Forest Research Institute

About: Forest Research Institute is a facility organization based out in Dehra Dūn, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Forest management. The organization has 5320 authors who have published 7625 publications receiving 185876 citations.

Timing of exposure to a pulp and paper effluent influences the manifestation of reproductive effects in rainbow trout.

Abstract: Rainbow trout were exposed to a secondary treated, thermomechanical/bleached kraft pulp and paper effluent in 12,000-L, flow-through exposure tanks at an environmental research facility located at a pulp and paper mill in Kawerau, New Zealand. Trout (age, 2+ years) were obtained from a local hatchery and exposed either to upstream river water or a nominal concentration of 12% (v/v) effluent diluted in upstream river water. Three treatment groups were used: Effluent exposure that started approximately three months before gonadal growth (eight-month total exposure), effluent exposure that started approximately halfway through gonadal development (two-month total exposure), and trout exposed to reference water alone for the total duration of the experiment. Trout were sacrificed just before spawning; exposure, growth, and reproductive endpoints were assessed during and at the termination of the experiment. Reduction in growth was observed in both sexes in the eight-month treatment group relative to the river water reference treatment group. No differences were observed in condition factor or liver size in either treatment. Females in the eight-month exposure group also had significantly lower ovary weight. The two-month exposure group showed no differences from the reference group in growth or somatic indices. Estradiol and testosterone were reduced in blood samples taken from the eight-month exposure group by four months into the experiment as compared to the reference treatment. Steroid and vitellogenin levels in individual female trout from this treatment were significantly correlated with gonadosomatic indices (GSI) measured at the termination of the experiment. The GSI was not correlated strongly or consistently with pregnenolone, nor were any treatment-related pregnenolone differences observed, indicating that the steroid hormone reductions likely were not related to cholesterol side-chain cleavage. Male trout showed significant induction of vitellogenin and lower I 1-ketotestosterone during the experiment (only the eight-month group was examined), but this did not result in any significant differences in testes development. Thus, this study has shown an impact of pulp mill effluent exposure on the reproductive physiology of female trout that appeared to be hormonally mediated. Furthermore, the effect could only be manifest when the exposure was initiated before the start of gonad development.

Ips/Ceratocystis-infection of Norway spruce: what is a deadly dosage?1

Abstract: At a certain point in time during a bark beetle aggregation on a host tree a deadly number of attacks is reached, provided suitable swarming conditions and beetle abundance. This “threshold of successful attack” was studied in Norway spruce using: 1. pheromone-elicited attacks by Ips typographus, and 2. artificial inoculations of the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica. The experiments showed that 150–200 beetle attacks or fungal inoculations to trees of 20 cm DBH caused considerable blue-staining of the sapwood, leading to a high tree mortality. The results are discussed in relation to tree and stand characteristics, and to climatic conditions. Zusammenfassung Ips/Ceratocystis-Befall bei Fichte: Zahl der erfolgreichen Angriffe Zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt der Borkenkafer-Aggregation in einem Wirtsbaum wird eine todliche Zahl von Angriffen erreicht, geeignete Schwarmbedingungen und Kafer-Abundanz vorausgesetzt. Diese ”Grenze erfolgreicher Angriffe„ wurde bei der Fichte, Picea abies, in folgender Hinsicht untersucht: 1. durch Pheromone bewirkte Angriffe durch Ips typographus und 2. kunstliche Impfung des Blauepilzes Ceratocystis polonica. Die Experimente zeigten, das 150–200 Kaferangriffe oder Pilzimpfungen bei Baumen mit 20 cm BHD eine betrachtliche Verpilzung des Splintholzes verursachten, was eine hohe Mortalitat der Baume zur Folge hatte. Die Ergebnisse werden in Beziehung zu Baum, Standort und Klima erortert.

Occurrence of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Biotic Factors Affecting Its Immature Stages in the Russian Far East

Abstract: Field surveys were conducted from 2008 to 2011 in the Khabarovsk and Vladivostok regions of Russia to investigate the occurrence of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, and mortality factors affecting its immature stages. We found emerald ash borer infesting both introduced North American green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) and native oriental ashes (F. mandshurica Rupr. and F. rhynchophylla Hance) in both regions. Emerald ash borer densities (larvae/m2 of phloem area) were markedly higher on green ash (11.3–76.7 in the Khabarovsk area and 77–245 in the Vladivostok area) than on artificially stressed Manchurian ash (2.2) or Oriental ash (10–59). Mortality of emerald ash borer larvae caused by different biotic factors (woodpecker predation, host plant resistance and/or undetermined diseases, and parasitism) varied with date, site, and ash species. In general, predation of emerald ash borer larvae by woodpeckers was low. While low rates (3–27%) of emerald ash borer larval morta...

Lack of Pharmacokinetic or Pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Memantine and Donepezil

Abstract: BACKGROUND:Memantine, a low- to moderate-affinity, uncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, was approved in the US for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease in October 2003.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether an in vivo pharmacokinetic interaction exists between memantine and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor donepezil.METHODS:In this open-label, multiple-dose study, 24 healthy subjects (aged 18–35 y) received oral administration of memantine 10 mg on day 1. Following a 14-day washout period, subjects were orally administered donepezil 5 mg once daily for 7 days on an outpatient basis. Beginning on day 22, the donepezil dosage was doubled for 22 days to the target dose of 10 mg once daily, with the last donepezil dose concomitantly administered with memantine 10 mg on day 43. Assessments included pharmacokinetic as well as safety parameters. In addition, AChE inhibition was measured in red blood cells by radiolabeled-enzyme assay following administration of donepezil alone ...