Showing papers by "Gadjah Mada University published in 1991"

Approaches to learning of students in an Indonesian medical school.

Abstract: Summary. This paper reports on a study of approaches to learning of undergraduate medical students in the University of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. The Lancaster Approaches to Studying Inventory was translated into Indonesian and the translated form pilot tested. The instrument was then completed by 90 students, 30 each in first, second and fifth year in the Faculty of Medicine. It was found that Indonesian students generally gave higher rates than previous studies have reported. Factor analysis of their responses showed strong resemblances to other groups in the factors of meaning and reproducing orientation. Differences found in Indonesian students' responses were in strategic and non-academic orientations. There were differences between the response patterns of first-, third- and fifth-year students. It is concluded that the instrument is valid for use in Indonesia.

A seroepidemiological study of leprosy in high- and low-endemic Indonesian villages.

Abstract: A seroepidemiological study was performed in three different leprosy-endemic areas in Indonesia, including two isolated villages with high endemicity in South Sulawesi (Kaluarang and Hulo) and an area with low endemicity in Java (Jepara). A total of 2430 serum samples were collected from 2672 individuals in these locations. The prevalence of leprosy in these three areas, as determined during this study, was 29/1000, 11/1000, and 7/1000 in Kaluarang, Hulo and Jepara, respectively. Two serological assays were employed in this study to detect antibodies against Mycobacterium leprae. One is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the detection of antibodies to the species-specific epitope of phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I) of M. leprae. The second test, using inhibition of an ELISA reaction (ELISA-INH) detects antibodies to a species-specific epitope on the 36-kDa protein antigen of M. leprae. In comparison with clinical findings, the specificity of both serological tests was calculated to be 91%. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 97.6% for multibacillary (MB) cases and 56.8% for paucibacillary (PB) cases; for the ELISA-INH, it was 97.6% and 81.8% for MB and PB cases, respectively. Seropositivity rates were shown to be unrelated to sex, to Mitsuda skin-test reactivity, or to BCG vaccination status. The pattern of seropositivity was, however, clearly age-related, with high seropositivity in the age group 10-19 years and decreasing rates of positivity in the older age groups. Age-standardized seropositivity ratios were not correlated to the prevalence of leprosy when comparing the three areas. Therefore, it is not yet clear whether or not seropositivity reflects infection. If it does, other, as yet unidentified, factors may play a role in the natural history of the disease.

The relative bioavailability of diclofenac with respect to time of administration.

Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac after a single oral dose (50 mg) were studied in 10 healthy adults on two occasions separated by 2 weeks, once in the morning (dose administered at 07.00 h) and once in the evening (dose at 19.00 h). Peak serum drug concentrations as well as the area under the drug concentration-time curve were significantly less during the night compared with the day (Cmax: 1886 +/- s.d 901 vs 2791 +/- 1565 ng ml-1 and AUC: 2807 +/- 1376 vs 3681 +/- 1986 ng ml-1 h). However, the time to reach peak concentration (tmax) and the half-life of diclofenac (t1/2) were not significantly different on the two occasions. We suggest that the extent of diclofenac absorption is slightly lower following administration in the evening compared with administration in the morning.

Analysis of the essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. from Indonesia

Abstract: The composition of the essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. from Indonesia was examined by GC and GC-MS. A major part of the oil consists of monoterpenes with sabinene and terpinen-4-ol as main constituents. Sesquiterpenes accounted for a small part of the oil with sesquiphellandrene being the principal constituent. In addition to these terpenes the oil contains a number of phenylbutanoids. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation contained about 25 % of these phenylbutanoids whereas the oil obtained by extraction with light petroleum had about 46 %, with trans-l-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-l-ene, trans-l-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene and trans-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-ene-l-yl acetate as the main constituents.

Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in saliva.

Abstract: Measurement of metronidazole concentration and its pharmacokinetics from saliva and serum samples have been conducted in 8 healthy volunteers. The pharmacokinetic study was carried out after an oral ingestion of 500 mg tablet of the drug, simultaneously from saliva and serum samples. The study showed a significant positive correlation between saliva and serum metronidazole concentrations. However, a better correlation was obtained during the elimination phase (r = 0.90, n = 51, p less than 0.001) compared to that during the absorption phase (r = 0.76, n = 26, p less than 0.001). The overall ratio of saliva to serum concentration was 0.93 +/- (SEM 0.05). Not surprisingly, the half-life of metronidazole obtained from saliva samples (8.03 +/- SEM 0.59 hours) was similar to that from serum (7.97 +/- SEM 0.39 hours). The mean area under the drug concentration (AUC0-infinity) in saliva was 153.56 +/- (SEM 16.42 micrograms/ml hour) and that in serum was 179.76 +/- (SEM 11.70 micrograms/ml hour), yielding a saliva to serum ratio of 0.87 (+/- SEM 0.10). It could be concluded, therefore, that the measurement of metronidazole concentration from saliva can be used for the estimation of its pharmacokinetics and may also be used as reliable and convenient method for bioequivalence studies.

Reinfection and infection rates of soil-transmitted-helminths in Kemiri Sewu, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Abstract: A study on the reinfection and infection rates of soil-transmitted helminths was conducted in Kemiri Sewu, Godean District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia, from August 1988 to June 1990. A total 61 individuals rendered Ascaris lumbricoides egg-negative by drug treatment were used in the reinfection study and 412 individuals found negative for Ascaris eggs in the pretreatment stool examination were used for the infection rate study. In both groups, children had higher and faster reinfection and infection rates than adults. The start of reinfection was 4 months after treatment, and the start of infection was at the 1st month. At 20 months after treatment, the reinfection rate of ascariasis was 14.8% and the infection rate was 11.4% among both children and adults. There were 140 subjects rendered Trichuris trichiura egg-negative by drug treatment, and 317 Trichuris egg-negative at the pretreatment stool examination which were used in the reinfection and infection rates studies. In general, the reinfection rates of T. trichiura among adults were higher than those among children. The start of reinfection was 4 months after treatment, and the infection was at the 1st month. At the end of 20 months, the reinfection rate was 36.4% and the infection rate was 21.8% among both children and adults. A total 83 subjects rendered Necator americanus egg-negative by drug treatment and 365 N. americanus egg-negative at pretreatment stool examination were used in the reinfection and infection rate studies. Throughout the study, adults had always higher reinfection and infection rates than children, while adults males had higher reinfection rates than adults females. The start of reinfection was 4 months after treatment, and the start of infection was at the 1st month; they were 25.3% and 9.3% respectively. At the end of 20 months, the reinfection rate was 65.1%, and the infection rate was 47.9% among both children and adults.

Regresi linier lancung dalam analisis ekonomi: suatu tinjauan dengan satu studikasus di indonesia

Abstract: Sejak pertengahan tahun 1970-an, permasalahan regresi lancung (spurious regression) telah kembali menjadi sorotan para pakar ekonometrika. Ciri utama adanya regresi lancung (semrawut) ini ditunjukkan oleh tidak diamatinya perilaku data melalui uji stasioneritas, misalnya, dan oleh apa yang disebut "sindrom R2". Yang disebut terakhir ini sering membuat pengamat terkecoh oleh nilai koefisien determinasi yang begitu meyakinkan tetapi kurang memperhatikan uji diagnostik regresi tersebut, khususnya uji otokorelasi. Akibatnya koefisien regresi penaksir tidak efisien, prediksi akan bias dan uji baku statistik menjadi tidak sahih. Tulisan ini bermaksud mengetengahkan beberapa kemungkinan terjadinya regresi lancung dan cam pencegahannya. Dalam tulisan ini untuk mendukung maksud ini digunakan satu studi kasus impor barang di Indonesia. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa data yang digunakan dalam studi empiris tidak stasioner dan perlu dideferensi pertama untuk memperoleh data yang stasioner. Di samping itu untuk mencegah adanya regresi lancung, pem-bentukan model dinamis memang merupakan langkah yang perlu dilakukan. Selanjutnya dengan memperhatikan perilaku data nampaknya model koreksi kesalahan (error correction model) dapat dipakai sebagai salah satu model dinamis impor barang di Indonesia.

Thyroid function in newborn infants from goitrous and non goitrous mothers

Abstract: Endemic goiter is one of the health effects of iodine deficiency. Enlargement of the thyroid is often seen during pregnancy especially in the endemic iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) areas. Thyroid hormones have a vital role in the fetal development and maturation of the brain. The lack of these hormones may result in neurological damage. We measured thyroid hormones and TSH in cord blood and TSH in newborn's blood from dry blood spots on filter paper in 5-14 th days, from 58 non goitrous and 61 goitrous mothers. T4, T3 and TSH concentrations in cord blood were measured by enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) using enzymum test Boehringer and TSH from dry blood spots on filter paper were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Goiter size was graded as follows: O, I, II and III. There were significant differences in cord serum T3 concentrations between non goitrous and goitrous mothers with grade I, II and III. TSH concentration in newborn's blood from goitrous mothers of grade III were significantly higher than those from non goitrous mothers and from goitrous mothers of grade I. T4 concentration in cord blood from non goitrous mothers in IDD area was significantly lower than those from non IDD area and those from goitrous mothers in the IDD area. There were significant differences also between TSH concentration in newborn's blood spots from goitrous mothers in IDD area and those from goitrous mothers in non IDD area and from non goitrous mothers in IDD area. Two cases of congenital hypothyroidism were found in infants from goitrous mothers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

微生物群集と単離細菌による低濃度の2,4-dichlorophenol の分解に及ぼす栄養塩類の影響

Abstract: 地下水の微生物群集は0.1μgC/mlの2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) を分解しなかった. この試水にリン酸塩あるいは硝酸アンモニウム塩を添加するとDCPは分解された. 0.1μgC/mlのDCP分解菌は, DCPを含む無機 (MS) 培地を用いた最確数 (MPN) 法で求めると, これらの栄養塩類の添加の有無にかかわらず, 2～5週間で0.43cell/mlから104～105/mlに増加した. これらの結果はこの地下水ではリン酸塩あるいは硝酸アンモニウム塩は0.1μgC/mlのDCP分解菌の分解能の発現に必要であり, 増殖には不要であったことを示唆する. しかしながら, この地下水からの三つの単離細菌はDCP分解能の発現に際してさまざまな栄養塩類の要求性を示した. すなわち, 一つの単離細菌は濾過滅菌した地下水で純粋培養すると, 硝酸アンモニウム塩が添加されたときのみ0.1μgC/mlのDCPを分解した. 他の一つの単離細菌はリン酸塩が添加されたときのみDCPを分解した. そして, 残りの一つの単離細菌はこれらの塩類の添加の有無にかかわらずDCPを分解した. これらの単離細菌の密度は, これらの栄養塩類の添加の有無にかかわらず, 106～107/mlに増加した. DCP分解能の発現に際して, 微生物群集と単離細菌の塩類添加に対する反応の違いについて考察した.

Derivasi Teori Siklus Kehidupan Produk (Product Life Cycle Theory): Jawaban Atas Kegagalan Teori Hechscher – Ohlin

Abstract: Salah satu hipotesa kesimpulan teori perdagangan internasional Hechscher- Ohlin, atau sering disebut teori H-O, menyatakan bahwa perdagangan internasional akan terjadi antar negara negara yang memiliki kekayaan sumberdaya yang berbeda. Negara yang kaya akan tenaga kerja akan berdagang dengan negara yang kaya akan kapital. Namun pada kenyataannya, 60% dari volume perdagangan dunia adalah perdagangan antar negara maju, yang relatif kaya akan input sejenis, yaitu kapital. Ketidakmampuan teori H-0 menjawab fenomena ini meyebabkan diperlukannya teori perdagangan baru yang mampu menjelaskan kenyataan perdagangan saat ini, yaitu perdagangan antar negara maju yang memiliki relative factor endowment yang sama. Teori baru tersebut adalah Teori Siklus Kehidupan Produk atau dikenal dengan teori PLC (Product Life Cycle Theory), yang dikemukakan oleh Raymond Vernon. Teori PLC tidak hanya menjelaskan mengapa perdagangan internasional didominasi oleh perdagangan antar negara-negara maju, tetapi juga menjelaskan latar belakang timbulnya perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional atau MNCs (Multi National Corporations). Tulisan ini memfokuskan analisis tentang Teori PLC pada 4 (empat) aspek: (1) Peralihan dari Teori H-0 menjadi Teori PLC, (2) Ciri dinamik dari Teori PLC, (3) Perbandingan asumsi Teori H-0 dan Teori PLC, (4) Derivasi Teori PLC.

The safety of field tubal sterilization: a cohort study.

Abstract: A cohort study on female sterilization has been carried out to compare the safety of field-based procedures with hospital-based procedures. A total of 217 women were recruited, consisting of 103 field-based and 114 hospital-based acceptors. Married and healthy women 20–45 years of age, having at least two living children, not obese, no history of major abdominal surgery, no signs of acute pelvic inflammatory disease, and no contraindication to ketamin were included in the study. Women with severe pelvic adhesions encountered during surgery were excluded from the study.