Showing papers by "Gadjah Mada University published in 2002"

Inactivation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase occurred prior to brain expansion during human evolution

Abstract: Humans are genetically deficient in the common mammalian sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) because of an Alu-mediated inactivating mutation of the gene encoding the enzyme CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH). This mutation occurred after our last common ancestor with bonobos and chimpanzees, and before the origin of present-day humans. Here, we take multiple approaches to estimate the timing of this mutation in relationship to human evolutionary history. First, we have developed a method to extract and identify sialic acids from bones and bony fossils. Two Neandertal fossils studied had clearly detectable Neu5Ac but no Neu5Gc, indicating that the CMAH mutation predated the common ancestor of humans and Neandertals, ≈0.5–0.6 million years ago (mya). Second, we date the insertion event of the inactivating human-specific sahAluY element that replaced the ancestral AluSq element found adjacent to exon 6 of the CMAH gene in the chimpanzee genome. Assuming Alu source genes based on a phylogenetic tree of human-specific Alu elements, we estimate the sahAluY insertion time at ≈2.7 mya. Third, we apply molecular clock analysis to chimpanzee and other great ape CMAH genes and the corresponding human pseudogene to estimate an inactivation time of ≈2.8 mya. Taken together, these studies indicate that the CMAH gene was inactivated shortly before the time when brain expansion began in humankind's ancestry, ≈2.1–2.2 mya. In this regard, it is of interest that although Neu5Gc is the major sialic acid in most organs of the chimpanzee, its expression is selectively down-regulated in the brain, for as yet unknown reasons.

High numbers of granzyme B/CD8-positive tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies predict rapid fatal outcome in patients treated with curative intent

Abstract: This study determined whether tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) include activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and whether the numbers of activated CTLs in these biopsies are related to clinical outcome. Moreover, the study investigated whether the numbers of activated CTLs are associated with the expression of MHC class I proteins and the granzyme B antagonist PI-9 in the tumour cells. Forty-three Indonesian NPC patients (T(1-3), N(1-3), M(0)), who were treated with curative intent by radiotherapy only, were studied. Tumour-infiltrating activated CTLs were detected using antibodies against granzyme B, CD8, and CD56. Expression of MHC class I proteins and PI-9 was also determined by immunohistochemistry. Granzyme B-positive TILs were detected in all NPC biopsies. The presence of a high percentage (>25%) of granzyme B-positive TILs appeared to be a very strong predictor of a rapid fatal clinical outcome, independent of stage. Complete absence of MHC class I heavy chain expression in tumour cells was observed in 11 of 31 evaluable cases and low levels were observed in seven additional cases. No association between MHC class I expression and the numbers of granzyme B-positive TILs was observed. Expression of the granzyme B antagonist PI-9 in tumour cells was detected in three cases. It is concluded that the presence of many granzyme B-positive TILs in a selected group of Indonesian NPC patients is a strong and stage-independent marker for a rapid fatal clinical outcome.

Influence of the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus coronatum, and soil phosphorus on infection and disease caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia solani on mung bean (Vigna radiata)

Abstract: Root-infecting fungal pathogens and also parasites, which do not cause major disease symptoms cause problems of contamination in pot cultures of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi We investigated the effect of the AM fungus, Glomus coronatum Giovannetti on disease caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia sp (BNR) and R solani in mung bean in the absence (P0) and presence (P1) of added soil phosphorus (P) When G coronatum and BNR or R solani were inoculated at the same time, G coronatum improved the growth of the plants and reduced colonization of roots by BNR, but not by R solani R solani reduced the growth of non-mycorrhizal mung bean in P0 soil 6 weeks after inoculation, whereas BNR had no effect on growth G coronatum reduced the severity of disease caused by BNR or R solani on mung bean in both soil P treatments When G coronatum was established in the roots 3 weeks before BNR or R solani was added to the potting mix, there was no significant effect of BNR or R solani on growth of mung bean Prior colonization by G coronatum slightly reduced indices of disease caused by BNR or R solani In both experiments, addition of P stimulated plant growth and reduced the colonization of roots by BNR, but had little effect on disease severity We conclude that the reduction of the effect of BNR or R solani on mung bean could not be explained by improved P nutrition, but could be attributed to the presence of G coronatum within and among the roots

Nitric oxide production by a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS-A. actinomycetemcomitans) could stimulate a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells) to produce nitric oxide (NO). The cells were treated with LPS-A. actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli LPS (LPS-Ec) for 24 h. The effects of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), polymyxin B and cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-12) on the production of NO were also determined. The role of protein tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C and microtubulin organization on NO production were assessed by incubating RAW264.7 cells with genistein, bisindolylmaleide and colchicine prior to LPS-A. actinomycetemcomitans stimulation, respectively. NO levels from the culture supernatants were determined by the Griess reaction. The results showed that LPS-A. actinomycetemcomitans stimulated NO production by RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but was slightly less potent than LPS-Ec. NMMA and polymyxin B blocked the production of NO. IFN-gamma and IL-12 potentiated but IL-4 depressed NO production by LPS-A. actinomycetemcomitans-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. TNF-alpha had no effects on NO production. Genistein and bisindolylmalemaide, but not colchicine, reduced the production of NO in a dose-dependent mechanism. The results of the present study suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS, via the activation of protein tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C and the regulatory control of cytokines, stimulates NO production by murine macrophages.

The nature of soil kaolins from indonesia and western australia

Abstract: Purified soil kaolins from Indonesia and Western Australia were characterized using analytical TEM, XRD, TGA and chemical analysis. The Indonesian kaolins, formed from tuff, consist of a mixture of tubular kaolin crystals with relatively low Fe concentrations and platy kaolin crystals with higher Fe concentrations. Western Australian kaolins also contained tubular and platy crystals but showed no systematic relationship of crystal morphology with Fe content. The coherently scattering domain (CSD) size of the Indonesian samples (5–6 nm for 001, i.e. c axis dimension) is remarkably consistent and is approximately half of the value for the Western Australian kaolins (9.7–13.4 nm), and both are much smaller sizes than values for the reference kaolins (15.6–27.8 nm). Coherently scattering domain sizes derived from the Scherrer equation are approximately twice the values obtained from the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach Fourier method but the results show the same pattern of variation. For the Indonesian, Western Australian and reference kaolins, the N2-BET surface area ranges 59–88, 44–56 and 5–28 m2/g; the dehydroxylation temperatures range 486–499, 484–496 and 520–544°C, the mean cation exchange capacities (CEC) are 9.4, 5.0 and 3.5 meq 100 g−1 and the surface densities of charge range 0.10–0.14, 0.08–0.10 and 0.04–0.12 C/m2. The properties of the Western Australian kaolins and Indonesian kaolins differ substantially, but kaolins within each group have similar properties. These results suggest that soil kaolin properties may be characteristic of a particular pedoenvironment and that a systematic study of kaolins in different pedoenvironments is required.

Serological evidence of human hantavirus infections in Indonesia.

Abstract: Here we describe the first evidence of hantavirus infection in humans in Indonesia. Hantaviruses belong to the family Bunyaviridae. Several serotypes have been described to cause disease in man. Hantaan (HNT), Seoul (SEO), Dobrava (DOB) and Puumala (PUU) hantaviruses cause severe to milder hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) [1]. New World hantavirus serotypes (e.g. Sin Nombre [SNV],Andes) are associated with pulmonary syndrome (hantavirus pulmonary syndrome [HPS]) [1]. In Southeast Asia, evidence of hantavirus infections have been reported from Korea, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand [2–5]. In Indonesia, a serological study indicated the presence of a Seoul-like virus in wild rats [6].So far no human cases of hantavirus infection have been reported from this country. Serum samples from 94 febrile patients initially suspected of a dengue virus infection were investigated for the presence of hantavirus-specific antibodies.All patients were residents of Yogyakarta or Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia and had presented as outpatients or had been admitted to hospital with symptoms of febrile illness between May 1995 and January 1996 during a dengue epidemic. Patients were divided into two age-groups; the first group included 69 patients in the age range 2–20 years (mean 13.9 years), the second group included 25 patients in the age range 21–47 years (mean 27.2 years). Dengue virus-specific serology in serum samples of these 94 patients was not indicative of recent infection with this virus.Differential diagnosis included measles, rubella, influenza and chikungunya viruses, as well as rickettsiosis and leptospirosis. Nevertheless, the etiology of their illness remained elusive. Serial serum samples of each patient were tested for the presence of hantavirus-specific IgM serum antibodies with a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Focus Technologies,Cypress,USA),using microplates coated with a mixture of SEO and SNV virus recombinant nucleocapsid proteins [7]. Positive EIA results were confirmed by immunofluorescence assay (using SEO, HNT and PUU serotypes) [8] and tested further for the presence of hantavirus-specific IgG serum antibodies by EIA [7], IFA [8] and immunoblotting using native hantavirus antigens, essentially as described earlier [9] (Table 1). In ten (11%) of the 94 patients, serology indicated a recent hantavirus infection.Five had hantavirus-specific IgM and IgG serum antibodies and five had hantavirus-specific IgM but no specific IgG serum antibodies. The ratio in the EIA for the positive samples ranged between 1.1 and 3.1 and between 1.6 and 4.6 for the IgM and IgG, respectively. In two patients only hantavirusspecific IgG serum antibodies were demonstrated, indicating a past infection. Seven sera were confirmed positive for hantavirus-specific IgG serum antibodies by immunoblotting.The serum samples of these patients reacted predominantly with the PUU serotype in the IFA (titers ranged between 64 and ≥ 256) and to a lesser extent with HNT and SEO serotypes (titers ranged between 16 and 128).The differences between IFA and ELISA pattern were probably caused by the fact that the antigen in the IFA is based on whole virus, whereas recombinant proteins were used in the ELISA.The scattered serological pattern in IFA and immunoblot might also indicate that an unknown hantavirus serotype is circulating in this region. Nine of the ten recently infected patients were under 20 years of age (mean 17.6 years), the youngest being 13 years old.This finding is in agreement with previous observations, showing the majority of hantavirus patients to be older than 15 years [10]. Previous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the distribution of hantavirus infection in Europe is skewed towards the male population,whereas in Southeast Asia the distribution of hantavirus infections is almost equal among the sexes, which may be related to outdoor occupational activities [3,10]. In our study,eight of the patients were

SEM study on the dorsal lingual surface of the large flying fox, Pteropus vampyrus.

Abstract: The dorsal lingual surface of the large flying foxes were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae were observed. The filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. The filiform papillae notably differed in morphology by their location on the tongue and could be classified into 6 types: 1) scale-like, 2) giant trifid, 3) small crown-like, 4) large crown-like, 5) long conical and 6) short conical papillae. The fungiform papillae were present rounded bodies on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. The large flying foxes showed the triangular arrangement of the three vallate papillae, with the apex of the triangle directed posteriorly. These findings indicate that the tongue of the large flying bat is similar to that of the lesser dog-faced fruit bat.

Fructooligosaccharide and Diarrhea

Abstract: The outstanding of fructooligosaccharide as a nondigestible dietary fiber has been proved for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia, overgrowth of pathogen bacteria, colon cancer, and enhancement of mucosal immune response. The primary function of beneficial intestinal microflora is to protect the intestinal tract from the proliferation of infection or harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium bifidum produces volatile fatty acids, which provide important metabolic energy, and acidifies the bowel, which inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria, including Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium, Campilobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli. When the population of beneficial microflora decreases the gastrointestinal environment makes a subtle chemical shift, which allows harmful bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens and E. coli to proliferate. One clinical manifestation of this imbalance is diarrhea. In developing countries, diarrhea is still the most important cause of child morbidity and mortality with an estimation of 1.3 billion episodes each year in children under 5 years old. FOS acts like an efficient intestinal "fertilizer" by feeding beneficial intestinal microflora and helping them to reproduce. The improvement in the intestinal microflora was followed by a relief of constipation, or loose stool; decreased formation of putrefactive products in the large intestine, improved serum lipids in hyperlipidemia; and reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Studies show that the duration of diarrhea in children who ingested FOS were shorter than in those who ingested a placebos (2.62 days versus 4.24 days). The pH of stool in children who ingested FOS was significantly lower than in children who did not.

Association of a missense mutation of the laminin alpha2 gene with tuberculoid type of leprosy in Indonesian patients.

Abstract: Leprosy, an infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, has a specific tropism for the myelinating Schwann cells of peripheral nerves. Recently, the G domain of laminin α2 has been shown to be a mediator for M. leprae to bind to α-dystroglycan in Schwann cells. In order to analyse the association of leprosy with the mediator, three genetic polymorphisms encoding the G domain of the laminin α2 chain were analysed by direct sequencing in 53 leprosy patients and 58 healthy contact individuals from Indonesia. There was no significant difference in the incidence of the polymorphisms between patients and non-patients. Remarkably, it was found that a missense mutation (T7809C) substituting valine with alanine (V2587A) was found to be more frequent in the tuberculoid type than in the lepromatous type leprosy. It is supposed that this missense mutation is one of the determinant factors in the early onset of peripheral nerve damage in Indonesian tuberculoid leprosy patients.

Winning and losing in Aceh: Five key dilemmas in third‐party intervention

Abstract: The varied manifestations of conflict frequently challenge the international community to find appropriate strategies for intervention. Based on literature and field research, this article draws lessons from the process of joint dialogue in Aceh as facilitated by the Geneva‐based Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HDC). In addition to context‐related factors that complicated the forging of an intervention process, five key dilemmas and their options are established to provide comparative lessons. In particular, the argument focuses on the limitations of using a ‘negotiated access for humanitarian aid’ strategy (in the form of the Humanitarian Pause) in achieving sustainable solutions for conflict. Facilitation is analysed as a facet within ‘mediation’ and is therefore considered an aspect of conflict resolution theory.

A context-based approach for mobile application development

Abstract: Mobile computing is becoming popular because it allows computation elements to be moved or carried around. The breakthrough is partly achieved using mobile applications that allow computation execution to break spatial and temporal constraints. Mobile application development has to address two key factors. The rst is the penetration of physical elements from its execution environment into a program's computation. Handling and manipulation of abstractions of the physical elements in the program is crucial because the penetration is in uential to the application's computation. The other factor is the type of mobile entities represented in a program. This is signi cant as di erent types of mobile entities require di erent kind of support. Many development proposals only o er partial solutions in addressing the two important development factors. They cannot deliver a generic and uniform approach, producing software that cannot handle problems with complex mobility requirements. In addition, the resulting software tends to have complex and non-modular structure, making it diÆcult to maintain. This problem has to be approached from the conceptual level. This allows an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the needed support, which in turn provides the basis for a suitable approach for mobility speci cation and implementation. A new mobility modeling framework based on the notion of physical environment has been developed. The physical environment is abstracted using the concept of context. The framework explicitly separates the mobil-

Comparison of Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Compositions of Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG 2 from Tobacco and Tulip, AG 2–1 and AG-BI

Abstract: Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG 2 from tobacco (Nt-isolates) were reported to anastomose with isolates of AG-BI in high frequency (fusion frequency [FF] ≥ 50%) compared to isolates of AG 2–1 (FF < 50%), even though mature culture and thiamine requirement of the isolates were closely similar to AG 2–1. In this study, whole-cell fatty acid compositions of Nt-isolates (four isolates), isolates of AG 2–1 (eight isolates) and AG-BI (two isolates) were compared by gas-liquid chromatography analysis. Four isolates of AG 2 from tulip (AG 2-t) were also included. Palmitic (16 : 0), oleic (18 : 1 cis9) and linoleic (18 : 2 cis9,12) acids were the three major fatty acids identified which constituted 89.6–93.4% of whole-cell fatty acid content. Myristic (14 : 0), pentadecanoic (15 : 0), palmitoleic (16 : 1 cis9), stearic (18 : 0) and linolenic (18 : 3 cis9,12) acids were present at low levels. Heptadecanoic (17 : 0) and 9-heptadecenoic (17 : 1 cis9) acids were also present in Nt-isolates and isolates of AG 2–1 but not in isolates of AG 2-t and AG-BI. With the exception of oleic acid, percentage composition of fatty acids of Nt-isolates were similar with those of isolates of AG 2–1 and AG 2-t but were different from isolates of AG-BI. Although fatty acid compositions of Nt-isolates and isolates of AG 2–1 were qualitatively and quantitatively similar, principal component and cluster analyses based on all detected fatty acids showed separation of the former from the latter groups indicating that Nt-isolates are a homogenous population in AG 2–1. Additionally, isolates of AG 2-t were closely related to isolates of AG 2–1. Isolates of AG-BI were distinctly separated from isolates of AG 2–1, AG 2-t and Nt-isolates. Results of fatty acid analysis support the designation of Nt-isolates as a member of AG 2–1 based on sequence similarity of rDNA-ITS.

The effect of fish oil on bone resorption following pulp exposure in rats.

Abstract: – The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment with fish oil may alter the periapical bone resorption following pulp exposure in rats. Untreated and pulp-exposed animals served as the negative and positive control, respectively. Other pulp-exposed animals were orally treated with fish oil at different concentrations and frequencies. Periapical tissue sections were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and then the numbers of both periapical osteoclasts and preosteoclasts were determined. The levels of bone resorption were assessed using the osteoclast–bone interface (OBI) index. The results showed that no differences between the numbers of both osteoclasts and preosteoclasts in the fish oil-treated animals and the negative control at day 14 could be found. Similarly, the periapical bone resorption in the animals treated with fish oil for 14 days significantly reduced to the levels of that in the negative control. The results of the present study, therefore, suggest that oral treatment with fish oil may inhibit bone resorption following pulp exposure in rats and hence, may have a therapeutic modality for inflamed periradicular tissue.

Effect of high-density lipoprotein on lipopolysaccharide-induced alveolar bone resorption in rats.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatments with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) may alter the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar bone resorption in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were injected with 500 μg of LPS from Escherichia coli at the alveolar mucosa of lower right first molar once every 2 days for 8 days. The negative and positive control were injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and LPS alone, respectively. In HDL-treated animals various concentration of HDL were injected immediately before, after the third or the final LPS injection. The bone sections were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the numbers of both osteoclasts and preosteoclasts and the levels of alveolar bone resorption were assessed. RESULTS: The numbers of both osteoclasts and preosteoclasts and the levels of alveolar bone resorption in animals treated with HDL before or during LPS injections were lower than those in the positive control, but higher than those in the negative control, regardless of HDL doses. Similar results were also observed in animals treated with 250 and 500 μg of HDL after the final LPS injection. Only treatments with 1000 μg of HDL after LPS injections completely reduced the number of both osteoclasts and preosteoclasts, but only partially decreased the alveolar bone resorption. CONCLUSION: HDL treatments partially reduced the LPS-induced alveolar bone resorption in vivo in rats, suggesting that HDL may neutralize the ability of LPS to induce alveolar bone resorption.

Problema dan Kebijakan Perumahan di Perkotaan

Abstract: Providing an adequate housing facilities for the evergrowing urban population is a serious problem Such problem is easily understood, but has not been succesfully dealth by Indonesian government, as it is purely as a housing problem Since the root of the problem is urbanization, housing policy should be part of urban management scheme, taking into account all of urban related issues: population density, demographic growth, squatters on slum areas and public facilities In supporting the macro scheme of urban management, there are micro scheme to be implemented

Rat periodontal fibroblast responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vitro.

Abstract: Rat periodontal ligament fibroblasts and gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli. Cell proliferation and both interleukin-1beta and nitric oxide production were determined by a colorimetric, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the Griess reaction, respectively. The results showed that at lipopolysaccharide concentration up to 100 ng per well, the cell proliferation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts was higher than that of gingival fibroblasts. No significant difference between the levels of interleukin-1beta produced by periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts can be observed. At high concentration of lipopolysaccharide (1000 ng/well), the levels of nitric oxide in the periodontal ligament fibroblasts cultures were higher than those in the gingival fibroblasts cultures. These results suggest those rat periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts may respond differently to lipopolysaccharide and, thus, may be different periodontal fibroblast subpopulations.

Set Kesempatan Investasi : Konstruksi dan Analisis Hubungannya dengan Kebijakan Pendanaan dan Dividen

Abstract: The primary objective of this research is examining correlation of three kinds of IOS proxies with realized growth after period of measuring the IOS level (t+l until t+5) The three kinds of IOS proxies are single empirical rasio (market to book value of asset or MVABVA , market to book value of equity or MVEBVE, price to earning per-price or PER, capital expenditure to book value of asset or CAPBVA and capital expenditure to market value of asset or CAPMVA), instrumental variable (VIIOS) and factor score (Skor) The results of one tailed Spearman Rank Correlation analysis show that all of IOS proxies positively correlated with realized growth of sales t+l, book value of equity t+l and book value of asset t+1 The common indeks of IOS, VIIOS and Skor, in the average have higher correlation coeffisients than single ratio IOS level of a company has to be evaluated every one year, because realized growth t+2 and so on have not been able to be predicted yet exactly using all of alternates IOS proxies All of alternates IOS proxies from the primary hypothesis are used to examine the explanatory power of IOS in financing and dividend policy model The results show that the growth firms have lower financing (measured by ln market debt to equity) and dividend (measured by ln dividend yields) policy than non growth firms Contracting cost hypothesis explains the empirical relationship between IOS level, financing and dividend policy The size of growth companies measured by lg asset higher than non growth companies Contracting cost and secured debt hypothesis explain that, large companies have higher debt financing policy (measured by ln market debt to equity) than little companies My opinion is there is conversely explanation between contracting cost hypothesis about association between IOS and debt financing policy, contracting cost and secured debt hypothesis about association between size of companies and debt financing policy and the consistent phenomenon that the growth companies are the large companies But the result about dividend policy is consistent with contracting cost and pecking order hypothesis that the growth (large) companies have lower dividend policy (measured by ln dividend yields) than non growth (little) companies

Pengaruh Job Insecurity, Faktor Anteseden, dan Konsekuensinya terhadap Keinginan Berpindah Karyawan: Studi Empiris pada Kantor Akuntan Publik di Indonesia

Abstract: The objective of this study is to determine the effects of job insecurity on turnover intention. In particular, this study examines the effects of job insecurity, its antecedents factors (such as job satisfaction, role conflict, and locus of control), and its consequence (such as organizational commitment) on turnover intention. The data are collected through mail survey from ninety-eight auditors from a sample of CPA firms. Six variables are investigated in this study. Those are job satisfaction, role conflict, locus of control, job insecurity, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. The results show that role conflict and locus of are antesedent of job insecurity and organizational commitment is a consequence of job insecurity. The results also show job satisfaction directly affects organizational commitment and that organizational commitment and role conflict directly affect turnover intention. Thus, the effort to decrease the turnover intention is carried out by reducing role conflict and job insecurity level, and increasing internal locus of control and organizational commitment.

A survey of fumonisins (B1, B2, B3) in Indonesian corn-based food and feed samples.

Abstract: In this paper a survey is described for determination of contamination level of fumonisins (B1, B2, B3) in Indonesian cornbased feed and food samples. The survey was conducted from February to May 2001. Foodstuffs, which are consumed directly such as snacks and other products, were investigated for fumonisin contamination. Of 105 food and feed samples purchased from local retail stores and local poultry shops around Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia were analyzed using ELISA. Results indicate that 74.3% of samples analyzed were contaminated in a large range of 10.0 – 3307 μg/kg, and the concentration of fumonisins depends on the type of samples. Detection limit of the method used was 9 μg/kg.From eight food samples of maize flour, and corn-based beverages and cereals, none was contaminated (below detection limit). For food samples of industrial products (19 samples), 13 were contaminated in the range of 22.8 – 105 μg/kg and 19 of 20 samples from home made products were contaminated between 12.9 – 234 μg/kg. The food samples contaminated in highest level occurred in corn. Of ten samples, 6 were contaminated from 68.0 – 2471 μg/kg. For feed samples, 17 corn samples were evaluated. Of those samples, 16 contained in a large range of 17.6 – 3306 μg/kg.

INDEKS GLISEMIK KACANG-KACANGAN [Glycemic Index of Selected Legumes]

Abstract: Nutritional management for diabetic patients based on selection of low available carbohydrate foods has been criticized because the same availability of carbohydrate in different foods may result in different degree of glycemic response. This management is now being corrected by additional aid in selecting foods with the glycemic index (GI) of foods. GI is a measure of the glycemic response to the carbohydrate component within a food relative to the response to an equal carbohydrate portion of reference food (glucose or white bread). In Indonesia, data of the glycemic index of foods is still very limited. The objectives of the research are to provide GI of selected legumes, including red bean ( Vigna umbellata ), Mung bean ( Phaseolus aureus ), cow pea ( Vigna sinensis ENDL ), pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan MILLSPAUGH ), edible podded peas ( Pisum sativum LINN ) and soy bean ( Glycine max MERR ). Eleventh health and normal volunteers (not diabetic) were provided. The volunteers took an overnight fasting, blood were drawn in the morning and analyzed for serum glucose. Then they were given the test legumes containing total carbohydrates equivalent to 25-g glucose to be consumed. Blood samples were drawn for glucose measurement every 30 minutes until 120 min after meal. Serum glucose was determined enzymatically and the glucose responses were drawn graphically. The GI of the beans studied was lowest for red bean (26) and highest for mung bean (76), Edible podded pea and soy bean had similar value of GI i.e. 30 and 31; whereas pigeon and cow pea had a higher value i.e. 35 and 51, respectively.

Pengembangan SDM Pariwisata Daerah: Agenda Kebijakan Untuk Pembuat Kebijakan

Abstract: The sustainability of the currently impressive growth of tourism industry in Indonesia is threathened by bureaucratic incompetence of the increasingly decentralized governance. The old-fashined bureaucracy responsible for dealing with tourism at the local level would be unable to meet high standard of tourism industry set out at international level, unless human resource within local bureaucracy is qualitatively improves to meet the demand of international market. Local governments shlould put gear on improving tourism policy making by improving torurism-related bureaucracy.

Peningkatan Daya Saing: Pendekatan Paradigmatik-Politis

Abstract: As liberal-based political-economic order increasingly globalised, each country have to geard in improving its competitiveness. Each country attempt to optimise its comparative advantage in order to survive in such an order. Judging from political perspective, the author argues that capability to perform competitively at the global and international arena, Indonesia has to institutionalise domestic political economis system, both at national and local level. The political format suggested for that purpose is resemble to what Deborah Stone calls: the polls model. It is true the globalised world order tend to marginalised the role of the government, yet, the government of Indonesia responsible to set up a sound policy for improving national and local competitiveness. Nonetheless the state role is to empower, rather than to dominate, let alone dependency creating. The challenges and strategy to meet them is offered at the end of this article.

Analysis of equilibrium acid distribution in the system of citric acid-water-(triisooctylamine + methyl isobutyl ketone) using a quasi-physical approximation

Abstract: Methods for predicting the equilibrium acid distribution in a reactive extraction system are proposed, and their accuracies have been tested by experimental data. Three mathematical models are formulated. The pseudo single-reaction model is derived from the idea of chemical theory of solution. Based on the theory, the equilibrium is strongly affected by chemical effects which are assumed as a single reaction with its stoichiometric coefficients as adjustable parameters. A great improvement is provided by the ideal quasi-physical approximation model which eliminates the uncertainty of the solvation reaction mechanism by postulating the chemical equilibrium in the form of physical equilibrium. The model is proven to well fit the experimental equilibrium data obtained from the system of citric acid-water-(triisoctylamine + methyl isobutyl ketone ) and gives a more flexible and relatively simpler equation of equilibrium acid distribution than the models which have been published previously. A modification made by taking the nonideality of solution into account further improves the data fitting of the ideal quasi-physical approximation model for a wider range of data. The effect of temperature on the model's parameters is also discussed.