scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society published in 1975"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The photovoltaic effects in such cells are based on the formation of a Schottky barrier at the interface between a semiconductor and a suitable redox electrolyte.

401 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the coverage of the clean polar (111) faces of GaAs, prepared by Ar+ bombardment and proper annealing, was quantitatively determined using empirical values for the escape depth of the Auger electrons from literature.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical constants of the surface layer giving rise to this measured reflectivity change have been calculated and compared to the results of the electroreflectance effect on bare gold surfaces.

57 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a correlation between the regional brightness of FIM and FEM patterns was found, based on the known fact that surface states of Ge contribute in field emission, supported by the observation that in regions of low index poles, oxygen adsorption decreases the surface density of centers above which field ionization occurs.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, empty and filled surface states were measured for gallium and phosphorus-rich GaP(111)P surfaces using electron energy loss spectroscopy at 100 eV and photoemission at 4.6 eV.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, the reduction of H2O2 on copper-iron-sulfides, which were initiated with Cu5FeS4, are extended to cuprous sulfide (Cu2S).
Abstract: Investigations on the reduction of H2O2 on copper-iron-sulfides, which were initiated with Cu5FeS4, are extended to cuprous sulfide (Cu2S). This system is also characterized by pronounced sustained electrochemical oscillations which appear during the reduction of H2O2. They are qualitatively analog to that observed with Cu5FeS4 and can be described by the same differential equation of the Lotka Volterra type. The three dimensional phase surface of the derived differential equation is computer drawn, and the nature of the observed frequency instability of oscillations explained. In order to confirm the proposed participation of metal, metal hydroxide and metal oxide-surface sites in the oscillation mechanism, several experimental tests were theoretically evaluated and experimentally verified. Oscillations can be stopped with a metal chelating agent (EDTA) or with a strongly alkaline electrolyte and the sulfide surface stabilized into either one of the two possible states (hydroxide covered and hydroxide deficient) between which otherwise oscillations occur. Light which is destroying oxide bonds on the sulfide surface by a photo electrochemical mechanism, can be used to modulate frequency and amplitude of electrochemical oscillations. Experimental evidence for the constancy of entropy production during oscillations, which is a very specific property of Lotka-Volterra-systems, is also provided. It is concluded that oscillations of the Lotka Volterra type actually exist. They are, however, easily perturbated by chemical side reactions to give either limit cycle oscillations or damped or undamped oscillations. Untersuchungen uber die Reduktion von H2O2 an Kupfer-Eisen-Sulfiden, welche mit Cu5FeS4 begonnen worden sind, werden auf Kupfer(I)-Sulfid (Cu2S) ausgedehnt. Auch dieses System ist durch ausgepragte, ungedampfte elektrochemische Oszillationen charakterisiert, welche wahrend der Reduktion von H2O2 auftreten. Sie entsprechen qualitativ denen, die bei Cu5FeS4 beobachtet wurden, und konnen mit derselben Differential-Gleichung vom Lotka-Volterra-Typ beschrieben werden. Die dreidimensionale Phasenoberflache der abgeleiteten Differentialgleichung wird mit Hilfe eines Computers gezeichnet und die Natur der beobachteten Frequenzinstabilitat erlautert. Um die vorgeschlagene Beteiligung von Metall-, Metallhydroxid- und Metalloxid-Ober-flachenzustanden beim Oszillationsmechanismus zu bestatigen, werden mehrere experimentelle Tests theoretisch ausgewertet und experimentell verifiziert. Die Oszillationen konnen mit einer metallkomplexierenden Substanz (EDTA) oder mit einem stark alkalischen Elektrolyten gestoppt und die Sulfidoberflache in einem von zwei moglichen Zustanden (Hydroxid-bedeckt oder Hydroxid-defizient) stabilisiert werden, zwischen denen ansonsten die Oszillation erfolgt. Licht, welches Oxidbindungen auf der Sulfidoberflache durch einen photo-elektrochemischen Mechanismus zerstort, kann verwendet werden, um Frequenz und Amplitude der elektrochemischen Oszillationen zu modulieren. Eine experimentelle Bestatigung fur die Konstanz der Entropieproduktion wahrend der Oszillationen, welche eine sehr spezifische Eigenschaft von Lotka-Volterra-Systemen darstellt, wird auch erbracht. Es wird gefolgert, das Lotka-Volterra-Oszillationen tatsachlich existieren. Sie werden jedoch durch chemische Nebenreaktionen leicht gestort und arten entweder in Oszillationen mit Grenz-Zyklen oder in gedampfte bzw. ungedampfte Oszillationen aus.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple cone-model of volume excitation for nearly free electron metals is shown to be anisotiopic in polycrystalline material with the bulk of excited electrons moving parallel to the electric field vector.

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of the dissolution form faces (D-form faces) was explained by cutting off the corners of the related equilibrium form faces, e.g., E-form face.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, spezifische Immunofluoreszenz in Zellkernen von Babyhamstergehirnen ist nach Infektion mit Herpesvirus-equi-1 festzustellen.

14 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, the change of the intensity of characteristic IR bands was measured during the desorption of pyridine out of the zeolite pores into the high vacuum.
Abstract: Es wurde wahrend der Adsorption und Desorption die zeitliche Anderung der Extinktion von IR-Banden verfolgt, die fur die von Zeolithen sorbierten Pyridinmolekeln charakteristisch sind. Die Untersuchungen wurden im Temperaturbereich von 250°C bis 400°C mit Hilfe einer speziellen Hochtemperaturkuvette durchgefuhrt. Fur die quantitative Auswertung wurden vorzugsweise die bei der Desorption von Pyridin aus dem zeolithischen Porensystem ins Hochvakuum gemessenen Extinktions/Zeit-Kurven verwendet. Aus den Desorptionskurven wurden mittlere Diffusionskoeffizienten D berechnet, die je nach Zeolith- und Zentrenart zwischen 10−11 und 10−14 cm2 s−1 lagen. Eine Auftragung im Arrheniusdiagramm ergab die Aktivierungsenergien EA und die praexponentiellen Faktoren D der Diffusionskoeffizienten. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Berucksichtigung der Natur der Sorptionsplatze, der Porenstrukturen und der Konzentrationsabhangigkeit der Diffusionskoeffizienten diskutiert. Mit Hilfe der IR-spektroskopischen Methode ist es prinzipiell auch moglich, die zeitliche Anderung der Belegung verschiedener, gleichzeitig nebeneinander vorliegender Zentren der Zeolithe mit sorbierten Spezies zu messen. The change of the intensity of characteristic IR bands was measured during the sorption and desorption of pyridine from zeolites. In these experiments IR bands which are specific for the different sorbate states of the adsorbed pyridine species were used. The investigations were carried out by means of a special HV-cell for higher temperatures in the temperature range between 250°C and 400°C. The quantitative evaluation was based especially on those absorbance versus time curves which were measured during the desorption of pyridine out of the zeolite pores into the high vacuum. Average diffusion coefficients D were calculated from the desorption curves. The D values lie in the range from 10−11 to 10−14 cm2 sec−1, depending on the type of the zeolites and of the sorption centers. The Arrhenius plot provided the activation energies EA and the preexponential factors D. The results are discussed with respect to the nature of the adsorptive sites, the zeolite pore structure, and the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficients. By means of this IR spectroscopic method it is even possible to follow the rate of change of the coverage which occurs simultaneously on different centers of the same zeolite.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the D-form faces are assumed to be composed of microscopic or submicroscopic or sub microscopic sized equilibrium form faces in a terrace-like way.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an X-ray structure analysis of 7bH-indeno[1,2,3-jk]fluorene (1) (space group rhombic Pnma; a = 8.298, b = 19.974, c = 7.368 A; z = 8/2) showed that the strain of the molecule causes a deformation of the aromatic ring C into a flat asymmetric boat form.
Abstract: Die Rontgenstrukturanalyse von 7bH-Indeno[1,2,3-jk]fluoren (1) (Raumgruppe rhombisch pnma; a = 8.298, b = 19.974, c = 7.368 A; z = 8/2) zeigt, das sich die 1 innewohnende Spannung vor allem in einer Deformation des Sechsringes C in Richtung auf eine unsymmetrische Wannen-form ausert: Die durch C(12), C(12′), C(13) und C(13′) aufgespannte Ebene bildet mit der Ebene durch C(12)–C(11)–C(12′) bzw. C(13)–C(14)–C(13′) einen Winkel von 16.3 bzw. 5.6°. Der deformierte Ring C weist bei der elektrophilen Substitution (Halogenierung, Nitrierung, Acetylierung) erhohte Reaktivitat auf. Die Struktur eines bei der Nitrierung von 1 mit Cu(NO3)2/Ac2O gebildeten Additionsprodukts 8 wird mit Hilfe spektroskopischer Methoden aufgeklart. 1 setzt sich als Dien-Komponente glatt mit Maleinsaureanhydrid, Acetylendicarbonsaure-dimethylester oder Dehydrobenzol zu den Diels-Alder-Addukten 10-12 um. Mit Sauerstoff liefert 1 das endo-Peroxid 13. Strained Alkyl-aromatic Systems, 2. Crystal Structure and Reactions of 7bH Indeno[1,2,3-jk]flourene An X-ray structure analysis of 7bH-indeno[1,2,3-jk]fluorene (1) (space group rhombic Pnma; a = 8.298, b = 19.974, c = 7.367 A;; z = 8/2) shows that the strain of the molecule causes a deformation of the aromatic ring C into a flat asymmetric boat form: The plane through C(12), C(12′), C(13), and C(13′) is inclined by 16.3 and 5.6° to the planes defined by the atoms C(12)–C(11)–C(12′) and C(13)–C(14)–C(13′), respectively. The distored ring C shows an enhanced reactivity in electrophilic substitution (halogenation, nitration, acetylation). The structure of 8, formed by addition during nitration of 1 using Cu(NO3)2/Ac2O, was established by spectroscopic methods. Maleic anhydride, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, or benzyne easily react with the diene component 1 to give the Diels-Alder adducts 10–12. with oxygen 1 yields the endo peroxide 13.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the existence of 2-(2,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (4) can be demonstrated, which reveals that in acidic solutions partly oxidized or reduced tetravalent redox systems represent covalently bound quinone-hydroquinone systems.
Abstract: Es werden die Synthese und die Eigenschaften von 2-(1,4-Benzochinon-2-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-Benzochinon (2b), der drei isomeren Bis(1,4-Benzochinon-2-ylmethyl)benzole 8a, 9a und 10a und der drei hierzu homologen Bis[2-(1,4-Benzochinon-2-yl)athyl]benzole 8b, 9b und 10b beschrieben. Sie stellen oligomere Redoxsysteme dar. Durch 1H-NMR-spektroskopischen Strukturbeweis von 2-(2,5-Dihydroxybenzyl)-1,4-Benzochinon (4) wird belegt, das in saurer Losung teiloxidierte tetravalente Redoxsysteme vom BenzochinonTypus ein miteinander verknupftes Hydrochinon- und Chinonsystem darstellen. Die teilreduzierte, o-verknupfte Bis(chinonyl)-Verbindung 8a bildet in Losung leicht einen intramolekularen CT-Komplex, was bei den anderen Verbindungen nicht beobachtet wird. Als spezielle Modelle fur Oxidations-Reduktions-Polymere wurden ferner drei vollig symmetrische, hexavalente Redoxsysteme synthetisiert und charakterisiert: Tris(1,4-Benzochinon-2-yl)-methan (17), Tris(1,4-Benzochinon-2-ylmethyl)benzol (19a) und Tris[2-(1,4-Benzochinon-2-yl)athyl]benzol (19b). The synthesis and properties of the following oligomeric redox systems are described: 2-(1,4-benzoquinone-2-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2b), the three isomeric bis(1,4-benzoquinone-2-ylmethyl)benzenes 8a, 9a and 10a and their homologues, the isomeric bis[2-(1,4-benzoquinone-2-yl)ethyl]-benzenes 8b, 9b and 10b. By 1H-NMR-spectroscopy the existence of 2-(2,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (4) can be demonstrated, which reveals that in acidic solutions partly oxidized or reduced tetravalent redox systems of the quinone type molecules represent covalently bound quinone-hydroquinone systems. In contrast to the other compounds the partly reduced o-bis(quinone-2-yl) compound 8a easily forms an intramolecular charge-transfer complex in solution. The following totally symmetric hexavalent redox systems were synthesized as models for oxidation-reduction polymers: tris(1,4-benzoquinone-2-yl)methane (17), tris(1,4-benzo-quinone-2-ylmethy1)benzene (19a), and tris[2-(1,4-benzoquinone-2-yl)ethyl] benzene (19b).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theory of paracrystals has been applied to synthetic polymers in this article, where the size and lattice distortion of coherently scattering domains in a polymer are quantitatively explained.
Abstract: Hermann Mark pointed out in 19401 that up to then there did not exist a relevant method for the quantitative evaluation of the size and the lattice distortion of coherently scattering domains in a polymer. Until now usually one speaks of “crystalline” and “amorphous” domains within a polymer. The domains which scatter coherently are considered to be crystalline and it is out of consideration, that lattice distortions exist which are of fundamental interest in the understanding of the properties of polymers. It is the aim of this contribution to show that these distortions can be explained quantitatively by the theory of paracrystals. A series of misunderstandings are discussed which exist in the literature. Some results of the application of this theory to synthetic polymers are discussed which seem to be of fundamental interest. Hermann Mark hat 19401 darauf hingewiesen, das es bis dahin noch keine einwandfreie Methode gab, die es gestattete, die durch Teilchengrose hervorgerufene Verbreiterung der Interferenzpunkte von der Verbreiterung durch Gitterfehler in einem Polymeren zu trennen. In der ublichen Darstellung wird auch vielfach bis heute noch von «kristallinen» und «amorphen» Bereichen innerhalb eines Polymeren gesprochen. Das innerhalb dieser sog. kristallinen Bereiche Gitterstorungen einer besonderen Art existieren, die von groser Bedeutung fur die Stoffeigenschaften sind, wird oft auser Betracht gelassen. Im folgenden wird gezeigt, wie man diese Storungen nach der Theorie des Parakristalls quantitativerklaren kann. Auf eine Reihe von Misverstandnissen, die inzwischen in der Literatur aufgetaucht sind, wird hingewiesen. Schlieslich werden kurz einige Resultate diskutiert, die mit Hilfe dieser Theorie uber die Struktur synthetischer Polymere gewonnen wurden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used model-layers obtained by glow-discharge polymerization and used as models for electrodes with passive layers to obtain reproducible voltage-current-light curves.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Fowler-Nordheim plot was used to measure the coverage of a tungsten single crystal face in a field electron microscope with adsorbed oxygen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the yield curve for hole generation in organic crystals through hot holes in metal contacts is attributed to an effective dissipation of surplus energy rather than to a broad valence band in organic crystal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Ubergangsmetallchelate 2a, 4a,b, and 6a, b monomerer and polymerer Schiffscher bases (1, 3, and 5) from Salicylaldehyde and 2-aminophenol, and 2,4-diamino-5-hydroxyphenol, resp. as well as from 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde, were prepared, and their catalytical properties in the autoxidation of cumene were studied.
Abstract: Es wurden einige Ubergangsmetallchelate 2a–e, 4a,b und 6a,b monomerer und polymerer Schiffscher Basen (1, 3 und 5) aus Salicylaldehyd und 2-Aminophenol, bzw. 2,4-Diamino-5-hydroxyphenol, sowie aus 2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalaldehyd und (2,4-Diamino-5-hydroxyphenol) dargestellt und ihre katalytischen Eigenschaften fur die Autoxidation von Cumol untersucht. Die Aktivitat nimmt in der Reihenfolge Mn>Co>NI>Cu>Zn sowie mit steigendem Molekulargewicht der Schiffschen Base ab. Die Verbindungen katalysieren auch die Zersetzung von Cumolhydroperoxid; am wirksamsten erwiesen sich auch hier die Manganchelate. Transition metal chelates 2a–e, 4a,b, and 6a,b of the monomeric and polymeric Schiffs' bases (1, 3, and 5, from salicylaldehyde and 2-aminophenol, and 2,4-diamino-5-hydroxyphenol, resp. as well as from 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde and 2,4-diamino-5-hydroxyphenol) were prepared, and their catalytical properties in the autoxidation of cumene were studied. The activity decreases in the order Mn>Co>NI>Cu>Zn and also with increasing molecular weight of the Schiffs' base. The compounds catalyze also the decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide, the chelates of Mn being the most effective.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The parakristallinen Gitterstorungen an linearem schmelzkristallisiertem polyathylen 6041D sind bei Raumtemperatur innerhalb der Mesgenauigkeit dieselben wie direkt unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes, was durch eine temperaturunabhangige Konzentration der Kinken erklarbar ist.
Abstract: Die parakristallinen Gitterstorungen an linearem schmelzkristallisiertem Polyathylen 6041D sind bei Raumtemperatur innerhalb der Mesgenauigkeit dieselben wie direkt unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes, was durch eine temperaturunabhangige Konzentration der Kinken erklarbar ist. Auffallend ist die geringe Storung der (110)-Netzebenen, fur die erst genauere Messungen eine Erklarung geben konnen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The probability for electron transfer quenching of singlet and triplet excitons has been found to depend strongly on the nature of the contact at the crystal surface as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Hole generation through triplet excitons at the surface of organic crystals has been measured as delayed hole generation with an exponential time dependence determined by the triplet lifetime in the crystal bulk. The probability for electron transfer quenching of singlet and triplet excitons has been found to depend strongly on the nature of the contact at the crystal surface. Die Erzeugung von Defektelektronen an der Oberflache organischer Kristalle durch Triplett-Exzitonen wird als verzogerter Locherstrom gemessen, der exponentiell mit der Triplett-Lebensdauer im Kristallvolumen abfallt. Es erweist sich, das die Wahrscheinlichkeit fur Defektelektronenerzeugung durch Singulett- und Triplett-Exzitonen wesentlich von der Natur des Kontakts an der Kristalloberflache abhaagt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that after addition of anodic products to the solution, light emission occurred at the cathode directly upon application of the voltage, which was explained by the fact that only the homogeneous reaction could lead to luminescence while the initially direct reduction of the phosphonium ions at the electrode lead to the products without light emission because of quenching.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The link-model of Keller et al is contradictory to other experiments discussed in detail as mentioned in this paper, if one takes into account the existence of lateral grain boundaries between adjacent microparacrystallites.
Abstract: Degradation experiments with irradiated polyethylene (PE) by ozone of Patel et al lead to quite other interpretations than given by them, if one takes into account the existence of lateral grain boundaries between adjacent microparacrystallites The gel permeation chromatograms (GPC) can then be easily explained quantitatively without arbitrary assumptions; GPC along with gelation experiments demonstrate the existence of a three-dimensional network of chain molecules, whose knots are the microparacrystallites The link-model of Keller et al is contradictory to other experiments discussed in detail Die Abbauversuche an bestrahltem Polyathylen (PE) mit Ozon von Patel et al konnen in ganzanderer Weise als von ihm geschehen interpretiert werden, wenn man die Existenz von lateralen Korngrenzen zwischen benachbarten Mikroparakristalliten berucksichtigt Die Gelpermeationschromatogramme konnen dann leicht quantitativ verstanden werden ohne weitere willkurliche Annahmen und stellen ebenso wie die Gelbildungsversuche die Existenz eines dreidimensionalen Netzwerkes von Kettenmolekulen unter Beweis, dessen Knoten durch Mikroparakristallite gebildet werden Die Modellvorstellungen von Keller et al stehen im Widerspruch zu anderen naher diskutierten Experimenten

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the effect of electronic excitation on charge transfer at the solid-electrolyte interface and showed that due to the high rate of electron transfer, such a process is much more frequently accelerated by electronic excitations than ion transfer.
Abstract: One of the central problems of electrochemistry is the understanding of charge transfer reactions at the solid-electrolyte interface. In such reactions, electronic interactions are altered and chemical bonds are changed or modified. It is obvious that electronic excitation of the involved species which is usually obtained by light absorption will effect the reaction rate or even the reaction products. The excitation of electronic states, present at the interface between a solid and an electrolyte can effect electron transfer processes as well as ion transfer steps. The efficiency depends on the lifetime of the excited states and on the rate of the reactions. Due to the high rate of electron transfer, such a process is much more frequently accelerated by electronic excitation than ion transfer. Examples are discussed for both cases with excitation at the interface either on the side of the solid (metals, semiconductors, or insulators) or of the electrolyte. In the solid, effects caused by excited electrons or excited holes can be distinguished. Excitation in the electrolyte serves as a model for a mechanism of spectral sensitization. The generation of photo-voltages at a semiconductor/electrolyte interface could possibly be used for energy conversion.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, the blocking effect of electrons with high energy was observed by using the convergent-beam technique of electron diffraction and the electron microscopic images, and the spot-and ring-like peaks inside the blocking dip were observed and explained by the dynamical and classical theories.
Abstract: The blocking effect of electrons with high energy is observed by using the convergent-beam technique of electron diffraction and the electron microscopic images. The spot- and ring-like peaks inside the blocking dip are observed and are explained by the dynamical and classical theories.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this article, the physical adsorption of sulfur and the molecular transformation S2 → … → S8 is not field dependent on group IB metals, complex ions are formed because of field interaction.
Abstract: Experimental results are reported which elucidate details of field-ionization mechanisms at surfaces. On group IB metals, complex ions are formed because of field interaction. Oxygen on silver is not detectable as field ion. The physical adsorption of sulfur and the molecular transformation S2 → … → S8 is not field dependent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the reaction of poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid chloride, crosslinked with divinylbenzene isomers reacted with 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl benzoate in various mole ratios.
Abstract: Durch Reaktion von 3-Amino-4-hydroxyphenylbenzoat (2a) mit Poly(4-styrolsulfonsaurechlorid), vernetzt mit Divinylbenzolisomeren, in verschiedenen Molverhaltnissen konnten nach der Verseifung begrenzt quellbare, sulfogruppenhaltige Redoxharze erhalten werden. 2a reagierte mit Athylensulfonsaurechlorid nur unter intramolekularer Cyclisierung zu einem Benzo[f]-[1,4,5]-oxathiazepin-Derivat 5. Die Kondensation von 2,6-Bis(chlorsulfonyl)-1,4-phenylendiacetat (8b) bzw. 1,3-Benzoldisulfonsaurechlorid (8c) mit 3,5-Diamino-4-hydroxyphenylbenzoat (9e) fuhrte lediglich zu Oligomeren. Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid chloride), crosslinked with divinylbenzene isomers reacted with 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl benzoate (2a) in various mole ratios. After saponification sulfo groups containing redox resins of restricted swelling capacity were obtained. 2a reacted with ethylenesulfonic acid chloride only to form a benzo[f]-[1,4,5]-oxathiazepine derivative 5. The condensation of 2,6-bis(chlorosulfonyl)-1,4-phenylene diacetate (8b) and of 1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid chloride (8c), respectively, with 3,5-diamino-4-hydroxyphenyl benzoate (9e) led only to oligomers.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1975
TL;DR: Two photoelectric effects can be observed at a metal-electrolyte interface; one of them is caused by excited electrons, the other by excited holes as mentioned in this paper, and a quantitative analysis of the experimental results by a Monte Carlo calculation is discussed.
Abstract: Am Kontakt Metall-Elektrolyt konnen zwei photoelektrische Effekte beobachtet werden, von denen der eine durch angeregte Elektronen, der andere durch angeregte Defektelektronen verursacht wird. Das Verhaltnis der Photostromausbeuten bei ruckseitiger und vorderseitiger Beleuchtung von dunnen, auf Quarztrager aufgedampften Goldfilmen deutet auf eine weitgehende Ubereinstimmung der Streuprozesse fur beide Ladungstragersorten hin. Es wird der Versuch einer quantitativen Analyse der Mesergebnisse mit Hilfe einer Monte-Carlo-Rechnung diskutiert. Two photoelectric effects can be observed at a metal-electrolyte interface; one of them is caused by excited electrons, the other by excited holes. The ratio of the photoyields for back and front illumination of thin, evaporated gold films on quartz substrates indicates that the scattering processes are similar for both charge carriers. A quantitative analysis of the experimental results by a Monte-Carlo calculation is discussed.