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Showing papers by "Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society published in 1973"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined the kinetics of the layer formation process and the corrosion process from the relation between the stationary (ic,0) and non-stationary (ic) corrosion rates and the rate of layer formation at passive iron in acid solutions.

164 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The position of the adsorbed atoms within the unit cell of the surface layer has been determined by comparison of the measured curves of intensity versus energy of several low-energy electron diffraction spots with dynamical model calculations as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Iodine adsorbing on a silver (111) surface forms a $(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3})30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ structure. The position of the adsorbed atoms within the unit cell of the surface layer has been determined by comparison of the measured curves of intensity versus energy of several low-energy electron diffraction spots with dynamical model calculations.

143 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the catalytic selectivity of H-mordenite is due to the special pore structure of this zeolite, and that the catalyst exhibits optimum activity at an activation temperature of 450 °C. The relatively low apparent activation energy of 10 kcal/mole for the conversion to ethylbenzene was discussed.

97 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative reflectivity change ΔR/R of the electrode, which is caused by reaction products deposited on the surface, is measured in situ by differential reflectance spectroscopy, and the cathodic reduction of ZnO and CdS was investigated in aqueous solution.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the clean polar (111) and ( 111 ) faces of GaAs show emission from surface states and after exposure to oxygen which produces a covarage of about one monolayer, this emission disappears.

36 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1973

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, clean, oriented silver field emitting tips have been exposed to oxygen at 10−3 Torr for 1 min at temperatures ranging from − 170 to 200°C.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the photoresponse in the presence of sensitising dyes in the electrolyte corresponds to the absorption spectrum of the dye in that wave length range where the crystals do not absorb the light to any considerable amount.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a sterischen Faktoren und der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration der PWS-Losung abhangige lockere intermolekulare PWSBindung, die im Kleinwinkeldiagramm durch einen zusatzlichen Aquatorreflex beid=18,7 A an feuchten Fasern angezeigt ist.
Abstract: Die Reaktion von PWS mit Kollagen verlauft in 2 Stufen: 1. Eine von sterischen Faktoren unabhangige PWS-Reaktion an leicht zuganglichen Molekulbereichen, die mit dem kinkenartigen Aufbau (10) der Hauptketten zusammenhangen und durch parallel zum Aquator angeordnete Schichtlinienreflexe angezeigt ist. 2. Eine von sterischen Faktoren und der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration der PWS-Losung abhangige lockere intermolekulare PWS-Bindung, die im Kleinwinkeldiagramm durch einen zusatzlichen Aquatorreflex beid=18,7 A an feuchten Fasern angezeigt ist. Die nach 1. gebundene PWS-Menge ist fur die kontrastreiche Darstellung des Querstreifenmusters verantwortlich und erst nach relativ langen Inkubationszeiten z. B. mit Komplexbildnern voll austauschbar, wahrend der nach 2. gebundene PWS-Anteil leicht auswaschbar und fur die Kontrastverbesserung nicht erforderlich ist.

22 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of stable carbonium ions (Φ 3 C + ) of triphenylmethyl compounds was investigated spectroscopically at relatively low temperatures, e.g. 100°C.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermomechanical pump is used in low-temperature systems for heat exchangers, flow control, and super-leaks, and in conjunction with an applied temperature gradient.
Abstract: Porous media are used in low-temperature systems for heat exchangers [1’2], flow control [3’4], and thermomechanical devices, such as superleaks [5]. In conjunction with an applied temperature gradient the porous medium serves as a thermomechanical pump.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the clean surface does not adsorb residual gases (H2, CO, CH4) under UHV conditions (10−10 Torr region) if its temperature is above 0°C.
Abstract: Clean [111] oriented silver field emitting tips have been prepared from etched wire by repeated field evaporation and heat treatment. The thermal end-form of the clean surface shows {111}, {100}, and {110} faces if the tip radii are greater than 1000 A. The clean surface does not adsorb residual gases (H2, CO, CH4) under UHV conditions (10−10 Torr region) if its temperature is above 0°C. On heating after field evaporation, the tips exhibit contamination as brigthly emitting agglomerates randomly distributed over the surface. The brightly emitting impurities decrease the work function. The cleaning procedure and the nature of the surface contaminants are discussed. Saubere, [111]-orientierte Feldemissionsspitzen von Silber wurden aus geatzten Drahten durch wiederholte Feldverdampfung und Warmebehandlung prapariert. Die thermische Endform der sauberen Oberflache zeigt {111}-, {100}- und {110}-Flachen, wenn die Spitzenradien groser als 1000 A sind. Die sauberen Oberflachen adsorbieren keine Restgase (H2, CO, CH4) unter UHV-Bedingungen (10−10 Torr-Bereich), wenn die Temperatur oberhalb 0°C liegt. Beim Aufheizen nach der Feldverdampfung zeigen die Spitzen Verunreinigungen in der Form von hell emittierenden Agglomeraten, die statistisch auf der Oberflache verteil sind. Die hell emittierenden Storstellen erniedrigen die Austrittsarbeit. Das Reinigungsverfahren und die Natur der Oberflachenkontamination werden diskutiert.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic equations for the different heat transfer mechanisms in superinsulation packages and their interrelationships are discussed, and the distribution of the heat flow into the radiative and the conductive components leads to a calculated value for the lowest temperature at which a super-insulation can effectively be used.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a review of low-energy electron diffraction is presented, and it is shown how the theory can already extract information about the structure of solid surfaces out of the experimental results.
Abstract: Recent progress in the theory of low-energy electron diffraction is reviewed. It is shown, to what extent the theory can already extract information about the structure of solid surfaces out of the experimental results. The kinematic, the multiple-scattering and the data-averaging approach are discussed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The triplet exciton lifetime in crystalline pyrene was found to be 140 ± 10 msec at room temperature, over 500 times longer than previously reported values as discussed by the authors, and it was concluded that the transfer of triplet energy within the crystal may be described using the monomer exciton model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of the paracrystalline superlattice built up by at least 30 paraffin lamellae was proposed to find where the chains of various conformation are located in the structure.
Abstract: Solution-crystallized single crystals of various paraffins were investigated at room temperature by nuclear magnetic resonance and by small-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering. The samples were crystallized from various solvents and annealed 2, 5, 6, and 12°C below the melting point. The NMR spectra are separated into three components (α, β1 and γ) of different chain-segment mobility. On combining these results with x-ray measurements and with results on polyethylene, enough information is obtained to propose a model of the paracrystalline superlattice built up by at least 30 paraffin lamellae and to find where the chains of various conformation are located in the structure. The phase transition of C44H90 in the solid state gives further hints for this allocation. For instance, the β1 component of intermediate mobility increases anomalously from 3% before to 10% after the phase transition. The paracrystalline g value of the macrolattice of the orthorhombic phase is 1.5% and the gap between the lamellae is 2.2 A. At the beginning of the phase transition, the chains incline stepwise to the lamella surface retaining the orthorhombic macrolattice distance P0 = 58 A and enlarging the gap to 8.8 A without changing the g value of 1.5%. The growing monoclinic phase, on the other hand, has a constant g value of 3.5% from the beginning with Pm = 52 A and has gaps of only 3 A between adjacent lamellae. This explains the large β1 (ca. 10%) of these two new phases, because the mobile chain ends consist of approxiamately 1 CH3 and 1 CH2 group on the average. The γ component of highest micro-Brownian mobility corresponds to the γ component in polyethylene with a line width of ca. 0.07 gauss. Unlike the case of polyethylene it is produced by only a small amount (0.02–0.13) of free CH3 groups per chain. Another fraction of the CH3 groups belongs to the rigid component α of the crystalline phase. They are located where adjacent lamellae touch each other in crystalline-like order. Because of these contacts, stacks of lamellae about 1000 A thick scatter coherently, and the long period Po of the orthorhombic phase remains undestroyed by annealing until the monoclinic domains collapse to the smaller period Pm of the monoclinic phase.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the quenching of the benzophenone phosphorescence by long-lived guest triplet states was measured and the bimolecular annihilation rate constant γhg determined using naphthalene, pyrene, and coronene as guest materials.
Abstract: Triplet (host)-triplet (guest) annihilation has been observed and characterised in vitreous benzophenone. The quenching of the benzophenone phosphorescence by long-lived guest triplet states was measured and the bimolecular annihilation rate constant γhg determined using naphthalene, pyrene, and coronene as guest materials. γhg is found to be independent of the nature of the guest, being of the order of 10−16 cm3s−1. This low value is related to the slow rates of exciton migration in the vitreous phase. Es wurden Annihilationsprozesse in glasartigem Benzophenon zwischen beweglichen Triplett-Exzitonen und langlebigen Triplett-Zustanden von Gastmolekulen untersucht, die zu einer Loschung der Benzophenon-Phosphoreszenz fuhren. Fur die Dotierungsmaterialien Naphthalin, Pyren und Coronen wurde der bimolekulare Annihilierungskoeffizient γhg bestimmt. Es wird gefunden, das γhg unabhangig von der Natur des Gastes von der Grosenordnung 10−16 cm3 s−1 ist. Der niedrige Wert ist mit den niedrigen Geschwindigkeiten der Exzitonenbewegung in der glasartigen Phase verknupft.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The delayed fluorescence emission spectrum of pure crystalline chrysene at temperatures down to 80° K has been measured in this paper, where the triplet exciton lifetime was found to be 30 ± 2 msec.
Abstract: The delayed fluorescence emission spectrum of pure crystalline chrysene at temperatures down to 80° K has been measured. Careful purification is required in order to remove traces of impurities which trap triplet excitons in chrysene giving rise to impurity fluorescence. The triplet exciton lifetime in crystalline chrysene at room temperature was found to be 30 ± 2 msec.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Nov 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a quantitativen zweidimensionalen Analyse der Rontgenkleinwinkelstreuung Auskunft daruber, in welcher Weise sich diese Parakristallite zu mehr smektischen oder nematischen superstrukturen zusammenlagern, die von der mechanischen und thermischen Vorbehandlung abhangen, die de facto van der mechanisch und thermisch von der kristalline Phase in Wirklich
Abstract: Die Theorie des Parakristalls (1) wurde mit Erfolg auf synthetische Polymere, speziell Polyathylen, angewendet. Einerseits last sich aus der Profilanalyse der Rontgenweitwinkelreflexe beweisen, das die sog. kristalline Phase in Wirklichkeit aus etwa 100 A dicken Parakristalliten aufgebaut ist (2). Andererseits bekommt man aus der quantitativen zweidimensionalen Analyse der Rontgenkleinwinkelstreuung Auskunft daruber, in welcher Weise sich diese Parakristallite zu mehr smektischen oder nematischen Superstrukturen zusammenlagern, die von der mechanischen und thermischen Vorbehandlung abhangen (3), (4). Uber die Existenz von parakristallinen Storungen in nativen Polymeren ist bisher jedoch wenig bekannt. Lediglich beim β-Keratin bewies die Kleinwinkelstreuung, das man es mit typischen parakristallinen Anordnungen der Polypeptidketten zu tun hat (4).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the reversible bivalent redox system of 2,2′-azines of aromatic, heterocyclic compounds were prepared from bifunctional salts and hydrazine.
Abstract: Polymere (Polyazine), die das reversible, bivalente Redoxsystem der 2,2′-Azine aromatischer Heterocyclen enthalten, wurden aus bifunktionellen Salzen und Hydrazin dargestellt. Aus diesen Salzen und Hydrazonen wurden Bisazine als Modellverbindungen fur die Polyazine erhalten. Durch Oxidation wurden Poly- und Bi-Radikale dargestellt, die durch ihre ESR-Spektren und die elektrische Leitfahigkeit charakterisiert wurden. Die Bisazine wurden polarographisch untersucht. Polymers (Polyazines) having incorporated the reversible bivalent redox system of 2,2′-azines of aromatic, heterocyclic compounds were prepared from bifunctional salts and hydrazine. Bisazines as model compounds were synthesized from these salts and hydrazones. By oxidation polyradicals and biradicals were obtained, which were characterized by their ESR-spectra and their electric conductivity. Polarographic investigations of the bisazines were carried out.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The magnetostriction of silicon iron single crystals with different orientation was measured with strain gauges as discussed by the authors, and it was shown that at higher frequencies (> 100 Hz) the change of magnetization in the cross domains was caused by rotation of magnetisation and not by wall movement, as is the case at lower frequencies.
Abstract: The magnetostriction of silicon iron single crystals with different orientation was measured with strain gauges. In the frequency region of the external field from a few mHz up to 104 Hz and different amplitude of magnetization of the specimen it showed that at higher frequencies (> 100 Hz) the change of magnetization in the cross domains was caused by rotation of magnetization and not by wall movement, as it is the case at lower frequencies. Mit Hilfe der Dehnungsstreifenmestechnik wird die Magnetostriktion verschieden orientierter FeSi-Einkristalle bei quasistatischer und bei Wechselfeldmagnetisierung bis zu 104 Hz und variabler Aussteuerung gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das bei hoheren Frequenzen (> 100 Hz) Querbereiche nicht mehr durch 90°-Wandverschiebungen, sondern durch Drehprozesse ummagnetisiert werden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the binding energy of an adatom on a (011) face of a bcc crystal is calculated using Morse or Mie potential models considering normal and tangential relaxation.

DOI
01 Dec 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a model of a flussigen Kristallen was developed with the help of small and wide angle X-ray diffraction, which is typical for many linear and branched synthetic polymers and biopolymers.
Abstract: Liquid crystals nowadays are understood as structures with some regularities in atomic dimensions but independent of this with macroscopic properties different from genuine crystals. It is pointed out, that the nomenclature - “liquid crystals” - as well could be applied to samples, which in the atomic scale are “liquidlike” but in the macroscopic scale behave like solids. As an example it is shown, that linear polyethylen in the molten state has a memory of its original shape in the solid state and hence, in a certain sense is a better representation of a “liquid crystal” as for instance cholesteric phases, which with respect to their shape are amorphous (shapeless). With the help of small and wide angle X-ray diffraction a model of this liquid crystal is developed, which obviously is typical for many linear and branched synthetic polymers and biopolymers. Unter flussigen Kristallen versteht man heute Strukturen mit kristallartiger Nahordnung in atomaren Dimensionen und einem makroskopisch von Kristallen vollig abweichenden flussigkeitsartigen Verhalten. Am Beispiel des verstreckten Polyathylens wird hier gezeigt das die Hochpolymere. als Stoffe verstanden werden konnen, die im geschmolzenen Zustand eine festgelegte Gestalt bewahren konnen bzw. wieder erlangen. Diese sind also, umgekehrt zu den heute ausschlieslich diskutierten flussigen Kristallen in atomaren Dimensionen flussig, in makroskopischen Dimensionen kristallartig. Mit Hilfe der Rontgenweit- und Kleinwinkelstreuung wird gezeigt, das fur dieses „Gedachtnis” ein dreidimensionales Netzwerk von Kettenmolekulen verantwortlich ist, das im schmelzkristallisierten Material die einzelnen parakristallinen Gitterbereiche miteinander verbindet. Auf die allgemeine Bedeutung dieser Struktureigenschaften fur synthetische Polymere und Biopolymere wird hingewiesen.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1973
TL;DR: With the help of Monte Carlo methods the samples of oligomer molecules were generated on a tetrahedral lattice subject to the excluded volume effect and to the equal probability of three rotating angles.
Abstract: With the help of Monte Carlo methods the samples of oligomer molecules were generated on a tetrahedral lattice subject to the excluded-volume effect and to the equal probability of three rotating angles.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the spectral and redox properties of 10-alkyl-7-vinylisoalloxazines were investigated using decarboxylation of 4-alkylamino-3-nitrocinnamic acids.
Abstract: 10-Alkyl-7-vinylisoalloxazine sind in guten Ausbeuten aus 4-Alkylamino-3-nitrostyrolen zu synthetisieren, die aus 4-Alkylamino-3-nitrozimtsauren durch Decarboxylierung dargestellt werden Spektral- und Redoxeigenschaften der neuen 10-Alkyl-7-vinylisoalloxazine wurden untersucht 10-Alkyl-7-vinylisoalloxazines 10-Alkyl-7-vinylisoalloxazines can be synthesized in good yields from 4-alkylamino-3-nitrostyrenes, which were prepared by decarboxylation of 4-alkylamino-3-nitrocinnamic acids Spectral and redox properties of the new 10-alkyl-7-vinylisoalloxazines were investigated

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of intra-famili ial sexual suppression on sibling heterosexual relations in a group of wolves and found that females with no fur-ther pregnancy occurred in the subord ina te females over the subsequent year.
Abstract: is res t r ic ted (p < 0.001, Z 2 Test). A similar case is found for grooming, heterosexuaI groonling increasing significantly under space res t r ic ted condi t ions (p < 0.001, % 2 Test). The result of re laxat ion of the res t r ic t ion imposed by the a lpha c? on sibling heterosexual relat ions dur ing the t ime the alpha was in oestrus was t h a t bo th subord ina te females became p regnan t and t h e y and the alpha ~ gave b i r th on the same day, all wi th in five hours of one another . W h e n ample space was re-provided, no fur ther pregnancies occurred in the subord ina te females over the subsequent year. This type of intra-famil ial sexual suppression differs f rom tha t of wolves [6], where i t is the a lpha 9 which in te r rupts or p revents t he subord ina te females ma t ing and is more similar to t h a t of baboon societies [3] and Japanese macaques [2]. The difference here, however, is t h a t sexual supression of subord ina te females is complete in Helogale since the alpha c~ is monogamous and shows no sexual in teres t in females o ther t h a n h i s mate , while in baboons and monkeys, such females are m a t e d by the Mpha 6.

DOI
01 Oct 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the deposition potential on the structure of the deposited film was determined and the transition from non-metallic to metallic properties with increasing film thickness was observed.
Abstract: Mit Hilfe der differentiellen Reflexionsspektroskopie wird die elektrolytische Abscheidung von Metallatomen auf ZnO untersucht. Dabei wird die relative Reflexionsanderung Δ R/R der Halbleiterelektrode in situ gemessen. Aufgrund der grosen Unterschiede in den optischen Eigenschaften des gebildeten Films (Metallatome) und des Substrates (Halbleiter) kann man bereits bei einer Monoschichtbedeckung Reflexionsanderungen Δ R/R in der Grosenordnung von Prozenten erhalten. Dies ermoglicht den Nachweis von Metalladsorbaten bereits bei niedrigen Bedeckungsgraden (θ e 0,1) und unabhangig von anderen Reaktionen. wie z. B. H2-Entwicklung oder O2-Reduktion, die einen Nachweis mittels Strommessung sehr erschweren. Mit der oben beschriebenen Technik wird der Mechanismus der Zinkabscheidung auf ZnO genauer studiert. Es zeigt sich, das die Abscheidungsspannung den grosten Einflus auf die Struktur des abgeschiedenen Films ausubt und der Ubergang von nichtmetallischen zu metallischen Eigenschaften mit wachsender Filmdicke verfolgt werden kann. The electrolytic deposition of metal atoms onto ZnO was investigated by differential reflectance spectroscopy. Here, the relative reflectance change Δ R/R of the semiconductor electrode is measured in situ. Due to the large differences in the optical properties of the film (metal atoms) and the substrate (semiconductor), a monolayer coverage can cause a reflectance change Δ R/R of several percent. Thus, metal adsorbates may be detected at low coverages (θ e 0,1), and in the presence of other Faradaic reactions, like hydrogen evolution or oxygen reduction, which may render the detection by current measurements very difficult. With the technique described above the mechanism of zinc deposition onto ZnO was studied. The influence of the deposition potential on the structure of the deposited film was determined and the transition, from non-metallic to metallic properties with increasing film thickness. was observed.