imageries were classified using, e.g., filtered input data and contextual classifiers. The relative area distribution of usual forest classes was estimated at an acceptable accuracy. A two‐phase sampling scheme was introduced for compartmentwise (in‐place) inventories. The first phase involves analysis of satellite data, the second phase measurement of field plots. Correlations between satellite‐ and field‐measured values of various forest characteristics were relatively high, close to those obtained using aerial photo interpretation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a seedling of Norway spruce (Picea abies L) was grown under three different light qualities in "fluid-roof" growth chambers.
Abstract: Seedling of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) were grown under three different light qualities in “fluid-roof” growth chambers. Blue light with a high red/far-red ratio decreased shoot length as well as total plant dry weight compared to natural light. Yellow light with a low blue/red ratio did not significantly affect the plants. The effects of light quality were generally the same at 18, 24 and 28 °C day temperature. Plant growth was reduced at temperatures above 24 °C.
TL;DR: Three alleles of the tabby locus (T) have been identified, namely, Abyssinian (Ta), striped (T), and blotched (tb).
Abstract: The status of genetic variation of tabby pattern in the domestic cat is reviewed. Three alleles of the tabby locus (T) have been identified, namely, Abyssinian (Ta), striped (T), and blotched (tb). Additional data are presented for the assortment of these alleles. The Abyssinian is incompletely dominant to the striped and blotched alleles, whereas striped is completely dominant to the blotched.
TL;DR: An elytral‐abdominal tergite stridulatory mechanism was found in the three species of Platypus in New Zealand, and it is suggested that acoustic and tactile signals are important for close range communication among Platypodidae.
Abstract: An elytral-abdominal tergite stridulatory mechanism was found in the three species of Platypus in New Zealand, and is described for P. apicalis. Two types of stridulation: stress chirps and premating-recognition stridulation, were identified. Premating-recognition stridulation significantly increased the number of female beetles allowed to enter tunnels occupied by conspecific males. It is suggested that acoustic and tactile signals are important for close range communication among Platypodidae.
Zusammenfassung
Untersuchungen zur Stridulation bei Piatypus apicalis, P. caviceps und P. gracilis (Col., Platypodidae)
Als ein Teil des Platypus-Pheromonforschungsprogramms, an dem zur Zeit am Forest Research Institute gearbeitet wird, wurde eine Voruntersuchung zu der akustischen und/oder taktilen Kommunkation bei der Gattung Platypus durchgefuhrt. Es wird hier uber den Mechanismus und die Funktion der Stridulation bei drei Platypus-Arten in Neuseeland berichtet.
Ein Stridulationsmechanismus der Deckflugel-Abdominaltergite wurde bei drei Platypus-Arten entdeckt und wird fur P. apicalis beschrieben. Es konnten zwei verschiedene Stridulationsarten identifiziert werden: das Stres-Zirpen und eine Erkennungsstridulation vor der Paarung. Die Erkennungsstridulation vor der Paarung erhoht signifikant die Anzahl der weiblichen Kafer, die in die von mannlichen Kafern besetzten Tunnel eindringen. Es wird angenommen, das akustische und taktile Signale bei den Platypodidae wichtig fur die Kommunikation uber kurze Entfernungen sind.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the concentration trends and budgets of selected ions dissolved in stream water over four hydrological years in two forested experimental watersheds of central Greece where Abies cephalonica was the dominant tree species.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors classify and ordination of 139 plots and 207 species in a 2 km2 alpine area revealed nine tussockland communities within two broad community groups.
Abstract: Classification and ordination of 139 plots and 207 species in a 2 km2 alpine area revealed nine tussockland communities within two broad community groups. The two community groups occupied different ends of a gradient in soil development, nutrient status, and drainage, indicating that soil factors were the dominant broad-scale influence on the vegetation. Within this pattern, the communities were mainly distributed along an elevational gradient. Each community and community group contained 1–12 “indicator species” seldom found in others. Of these, Chionochloa pollens and C. acicularis were the only snow tussocks. Although the distribution and abundance of different snow tussocks broadly reflected the soils and elevational gradients, many indicator species showed a markedly stronger response, being virtually restricted to one community group or community. The distribution of soils on the different landforms suggested large differences in surface age and stability, and was reflected in a close rela...