Showing papers by "Gadjah Mada University published in 1999"

Loyalitas pelanggan: sebuah kajian konseptual sebagai panduan bagi peneliti

Abstract: Customer loyalty of a specific brand, also called brand loyalty, is expected to get more academic attention from scholars to investigate. This article describes and analyses the concept of brand loyalty to the extent to which attitudinal and behavioural approaches and structures become the loyalty domain. The structure of loyalty shows elements comprising cognition, affect, conation, and action. These elements reflect loyalty categories. Techniques of loyalty measurement such as brand choice sequence, proportion of purchase, brand preference, brand commitment, loyalty scale, and acceptance/rejection ratio are also elaborated. Customer satisfaction is not disregarded in the analysis since it closely relates to the concept of brand loyalty.

New Bromopyrrole Alkaloids from the Indopacific Sponge Agelas nakamurai

Abstract: Two new dimeric bromopyrrole alkaloids, nakamuric acid (1) and its corresponding methyl ester (2), have been isolated from the Indopacific sponge Agelas nakamurai along with the known metabolites sceptrin (3), debromosceptrin (4), and ageliferin (5). Their structures were identified by analysis of spectral data. All compounds inhibited the growth of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the agar plate diffusion assay.

The origin and distribution of nitrate in groundwater from village wells in Kotagede, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract: The causes and nature of nitrate pollution of wells in a village within Kotagede, a subdistrict of the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were investigated in a detailed hydrological study. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater frequently exceeded the WHO recommended limit of 50 mg L − 1. Groundwater nitrate concentrations were measured over a 19-month period in monitoring wells and in piezometers placed strategically in relation to sewage tanks within the village. Results indicate that the tanks are major sources of nitrate in the groundwater and that the input is markedly dependent on rainfall, resulting in a surge of nitrate into the groundwater at the beginning of each wet season. That the tanks are a major source was confirmed by measuring nitrate in soil cores obtained by augering close to selected tanks. Washrooms, where people wash themselves, are not significant sources of nitrate. Faecal coliform counts in groundwater from a random selection of wells are very high. The results have implications for the siting of wells and toilets within villages in Indonesia.

Respiratory infections reduce the growth response to vitamin A supplementation in a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract: Background Studies on the effect of vitamin A supplementation on growth have yielded various results. It is possible that such growth is dependent on the burden of infectious diseases in the population. Methods We analysed data from a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial to examine the role of respiratory infections and diarrhoea in modifying the growth response to vitamin A supplementation. A single high dose of vitamin A or placebo was given every 4 months to 1405 children aged 6‐48 months, and 4430 child treatment cycles were used in this analysis. Results Vitamin A supplementation modestly improved linear but not ponderal growth of children who experienced little respiratory infection and especially of those who had vitamin A intake below the normative requirement (,400 RE/day). Children who received vitamin A and were free of respiratory infection grew 0.22 cm/4 months (95% CI : 0.08, 0.37) more in height than the placebo group, but those with >21.5% of days of respiratory infection did not show a significant growth response to vitamin A supplementation. Children who experienced no respiratory infection and had vitamin A intake ,400 RE/day benefited most, gaining 0.31 cm/4 months (95% CI : 0.10, 0.52) more in height compared to the placebo group. Diarrhoea was associated with poorer growth, but did not significantly modify the effect of vitamin A supplementation on growth. Conclusions Vitamin A supplementation improves the linear growth of children who have a low intake of vitamin A but this impact is muted with increasing levels of respiratory infections.

Resistance and resilience of subalpine wetlands with respect to prolonged drought

Abstract: Vegetation dynamics of subalpine wetlands in the Sierra Nevada, California, were studied from 1988 through 1996 During this period, the region experienced a drought lasting from 1988 to 1994 and reaching its extreme in 1992 Our intention was to analyze the changes in plant species diversity, composition, and biomass, and interpret them in terms of drought resistance and resilience Four plant communities, dominated respectively byCarex rostrata, Juncus balticus, Scirpus acutus orNuphar polysepalum were clearly discernible in the marsh along the water depth gradient Species diversity ofCarex rostrata, Scirpus acutus andNuphar polysepalum communities was the highest during the driest year, 1992, while biomass was lowest for all vegetation types in that year Dominance ofCarex andJuncus has not changed over the years, however,Scirpus almost totally disappeared from the marsh, and theNuphar zone become dominated by the rhizomatous perennial,Hippuris vulgaris, and terrestrial ruderals in dry years In terms of changes in species composition,Carex andJuncus communities were both resistant and resilient TheNuphar community seemed to be less resistant and more resilient, while theScirpus community was neither resistant nor resilient If we consider biomass per plot as a variable of interest, regardless of species composition, thenCarex andJuncus were to some extent resistant and all plots were resilient because they were able to recover quickly to their pre-drought biomass Life histories of dominant species were a more important determinant of community stability than species diversity

Pengaruh stock split terhadap likuiditas saham yang diukur dengan besarnya bid-ask spread di Bursa Efek Jakarta

Abstract: It is widely believed that stock splits are purely cosmetic, since the corporation's cash flows are unaffected, each shareholder retains his proportionate ownership and the claims of other classes of security holders are unaltered. Although stock splits appear to be purely cosmetic changes, research shows real effects associated with them. Despite extensive study, controversies still abound in the literature about these effects. These controversies include whether stock splits affect shareholder wealth, change a stock risk, improve liquidity, and provide signals to the market. The objective of this research is to verify empirically that stock splits relate those real effects especially stock liquidity as measured by bid-ask spread. This research examines thirty companies which did stock splits in Jakarta Stock Exchange during July 1995 to June 1997. A paired-difference test is used to test some hypothesis about the difference between two population means for stock prince, variance, trading volume, turnover volume, and bid-ask spread variables. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis is used to examine the relation of stock price, trading volume, stock volatility to bid-ask spread. Overall, the results of this research indicate that there are significant differences among stock price, turnover volume, and bid-ask spread for before and after the listing date. Besides that, the difference of bid-ask spread is affected by stock price, volatility, and trading volume.

Nilai informasi ketepatan waktu penyampaian laporan keuangan: analisis empirik regulasi informasi di indonesia

Abstract: This study examined the information regulatory noncompliance (IRN) in Indonesia The study investigates the effects of size, profitability, and financial distress on information regulatory noncompliance (IRN) affirms listed in the Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX) The firms' IRN in this study is measured by the firm noncompliance on the timeliness regulation, ie whether firms submit financial statement to the Indonesian Capital Market Supervisory Agency (BAPEPAM) on, before, or after the due date Submissions after the due date are considered as noncompliames, while submissions on or before the due date are considered as compliances The contribution of this study is to provide preliminary empirical evidences about the timeliness of financial reporting which is still very limited in emerging market such as Indonesia Indonesia has a different regulatory environment from those of the US and other developed countries, so that the investigation of the timeliness provides more insight in financial accounting literature Based on a sample of 56 firm years, this study found that return on asset (ROAj is a determining factor to noncompliance behavior of the firms in meeting the timeliness requirement Inconsistent with previous studies (eg, Whittred 1980 and Givoly and Palmon 1982), this study found that auditor opinion has no association with the noncompliances since most of the financial statements of noncomplied firms have unqualified opinions The results are partially consistent with previous studies such as those of Schwartz and Soo (1996), Givoly and Palmon (1982) and Whittred(1980) Small sample size is one limitation of this study This study used much less data than those used by previous studies conducted in the US and Australia This study may be extended to include some other variables regarding the financial information regulation such as extent of disclosure and accounting choices The market reaction to the IRN is another alternative topic to extend this study

A study on the concentration, distribution, and behavior of metals in atmospheric particulate matter over the North Pacific Ocean by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipped with laser ablation

Abstract: The concentrations and distribution of 11 metal elements (Al, Ti, V, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, and Pb) in marine atmospheric particulate matter collected daily over the North Pacific Ocean during the 14 separate cruises of M/V Skaugran from Japan to the west coast of the American continent and back to Japan from March 1995 to October 1996 have been investigated in order to clarify their behavior. A total of 223 samples were collected and analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA/ICP-MS). For crustal elements such as Al and Mn, their concentrations decreased from the western to central and then only slightly increased in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. The concentrations of anthropogenically derived elements such as Zn and Pb were also significantly higher in the western than in the central and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Both crustal and anthropogenic elements displayed high concentrations in the commonly known dust season (March to May) and low concentrations in the summer (June to August). In winter (November to December), however, only anthropogenic elements showed significantly high concentrations. The high concentrations for crustal elements in the dust season are suggested as resulting from the input of mineral particulate matter transported from the Asian continent by westerly winds. This input does not occur in winter because the land surface is frozen. The westerly winds also distribute anthropogenic elements to the North Pacific Ocean. However, in summer the westerly wind is replaced by the oceanic wind that dilutes both crustal and anthropogenic elements in the marine atmosphere, and therefore their concentrations were significantly lower in summer.

Illegal Indonesian labour movement from Lombok to Malaysia

Abstract: Indonesia is one of Asia's major sources of international contract labour. However little is known about the patterns, causes and consequences of this movement. The present paper sheds some light on one of the major flows of undocumented migration out of Indonesia, from the island of Lombok to Malaysia. The paper examines the process of movement and the causes underlying it. Attention is paid to the role of social networks in that movement, as well as some of the effects of the movement on the migrants themselves, their families and villages of origin.

Persepsi akuntan dan mahasiswa terhadap etika bisnis

Abstract: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengungkapkan dan menguji secara empiris perbedaan persepsi terhadap etika bisnis oleh akuntan dan oleh mahasiswa, dan (2) untuk mengungkapkan kecukupan muatan etika dalam kurikulum pendidikan tinggi akuntansi berdasarkan pendapat akuntan dan mahasiswa. Pengujian tambahan dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan persepsi terhadap etika bisnis oleh mahasiswa tingkat awal dan mahasiswa tingkat akhir, serta perbedaan persepsi terhadap etika bisnis di antara akuntan pendidik, akuntan publik, dan akuntan pendidik yang sekaligus sebagai akuntan publik. Analisis didasarkan pada respon dari 260 responden yang pengumpulan datanya melalui kuesioner yang penyebarannya dilakukan secara convenience. Tujuan pertama dicapai dengan menggunakan independent sample t-test dan Mann-Whitney U test untuk menguji beda dua rata-rata, serta One-Way ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis H untuk menguji beda lebih dari dua rata-rata. Hasil t-test untuk keseluruhan pertanyaan (32 item) tentang situasi pengambilan keputusan etis yang diajukan menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara persepsi akuntan dan persepsi mahasiswa terhadap etika bisnis, di mana akuntan mempunyai persepsi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan mahasiswa. Hasil t-test lainnya menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan di antara persepsi mahasiswa tingkat awal dan persepsi mahasiswa tingkat akhir terhadap etika bisnis, di mana mahasiswa tingkat akhir mempunyai kecenderungan persepsi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan mahasiswa tingkat awal. Sedangkan hasil ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan di antara persepsi ketiga kelompok akuntan, dengan kecenderungan akuntan publik mempunyai persepsi yang paling baik dibandingkan yang lainnya. Tujuan kedua dicapai melalui jajak pendapat dengan mengajukan empat pertanyaan. Secara umum, berdasarkan mayoritas pendapat responden (77,5%), hasilnya adalah bahwa kurikulum pendidikan tinggi akuntansi dianggap belum cukup mampu memberikan bekal etika kepada mahasiswa untuk terjun ke dunia kerja, walaupun beberapa mata kuliah yang diajarkan telah mencakup muatan etika. Untuk ini mayoritas responden mengusulkan untuk memperluas cakupan muatan etika dalam kurikulum akuntansi dengan mengintegrasikan ke mata kuliah-mata kuliah tertentu (33,55%) dan mengintegrasikan ke semua mata kuliah yang diajarkan (29,03%). The objectives of this research are (1) to explore and empirical examine differences perception of accountants and students on business ethics; and (2) to explore sufficiency of ethics contents in the accounting curriculum in the higher education based on the opinion of accountants and students. Further, we additional examine was done to know differences perception between senior students and freshman students on business ethics; and differences perception among educator accountants, public accountants, and educator accountants & public accountants on business ethics. The analysis was based on response from 260 respondent, in which the data collection used questionnaire. The questionnaire distributions was done with convenience. The first objective was achieved with used independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney U test to examine differences of two of mean, and so one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H to examine differences of more than two of mean. The result of t-test for all question (32 items) about ethical decision-making situations indicated significantly differences between perception of accountants and students on business ethics, which accountants have a tendency more good perception than students. Another t-test result indicated no significantly differences between perceptions of senior students and freshman students on business ethics, which seniors have a more good tendency than freshmen about this perception. The ANOVA result indicated no significantly differences among perception of groups of accountants on business ethics, which public accountants have a most good tendency. The second objective was achieved with a polling of opinion with proposed four of questions. The generally result, it based on a respondent opinion majority (77,5%), indicated that the accounting curriculum in the higher education is assumed not sufficient yet to grow up an ethics awareness for students to be involved into the work world, although a few of course had covered ethics values. Therefore, majority of respondent proposed to broad covering ethics contents in accounting curriculum with integration to special courses (33,55%) and integration to all courses which be taught (29,03%).

Pemilihan model ekonomi empirik dengan pendekatan koreksikesalahan

Abstract: For the last two decades, one of the major development in dynamic specifications has been an error correction model (ECM). The ECM can be motivated by optimizing behavior of economic agents in the presence of disequilibrium in the economy. In this case, the agents need to optimize subjet to a separate disequilibrium and adjustment costs. The disequilibrium cost is the cost associated with being out of long run equilibrium, whereas the adjustment cost is the cost associated with changes in the variables in question. This approach can not only capture the short- and long-run specifications and provide an attractive statistical framework, but is also consistent with the concept of cointegration or equilibrium relationships in economic time series. It has also been widely used to model the dynamic specifications in economic analysis, because it has a number of advantages both in terms of its value in generating estimated regression equations with desirable statistical properties and in term of the ease with which such equations can be interpreted.

Pengaruh Faktor Demografi dan Personality terhadap Keahlian dalam End-User Computing

Abstract: Penelitian dibidang manajemen End-User Computing (EUC) yang meneliti mengenai perbedaan individual masih sedikit sekali. Kebanyakan dari penelitian tersebut lebih memfokuskan perhatian pada entitas global. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini didesain berdasarkan pada basis perbedaan individual. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji pengaruh faktor demografi dan personality terhadap keahlian dalam EUC. Hasil analisis regresi terhadap data yang diperoleh dari 164 karyawan (knowledge workers) yang bekerja pada bank milik pemerintah dan swasta di seluruh Indonesia, umumnya memberikan dukungan pada hipotesis yang dikemukakan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tiga variabel dari faktor demografi (umur, jenis kelamin dan pengalaman menggunakan komputer) berhubungan secara signifikan dengan keahlian dalam EUC. Umur dan jenis kelamin berpengaruh negatif sedangkan pengalaman berpengaruh positif terhadap keahlian dalam EUC.Penelitian ini juga menguji pengaruh tiga variabel dan faktor personality terhadap keahlian dalam EUC.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa varaibel fear dan math anxiety mempunyai pengaruh negatif terhadap keahlian dalam EUC sedangkan variabel anticipation dan optimism mempunyain pengaruh positif. Disamping itu temuan penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa variasi perubahan keahlian dalam EUC dijelaskan oleh faktor demografi dan personality sebesar 46%. The lack of research in individual differences is evident in management of End-User Computing (EUC) literatures. Most of research in this area focuses on managing EUC as a global entity rather than on an individual basis. This research is designed to address these issues. This research tested an effect of demografic and personality factors toward skill in EUC. Results of regression analysis of surveyed data gathered from 164 knowledge workers, who work at public and private banks in Indonesia, generally provided support for the proposed hypothesis. The results suggest that three variables of demographic factors (age, gender and experience with computer) are significantly related to skill in EUC. Age and gender have a negative effect, while experince with computer has a positive effect to skill in EUC. Three variables of personality factors are also tested. The results indicate that fear and math anxiety negatively affect skill in EUC, while anticipation and optimism positively affect skill in EUC. The findings also indicate that the demographic and personality factors accounted for 45 percent of the variance associated with skill in EUC.

β-Carbon stereoselectivity of N-carbamoyl-d-α-amino acid amidohydrolase for α,β-diastereomeric amino acids

Abstract: N-Carbamoyl-d-α-amino acid amidohydrolase (d-carbamoylase) was found to distinguish stereochemistry not only at the α-carbon but also at the β-carbon of N-carbamoyl-d-α-amino acids. The enzyme selectively acted on one of the four stereoisomers of N-carbamoyl-α,β-diastereomeric amino acids. This simultaneous recognition of two chiral centers by d-carbamoylase was useful for the fine stereoselective synthesis of α,β-diastereomeric amino acids such as threonine, isoleucine, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylserine and β-methylphenylalanine. The stereoselectivity for the β-carbon was influenced by the pH of the reaction mixture and by the bulk of the substituent at the β-carbon.

Pengaruh krisis moneter pada efisiensi perusahaan publik dibursa efek jakarta

Abstract: The monetery crisis has attacted Indonesia since the mid of 1997. Sharp increase of US dollar exchange rate and the due of international loan hurted Indonesian economy and business painfully. It is very rational that this national problem influence the performance of companies listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX). Increasing the price, in rupiah, of imported material and other goods and services from other countries that based on dollar value destortedthe ability of companies to maintain their financial performance. This study intent to identify and analyze the impact of monetary crisis to the performance of companies listed in JSX. 129 manufacturing companies selected as sample to answer the question whether the monetary crisis has already attacted the performance of companies listed in JSX. The sample, then, sub-grouped to the four sub-sample based on sector of businesses to explain which of the sector hurting most. By using t-test and spearman rank correlation all the hypothesis are tested. Six financial ratios used to represent the company performance. Those ratios are consist of three ratio categories: profitability, liquidity and operation, and leverage. The results of the study shown that companies listed in JSX are impacted by monetary crisis. All means of financial ratios after crisis used in this study are worse than those in the year before crisis. T-test results show that all indicators of ratios significantly different except Current Ratio and Debt to Equity Ratio. The explanation that can be provided from these findings is that the impact of crisis to those two ratios cannot be shown in the very short time (only six months), because the liquidity, debt, and equity of the sample are still not significantly changing from the first semester of the year of 1997. The explanation of those finding also supported by analysis of sectors of industry. Four sectors, taken from JSX directory, shown consistently with total sample except sector of heavy investment as: building construction, real estate, and other heavy investment industries. The explanation of this exception is that those companies in sector 4 have not yet been impacted by the crisis.

Effects of Particle Size of Rice on Resistant Starch and SCFA of the Digesta in Caecostomised Pigs

Abstract: A study on the relation between particle size and resistant starch (RS) has been conducted in pigs. The objectives of the study was to investigate the effects of particle size of rice (whole rice and rice flour) on the starch escaping digestion and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in the large bowel of pigs fitted with a caecal cannula. Four pigs were caecostomised and given 4 diet different in particle size and NSP content e.i. Whole brown rice (WB), fine brown rice (FB), whole white rice (WW) and fine white rice (FW) for 8 days. There was a washed-out period of 6 days between changes of diet. Caccal content was taken every 2 hour (2-16 hours and 24 hours after feeding) by withdrawal through a plastic tube. The di gesta were analyzed for starch (RS) and VFA. it was found that concentrations of starch in caecal contents was the same when the animals fed cooked fine white and or fine brown rice diets. The caecal starch concentrations in animals fed the fine product varied from 15 to 44% of the values in animals fed the whole product, or brown rice and 18% to 45% for white rice. The presence of NSP was rather less important even though fibre is known to inhibit starch digestion. Differences in the particle size of rice did not affect concentration of the total VFA in the caecal contents. Small differences were found in the molar ratios of the major VFA with the butyrate being highest when pigs fed whole brown rice and lowest when the animals fed whole white rice.

Teori lokasi: representasi landasan mikro bagi teori pembangunan daerah

Abstract: The birth of a region originates in the optimal location decision of individual firms. Factors that affect the optimal location of individual firms are transfer orientation (resources and market), and local input-orientation [energy, labor, inter mediate inputs (localization economies & urbanization economies), amenities/quality of life, local public' services, taxes, government incentives, local business climate, site costs and national political climate & stability]. Once the optimal location of each individual firm has been determined, the next development is to what extent it can under price and sell its product. The extent of the market constitutes a market area: When each of all other firms producing the same products, has possessed its own market area, those firms have formed the location pattern dominated by dispersion. In this way, market areas have been established. When all other firm's producing different products /services can also under price and sell their products in each of their market areas, each market area becomes a region or a city, depending which one has more population density. Each market area grows even more into a region or a city when all other firms producing different products (substitutes and/or complementary) , chooses to locate in each market area. This makes up the second location pattern dominated by cohesion (agglomeration). From the viewpoint of the location theory, a region has firms engaged in all kinds of relationships of economic activities: vertical, horizontal, and complementary, and all kinds of linkages: forward and backward. Based on this, a region develops. During its process of development, a region may succeed or fail. When it fails, it can be corrected by both local and central governments by adopting appropriate regional policies oriented first to the micro foundation and then to the macro foundation of the development process of the region. Seperti dalam ekonomi makro, diakui pentingnya landasan mikro, sehingga kebijakan makro dapat lebih tepat dan efektif (Branson, 1990). Demikian pula dalam Ekonomi Regional dikenal dan diakui pentingnya landasan mikro (Hoover & Giarratani,1984, Blair, 1991, O'SulIivan, 1996). Landasan mikro yang dimaksud dalam Ekonomi Regional adalah teori lokasi. Oleh karena itu, mempelajari Ekonomi Regional hendaknya didahului dulu dengan topik atau bab tentang lokasi suatu aktivitas ekonomi (aspek mikro) di mana diuraikan bagaimana tumbuhnya suatu daerah dimulai ketika suatu aktivitas ekonomi berupa aktivitas produksi atau aktivitas manufaktur atau aktivitas jasa semula menetapkan lokasi optimalnya berdasarkan orientasi transportasi, kemudian berubah lokasinya berdasarkan orientasi lain yang lebih baik, dan seterusnya yang akhirnya berakibat dengan munculnya suatu wilayah atau daerah. Pentingnya landasan mikro adalah agar pengambil keputusan (pemerintah pusat atau pemerintah daerah) jangan sampai mengambil kebijakan daerah yang salah dan fatal dalam perencanaan daerah dan dalam penentuan wilayah-wilayah dalam suatu negara yang lebih berorientasi pada faktor ekonomi dari-pada faktor non ekonomi {nodal regions vs. homogeneous regions/administrative regions). Apalagi negara kita sedang mengalami reformasi yang juga menuntut dihidupkannya otonomi daerah sehingga pemerintah pusat harus akurat dan tepat dalam merumuskan kebijakan daerah agar mendapat dukungan rakyat yang makin kritis dan yang sedang membangun ekonominya sebagai ganti ekonomi konglomerat yang telah membawa ekonomi Indonesia terpuruk dalam krisis ekonomi dan moneter. Dengan memperhatikan landasan mikro, kebijakan daerah tidak lagi datang dari atas tanpa memperhatikan perilaku pelaku-pelaku ekonomi individual (pembentukan daerah adminitratif spt, propinsi, kabupaten, kecamatan), tetapi kebijakan daerah yang berorientasi pada prinsip ekonomi, motif ekonomi dan aspirasi para pelaku ekonomi individual. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk meminta perhatian kembali atau memperjelas atau mengingatkan/menyadarkan kembali bagaimana suatu aktivitas ekonomi (mikro) yang berprinsip ekonomi dalam rangka mencapai hasil optimalnya (keuntungan maksimumnya) harus mengambil keputusan lokasi optimalnya dan bila sekelompok aktivitas-aktivitas ekonomi itu berbuat hal yang sama (dispersion) dan secara bersama menempati lokasi yang sama (aglomerasi) dalam jangka panjang akan menimbulkan pertumbuhan suatu daerah umumnya dan kota khususnya.

Simultaneous recognition of two chiral centers in α, β-diastereomeric amino acids by an N-carbamoyl-L-α-amino acid amidohydrolase from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans

Abstract: Cells of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans containing N-carbamoyl-L-α-amino acid amidohydrolase strictly distinguished the configuration of not only the α-carbon but also the β-carbon of N-carbamoyl-β-methylphenylalanine, and produced threo-l-β-methylphenylalanine specifically from a mixture of the four stereoisomers.

Arah Gerakan Mahasiswa: Gerakan Politik Ataukah Gerakan Moral?

Abstract: As a politically-active segment of the society, university students take part in shaping how political system works. Historical tracing of student movement during the post-independent period offered in this article provides an empirical and contextual basis for the student to decide, whether the movement is constructed as political movement or moral movement.