Showing papers by "Fraunhofer Society published in 2008"
TL;DR: Non linear PEG analogues can be either insoluble in water, readily soluble up to 100 °C, or thermoresponsive, and can be used for building a wide variety of modern materials such as biosensors, artificial tissues, smart gels for chromatography, and drug carriers.
Abstract: Monomers composed of a (meth)acrylate moiety connected to a short poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG) chain are versatile building-blocks for the preparation of “smart” biorelevant materials. Many of these monomers are commercial and can be easily polymerized by either anionic, free-radical, or controlled radical polymerization. The latter approach allows synthesis of well-defined PEG-based macromolecular architectures such as amphiphilic block copolymers, dense polymer brushes, or biohybrids. Furthermore, the resulting polymers exhibit fascinating solution properties in aqueous medium. Depending on the molecular structure of their monomer units, non linear PEG analogues can be either insoluble in water, readily soluble up to 100 °C, or thermoresponsive. Thus, these polymers can be used for building a wide variety of modern materials such as biosensors, artificial tissues, smart gels for chromatography, and drug carriers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3459–3470, 2008
1,079 citations
TL;DR: The possibilities to collect and store data increase at a faster rate than the ability to use it for making decisions, and in most applications, raw data has no value in itself; instead the authors want to extract the information contained in it.
Abstract: We are living in a world which faces a rapidly increasing amount of data to be dealt with on a daily basis. In the last decade, the steady improvement of data storage devices and means to create and collect data along the way influenced our way of dealing with information: Most of the time, data is stored without filtering and refinement for later use. Virtually every branch of industry or business, and any political or personal activity nowadays generate vast amounts of data. Making matters worse, the possibilities to collect and store data increase at a faster rate than our ability to use it for making decisions. However, in most applications, raw data has no value in itself; instead we want to extract the information contained in it.
1,047 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse the impact of renewable electricity generation on the electricity market in Germany and show that the financial volume of the price reduction is considerable, which gives rise to a distributional effect which creates savings for the demand side by reducing generator profits.
910 citations
10 Jul 2008
TL;DR: The effectiveness of the proposed method for learning and discrimination of malware behavior is demonstrated, especially in detecting novel instances of malware families previously not recognized by commercial anti-virus software.
Abstract: Malicious software in form of Internet worms, computer viruses, and Trojan horses poses a major threat to the security of networked systems. The diversity and amount of its variants severely undermine the effectiveness of classical signature-based detection. Yet variants of malware families share typical behavioral patternsreflecting its origin and purpose. We aim to exploit these shared patterns for classification of malware and propose a method for learning and discrimination of malware behavior. Our method proceeds in three stages: (a) behavior of collected malware is monitored in a sandbox environment, (b) based on a corpus of malware labeled by an anti-virus scanner a malware behavior classifieris trained using learning techniques and (c) discriminative features of the behavior models are ranked for explanation of classification decisions. Experiments with different heterogeneous test data collected over several months using honeypots demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, especially in detecting novelinstances of malware families previously not recognized by commercial anti-virus software.
648 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an item-oriented typology of organizational innovations is proposed as a precondition for a common understanding of organizational concepts and the implementation of innovative organizational concepts is considered to be highly important for a company's competitiveness, although there has been little research on possible approaches to measure and monitor organizational innovations in large-scale surveys.
594 citations
TL;DR: The improvements in biotechnological succinic acid production are presented and chemical conversion pathways to γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-butanediole, and pyrrolidones are reviewed.
Abstract: Succinic acid is predicted to be one of the future platform chemicals that can be derived from renewable resources. The improvements in biotechnological succinic acid production are presented. Chemical conversion pathways to γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-butanediole, and pyrrolidones are reviewed. An overview of possible new biopolymers (e. g. polyesters, polyamides, and poly(ester amide)s) based on succinic acid and its derivatives is given. Nevertheless, industrial processes using purified succinic acid from fermentation broths are not state of the art yet. Further improvements are needed until succinic acid-based chemical production will be economically favorable.
588 citations
TL;DR: The advantages and versatility of CuAAC in scientific disciplines as diverse as drug discovery, biochemistry, bioconjugates synthesis, drug-delivery, gene therapy, bioseparation or diagnostics are presented and discussed in detail.
510 citations
TL;DR: Two modeling approaches are presented, i.e., a thermodynamic and a ray-trace one, as well as experimental results, with a focus on LSC stability, mainly obtained within the framework of the Full-spectrum project.
Abstract: Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) generally consist of transparent polymer sheets doped with luminescent species. Incident sunlight is absorbed by the luminescent species and emitted with high quantum efficiency, such that emitted light is trapped in the sheet and travels to the edges where it can be collected by solar cells. LSCs offer potentially lower cost per Wp. This paper reviews results mainly obtained within the framework of the Fullspectrum project. Two modeling approaches are presented, i.e., a thermodynamic and a ray-trace one, as well as experimental results, with a focus on LSC stability.
494 citations
TL;DR: This review describes recent changes and progress in the field of polymer bioconjugation, i.e. covalent attachment of synthetic polymers to biological entities such as nucleic acids, oligopeptides, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, viruses or cells.
485 citations
IBM1, National Yang-Ming University2, Academia Sinica3, Fraunhofer Society4, University of Pennsylvania5, Georgetown University Medical Center6, University of Edinburgh7, Marquette University8, University of Cambridge9, University of Colorado Denver10, Yuan Ze University11, National Tsing Hua University12, VU University Amsterdam13, Harbin Institute of Technology14, University of Amsterdam15, Complutense University of Madrid16, University of California, Berkeley17, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences18, University of Huelva19
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that, by combining the results from all submissions, an F score of 0.9066 is feasible, and furthermore that the best result makes use of the lowest scoring submissions.
Abstract: Nineteen teams presented results for the Gene Mention Task at the BioCreative II Workshop. In this task participants designed systems to identify substrings in sentences corresponding to gene name mentions. A variety of different methods were used and the results varied with a highest achieved F1 score of 0.8721. Here we present brief descriptions of all the methods used and a statistical analysis of the results. We also demonstrate that, by combining the results from all submissions, an F score of 0.9066 is feasible, and furthermore that the best result makes use of the lowest scoring submissions.
427 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the power conversion efficiency of a luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) with four GaAs cells was reported. But with one GaAs cell attached to one edge only, the power efficiency was still as high as 4.6%.
Abstract: The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) consists of a transparent polymer plate, containing luminescent particles. Solar cells are connected to one or more edges of the polymer plate. Incident light is absorbed by the luminescent particles and re-emitted. Part of the light emitted by the luminescent particles is guided towards the solar cells by total internal reflection. Since the edge area is smaller than the receiving one, this allows for concentration of sunlight without the need for solar tracking. External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) and current–voltage (I –V) measurements were performed on LSC devices with multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) or GaAs cells attached to the sides. The best result was obtained for an LSC with four GaAs cells. The power conversion efficiency of this device, as measured at European Solar Test Installation laboratories, was 7.1% (geometrical concentration of a factor 2.5). With one GaAs cell attached to one edge only, the power efficiency was still as high as 4.6% (geometrical concentration of a factor 10). To our knowledge these efficiencies are among the highest reported for the LSC. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
TL;DR: The contribution of cytokines and other signaling molecules, as well as activity of nuclear receptors, lipids, transcription factors, and endocrine mediators toward cellular dysfunction and progression of steatotic liver disease to NASH is specifically addressed, as is the cross-talk of different cell types in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
Abstract: Steatosis of the liver may arise from a variety of conditions, but the molecular basis for lipid droplet formation is poorly understood. Although a certain amount of lipid storage may even be hepatoprotective, prolonged lipid storage can result in an activation of inflammatory reactions and loss of metabolic competency. Apart from drug-induced steatosis, certain metabolic disorders associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia give also rise to nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). It is noteworthy that advanced stages of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis (NASH) result ultimately in fibrosis and cirrhosis. In this regard, the lipid droplets (LDs) have been discovered to be metabolically highly active structures that play major roles in lipid transport, sorting, and signaling cascades. In particular, LDs maintain a dynamic communication with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane via sphingolipid-enriched domains of the plasma membrane-the lipid rafts. These microdomains frequently harbor receptor tyrosine kinases and other signaling molecules and connect extracellular events with intracellular signaling cascades. Here, we review recent knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of drug and metabolically induced hepatic steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis (NASH). The contribution of cytokines and other signaling molecules, as well as activity of nuclear receptors, lipids, transcription factors, and endocrine mediators toward cellular dysfunction and progression of steatotic liver disease to NASH is specifically addressed, as is the cross-talk of different cell types in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Furthermore, we provide an overview of recent therapeutic approaches in NASH therapy and discuss new as well as putative targets for pharmacological interventions.
Stanford University1, University of Colorado Denver2, University of Edinburgh3, Oregon Health & Science University4, Fraunhofer Society5, University of California, Berkeley6, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich7, Arizona State University8, Dresden University of Technology9, Harbin Institute of Technology10, National Cheng Kung University11, Yale University12, National Institutes of Health13, Georgetown University Medical Center14, Academia Sinica15, Erasmus University Rotterdam16, Mitre Corporation17
TL;DR: Major advances for the BioCreative II gene normalization task include broader participation (20 versus 8 teams) and a pooled system performance comparable to human experts, at over 90% agreement, which show promise as tools to link the literature with biological databases.
Abstract: Background: The goal of the gene normalization task is to link genes or gene products mentioned in the literature to biological databases. This is a key step in an accurate search of the biological literature. It is a challenging task, even for the human expert; genes are often described rather than referred to by gene symbol and, confusingly, one gene name may refer to different genes (often from different organisms). For BioCreative II, the task was to list the Entrez Gene identifiers for human genes or gene products mentioned in PubMed/MEDLINE abstracts. We selected abstracts associated with articles previously curated for human genes. We provided 281 expert-annotated
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: A checklist for reporting results from controlled experiments is expected to support a systematic, standardized presentation of empirical research, thus improving reporting in order to support readers in finding the information they are looking for.
Abstract: Background: One major problem for integrating study results into a common body of knowledge is the heterogeneity of reporting styles: (1) It is difficult to locate relevant information and (2) important information is often missing. Objective: A checklist for reporting results from controlled experiments is expected to support a systematic, standardized presentation of empirical research, thus improving reporting in order to support readers in (1) finding the information they are looking for, (2) understanding how an experiment is conducted, and (3) assessing the validity of its results. Method: The checklist for reporting is based on (1) a survey of the most prominent published proposals for reporting guidelines in software engineering and (2) an iterative development incorporating feedback from members of the research community. Result: This paper presents a unification of a set of guidelines for reporting experiments in software engineering. Limitation: The checklist has not been evaluated broadly, yet. Conclusion: The resulting checklist provides detailed guidance on the expected content of the sections and subsections for reporting a specific type of empirical studies, i.e., experiments (controlled experiments and quasi-experiments).
25 Feb 2008-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this article, a vapour deposited molybdenum coating on SiC powders has been used to improve the bonding strength and thermo-physical properties of the composites, using atomized Cu(X) alloys with minor additions of carbide formers.
Abstract: Thermal aspects are becoming increasingly important for the reliability of the electronic components due to the continuous progress of the electronic industries. Therefore, the effective thermal management is a key issue for packaging of high performance semiconductors. The ideal material working as heat sink and heat spreader should have a CTE of (4–8) × 10−6 K−1 and a high thermal conductivity. Metal matrix composites offer the possibility to tailor the properties of a metal by adding an appropriate reinforcement phase and to meet the demands in thermal management. Copper/SiC and copper/diamond composites have been produced by powder metallurgy. The major challenge in development of Cu/SiC is the control of the interfacial interactions. Silicon carbide is not stable in copper at the temperature needed for the fabrication of Cu/SiC. It is known that the bonding between diamond and copper is very weak in the Cu/diamond composite. Improvements in bonding strength and thermo-physical properties of the composites have been achieved by • a vapour deposited molybdenum coating on SiC powders to control interface reactions, • using atomized Cu(X) alloys with minor additions of carbide formers, e.g. X = Cr, B, to improve the interfacial bonding in Cu-diamond composites.
TL;DR: Research on CuAAC has increased exponentially in the last few years in organic synthesis, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, and biochemistry, and Numerous authors collectively demonstrated that CuAac is a true example of efficient and versatile “click” chemistry.
Abstract: The “click” concept, proposed by Sharpless, Kolb, and Finn in 2001, is undeniably one of the most noticeable synthetic trends in this new century. The catchy term “click” refers to energetically favored, specific, and versatile chemical transformations, which lead to a single reaction product. In other words, the essence of “click” chemistry is simplicity and efficiency. This tantalizing concept seems to answer perfectly the needs of modern scientists working in areas of research as diverse as molecular biology, drug-design, biotechnology, macromolecular chemistry, or materials science. It is indeed noteworthy that over recent years, complicated reactions requiring either complex apparatus, harsh experimental conditions, or high-purification techniques, have been less frequently studied than in the last century and gradually replaced by simpler tools. In this context, the straightforward “click” reactions have become tremendously popular in both academic and industrial research. Reactions of the “click” type are rather rare. Yet, the last few years saw the emergence of a rudimentary “click” toolbox, which includes, for example Diels–Alder cycloadditions, thiol–ene additions, oxime formation, and coppercatalyzed Huisgen azide–alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC). However, in recent literature, the term “click chemistry” has been used almost exclusively to denote the latter reactions. The synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes was discovered by Arthur Michael at the end of the 19th century and significantly developed by Rolf Huisgen in the 1960s. In the absence of a transition-metal catalyst, these reactions are not regioselective, relatively slow, and require high temperatures to reach acceptable yields (Scheme 1A). In early 2002, Meldal and co-workers reported that the use of catalytic amounts of copper(I), which can bind to terminal alkynes, leads to fast, highly efficient, and regioselective azide–alkyne cycloadditions at room temperature in organic medium (Scheme 1B). Shortly after, Sharpless and Fokin demonstrated that CuAAC can be successfully performed in polar media, such as tert-butyl alcohol, ethanol or pure water. These two important breakthroughs led to a remarkable renaissance of Huisgen cycloadditions in synthetic chemistry. Hence, research on CuAAC has increased exponentially in the last few years in organic synthesis, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, and biochemistry. Numerous authors collectively demonstrated that CuAAC is a true example of efficient and versatile “click” chemistry. In particular, azide–alkyne cycloadditions have been shown to be highly relevant for biological applications. Indeed, such reactions can be performed under experimental conditions, which are compatible with biological environments (e.g. aqueous medium and body temperature). Moreover, azide and alkyne functions are, respectively, absent or relatively rare in the biological world. Thus, azide–alkyne chemistry constitutes a very interesting chemoselective platform for the functionalization or ligation of biological systems. For instance, CuAAC has been recently investigated for designing a wide range of biomaterials, such as stationary phases for bioseparation, site-specific modified proteins or viruses, drugor genedelivery carriers, protein or oligonucleotide microarrays, and functionalized cell surfaces. Scheme 1. Different types of azide–alkyne cycloaddition: A) standard thermal cycloaddition, B) copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition, 9,11] C) strain-promoted and fluorine-activated cycloaddition.
TL;DR: The role of applied treatment conditions for the efficiency of conventional treatment plants (CTP) and membrane bioreactors (MBR) concerning the removal of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, steroid- and xeno-estrogens is understood.
Abstract: As a consequence of insufficient removal during treatment of wastewater released from industry and households, different classes of organic micropollutants are nowadays detected in surface and drinking water. Among these micropollutants, bioactive substances, e.g., endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals, have been incriminated in negative effects on living organisms in aquatic biotope. Much research was done in the last years on the fate and removal of those compounds from wastewater. An important point it is to understand the role of applied treatment conditions (sludge retention time (SRT), biomass concentration, temperature, pH value, dominant class of micropollutants, etc.) for the efficiency of conventional treatment plants (CTP) and membrane bioreactors (MBR) concerning the removal of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, steroid- and xeno-estrogens. Nevertheless, the removal rates differ even from one compound to the other and are related to the physico-chemical characteristics of the xenobiotics.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview on the renewable energy potentials and prospects globally, but based on region and/or country-specific assessments of the resource conditions, the overall energy system boundaries and the related energy policy framework.
TL;DR: In this article, different types of technical cellulose acetates were used and their ability to form cellulose beads was characterized by means of solubility; turbidity; degree of substitution; and molar mass and distribution of substituents along the polymeric chain.
Abstract: Cellulose acetate is one of the most important esters of cellulose. Depending on the way it has been processed cellulose acetate can be used for great varies of applications (e.g. for films, membranes or fibers). The properties of the applied cellulose acetates are very important for these applications. A special field for using cellulose acetate is the synthesis of porous, spherical particles, so called cellulose beads. Different types of technical cellulose acetates were used and their ability to form such cellulose beads was characterized. First the different types of cellulose acetates were characterized by means of solubility; turbidity and degree of substitution. In addition the molar mass and the distribution of substituents along the polymeric chain were analyzed. Next, the cellulose beads were synthesized within an emulsion process using these different cellulose acetates. Then the properties (particle size, porosity, morphology) of the cellulose beads were determined. Finally, the relationship between the characteristic of cellulose acetates and properties of cellulose beads was investigated.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that mouse vagal sensory nerves projecting to the airways express TRPA1 and TRPM8 and that they can be activated via these receptors is supported.
Abstract: Transient receptor potential (TRP) A1 and TRPM8 are ion channels that have been localized to afferent nociceptive nerves. These TRP channels may be of particular relevance to respiratory nociceptors in that they can be activated by various inhaled irritants and/or cold air. We addressed the hypothesis that mouse vagal sensory nerves projecting to the airways express TRPA1 and TRPM8 and that they can be activated via these receptors. Single cell RT-PCR analysis revealed that TRPA1 mRNA, but not TRPM8, is uniformly expressed in lung-labelled TRPV1-expressing vagal sensory neurons. Neither TRPA1 nor TRPM8 mRNA was expressed in TRPV1-negative neurons. Capsaicin-sensitive, but not capsaicin-insensitive, lung-specific neurons responded to cinnamaldehyde, a TRPA1 agonist, with increases in intracellular calcium. Menthol, a TRPM8 agonist, was ineffective at increasing cellular calcium in lung-specific vagal sensory neurons. Cinnamaldehyde also induced TRPA1-like inward currents (as measured by means of whole cell patch clamp recordings) in capsaicin-sensitive neurons. In an ex vivo vagal innervated mouse lung preparation, cinnamaldehyde evoked action potential discharge in mouse vagal C-fibres with a peak frequency similar to that observed with capsaicin. Cinnamaldehyde inhalation in vivo mimicked capsaicin in eliciting strong central-reflex changes in breathing pattern. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that TRPA1, but not TRPM8, is expressed in vagal sensory nerves innervating the airways. TRPA1 activation provides a mechanism by which certain environmental stimuli may elicit action potential discharge in airway afferent C-fibres and the consequent nocifensor reflexes.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the empirical relevance of various barriers to the diffusion of energy-efficient measures, conduct econometric analyses for 19 sub-sectors in the German commercial and services sectors, and find that the most important barriers are the investor/user dilemma and lack of information about energy consumption patterns.
TL;DR: A preliminary user model is proposed to simulate and predict window status in office buildings with varying outdoor temperature and occupancy and reveals a strong correlation between the percentage of open windows and the time of year, outdoorTemperature and building occupancy patterns.
TL;DR: High-quality intermediate views for an existing 9-view auto-stereoscopic display as well as other stereo- and multiscopic displays are presented, which prove the suitability of the approach for advanced 3DV systems.
Abstract: Interest in 3D video applications and systems is growing rapidly and technology is maturating. It is expected that multiview autostereoscopic displays will play an important role in home user environments, since they support multiuser 3D sensation and motion parallax impression. The tremendous data rate cannot be handled efficiently by representation and coding formats such as MVC or MPEG-C Part 3. Multiview video plus depth (MVD) is a new format that efficiently supports such advanced 3DV systems, but this requires high-quality intermediate view synthesis. For this, a new approach is presented that separates unreliable image regions along depth discontinuities from reliable image regions, which are treated separately and fused to the final interpolated view. In contrast to previous layered approaches, our algorithm uses two boundary layers and one reliable layer, performs image-based 3D warping only, and was generically implemented, that is, does not necessarily rely on 3D graphics support. Furthermore, different hole-filling and filtering methods are added to provide high-quality intermediate views. As a result, high-quality intermediate views for an existing 9-view auto-stereoscopic display as well as other stereo- and multiscopic displays are presented, which prove the suitability of our approach for advanced 3DV systems.
TL;DR: The worldwide first all-fiber THz time-domain spectrometer for operation at 1.5 microm is presented and key devices are photoconductive antennas based on novel LT InGaAs/InAlAs multi-layer structures.
Abstract: The worldwide first all-fiber THz time-domain spectrometer for operation at 1.5 µm is presented. Applications up to 3 THz are demonstrated. Key devices are photoconductive antennas based on novel LT InGaAs/InAlAs multi-layer structures.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used atomized copper alloy with minor additions of chromium to increase the interfacial bonding in Cu/diamond composites by a thin nano-sized Cr 3 C 2 layer.
23 May 2008
TL;DR: In this article, the laser linewidth requirements for optical systems with homodyne detection and feed forward digital phase estimation are determined by extensive Monte Carlo simulations, and shown to be a stringent limitation for high-order modulation formats.
Abstract: Laser linewidth requirements for optical systems with homodyne detection and feed forward digital phase estimation are determined by extensive Monte Carlo simulations, and shown to be a stringent limitation for high-order modulation formats.
18 Nov 2008
TL;DR: The ways of using aggregation for visual analysis of movement data is investigated and aggregation methods suitable for movement data are defined and visualization and interaction techniques to represent results of aggregations and enable comprehensive exploration of the data are found.
Abstract: Data about movements of various objects are collected in growing amounts by means of current tracking technologies. Traditional approaches to visualization and interactive exploration of movement data cannot cope with data of such sizes. In this research paper we investigate the ways of using aggregation for visual analysis of movement data. We define aggregation methods suitable for movement data and find visualization and interaction techniques to represent results of aggregations and enable comprehensive exploration of the data. We consider two possible views of movement, traffic-oriented and trajectory-oriented. Each view requires different methods of analysis and of data aggregation. We illustrate our argument with example data resulting from tracking multiple cars in Milan and example analysis tasks from the domain of city traffic management.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical and experimental study of multimode operation regimes in quantum cascade laser (QCLs) is presented and a model that can account for coherent phenomena, a saturable absorber, and SHB is developed and studied in detail both analytically and numerically.
Abstract: A theoretical and experimental study of multimode operation regimes in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is presented. It is shown that the fast gain recovery of QCLs promotes two multimode regimes: One is spatial hole burning (SHB) and the other one is related to the Risken-Nummedal-Graham-Haken instability predicted in the 1960s. A model that can account for coherent phenomena, a saturable absorber, and SHB is developed and studied in detail both analytically and numerically. A wide variety of experimental data on multimode regimes is presented. Lasers with a narrow active region and/or with metal coating on the sides tend to develop a splitting in the spectrum, approximately equal to twice the Rabi frequency. It is proposed that this behavior stems from the presence of a saturable absorber, which can result from a Kerr lensing effect in the cavity. Lasers with a wide active region, which have a weaker saturable absorber, do not exhibit a Rabi splitting and their multimode regime is governed by SHB. This experimental phenomenology is well-explained by our theoretical model. The temperature dependence of the multimode regime is also presented.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors provided a theoretical discussion of spin-off formation in a developing and transforming economy, and presented results from a comparative study based on data from 82 interviews with spinoff enterprises in three metropolitan regions in China.