scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "Gadjah Mada University published in 2007"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work estimates the magnitude and distribution of OOP payments for health care in fourteen countries and territories accounting for 81% of the Asian population and focuses on payments that are catastrophic, in the sense of severely disrupting household living standards, and approximate such payments by those absorbing a large fraction of household resources.
Abstract: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are the principal means of financing health care throughout much of Asia. We estimate the magnitude and distribution of OOP payments for health care in fourteen countries and territories accounting for 81% of the Asian population. We focus on payments that are catastrophic, in the sense of severely disrupting household living standards, and approximate such payments by those absorbing a large fraction of household resources. Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal and Vietnam rely most heavily on OOP financing and have the highest incidence of catastrophic payments. Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia stand out as low to middle income countries that have constrained both the OOP share of health financing and the catastrophic impact of direct payments. In most low/middle-income countries, the better-off are more likely to spend a large fraction of total household resources on health care. This may reflect the inability of the poorest of the poor to divert resources from other basic needs and possibly the protection of the poor from user charges offered in some countries. But in China, Kyrgyz and Vietnam, where there are no exemptions of the poor from charges, they are as, or even more, likely to incur catastrophic payments.

561 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High BP exists in a background of undernutrition in populations at early stages of the epidemiologic transition in populations across Africa and Asia.
Abstract: Despite a growing burden of obesity and hypertension in developing countries, there is limited information on the contribution of body mass index (BMI) to blood pressure (BP) in these populations. This study examines the association between BMI and BP in three populations across Africa and Asia. Data on BMI, BP and other background characteristics of study participants were generated using the World Health Organization STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS), at three demographic surveillance sites in Ethiopia, Vietnam and Indonesia. BMI and BP increased along the socioeconomic gradient across the three countries. Mean (s.d.) BMI in men varied between 19.41 (2.28) in Ethiopia to 21.17 (2.86) in Indonesia. A high prevalence of overweight/obesity was noted among Indonesian women (25%) and men (10%), whereas low BMI was widely prevalent in Ethiopia and Vietnam, ranging from 33 to 43%. Mean (s.d.) systolic BP (SBP) among men varied between 117.15 (15.35) in Ethiopia to 127.33 (17.80) in Indonesia. The prevalence of hypertension was highest among women (25%) and men (24%) in Indonesia. Mean BP levels increased with increasing BMI. The risk of hypertension was higher among population groups with overweight and obesity (BMI>/=25 kg/m(2)); odds ratio (95% confidence interval); 2.47 (1.42, 4.29) in Ethiopia, 2.67 (1.75, 4.08) in Vietnam and 7.64 (3.88, 15.0) in Indonesia. BMI was significantly and positively correlated with both SBP and DBP in all the three populations, correlation coefficient (r) ranging between 0.23 and 0.27, P<0.01. High BP exists in a background of undernutrition in populations at early stages of the epidemiologic transition.

270 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, gellan and κ-carrageenan were added to improve properties of the fish gelatin films, which increased tensile strength and barrier against water vapor, but made films slightly darker.
Abstract: Fish gelatin is known to be inferior to mammalian gelatins. Gellan and κ -carrageenan were added to improve properties of the fish gelatin films. Initially, polysaccharides were added to make fish gelatin gels, and tested for the melting point. Mechanical, barrier, color and microstructure properties, as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermal analysis (DSC) of the modified fish gelatin films were evaluated. The addition of gellan and κ -carrageenan increased the melting point of fish gelatin gels, gellan being more effective. Polysaccharides modified fish gelatin films by increasing tensile strength and barrier against water vapor, but made films slightly darker. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microstructure analysis revealed that gellan eliminated cracks present in the film matrix resulting in a more uniform structure. FTIR and DSC analyses showed that both polysaccharides effectively interacted with fish gelatin, and moreover, gellan being more effective. Overall, addition of gellan up to 2 g/100 g of gelatin performed better in enhancing fish gelatin films properties.

232 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several novel, pathogenic BRCA1 and BRCa2 germline mutations are found in early onset Indonesian breast cancer patients, these may therefore be specific for the Indonesian population.
Abstract: Specific mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have been identified in specific populations and ethnic groups. However, little is known about the contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to breast cancers in the Indonesian population. One hundred-twenty moderate to high risk breast cancer patients were tested using PCR-DGGE, and any aberrant band was sequenced. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was performed on all samples to detect large deletions in the two genes. Twenty-three different mutations were detected in 30 individuals, ten were deleterious mutations and 20 were “unclassified variants” with uncertain clinical consequences. Three of seven (c.2784_2875insT, p.Leu1415X and del exon 13–15) and two of four (p.Glu2183X and p.Gln2894X) deleterious mutations that were found in BRCA1 and BRCA2 respectively, are novel. Several novel, pathogenic BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations are found in early onset Indonesian breast cancer patients, these may therefore be specific for the Indonesian population.

196 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that mutation of either AS2 or AS1 resulted in an increase in the levels of transcripts of ETTIN (ETT; also known as AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3, ARF3) and KANADI2 (KAN2), which are abaxial determinants, and YABBY5 (YAB5).
Abstract: The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) gene, a member of the AS2/LOB gene family, and the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana participate in the development of a symmetrical, expanded lamina. We report here the patterns of expression of these genes, and the importance of the sites of such expression in leaf development. Transcripts of both genes accumulated in the entire leaf primordia at early stages, but the patterns of accumulation changed as the leaves expanded. AS2 and AS1 transcripts were detected, respectively, in the adaxial domain and in the inner domain between the adaxial and abaxial domains of leaves. The ratios of numbers of adaxial cells to abaxial cells in cotyledons of corresponding mutant lines were greater than the ratios in wild-type cotyledons. The low levels of ectopic expression of AS2 under the control of the AS1 promoter in as2 mutant plants restored an almost normal phenotype in some cases, but also resulted in flatter leaves than those of wild-type plants. Strong expression of the construct in wild-type and as2 plants, but not as1 plants, resulted in the formation of narrow, upwardly curled leaves. Our results indicate that AS2 represses cell proliferation in the adaxial domain in the presence of AS1, and that adaxial expression of AS2 at an appropriate level is critical for the development of a symmetrical, expanded lamina. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that mutation of either AS2 or AS1 resulted in an increase in the levels of transcripts of ETTIN (ETT; also known as AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3, ARF3) and KANADI2 (KAN2), which are abaxial determinants, and YABBY5 (YAB5). Thus, AS2 and AS1 might negatively regulate the expression of these genes in the adaxial domain, which might be related to the development of flat and expanded leaves.

175 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the diversity in the Indonesian jungle rubber agroforestry system compared to that in primary forest and rubber plantations by integrating new and existing data from a lowland rain forest area in Sumatra.
Abstract: Plant and bird diversity in the Indonesian jungle rubber agroforestry system was compared to that in primary forest and rubber plantations by integrating new and existing data from a lowland rain forest area in Sumatra. Jungle rubber gardens are low-input rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) agroforests that structurally resemble secondary forest and in which wild species are tolerated by the farmer. As primary forests have almost completely disappeared from the lowlands of the Sumatra peneplain, our aim was to assess the contribution of jungle rubber as a land use type to the conservation of plant and bird species, especially those that are associated with the forest interior of primary and old secondary forest. Species-accumulation curves were compiled for terrestrial and epiphytic pteridophytes, trees and birds, and for subsets of 'forest species' of terrestrial pteridophytes and birds. Comparing jungle rubber and primary forest, groups differed in relative species richness patterns. Species richness in jungle rubber was slightly higher (terrestrial pteridophytes), similar (birds) or lower (epiphytic pteridophytes, trees, vascular plants as a whole) than in primary forest. For subsets of 'forest species' of terrestrial pteridophytes and birds, species richness in jungle rubber was lower than in primary forest. For all groups, species richness in jungle rubber was generally higher than in rubber plantations. Although species conservation in jungle rubber is limited by management practices and by a slash-and-burn cycle for replanting of about 40 years, this forest-like land use does support species diversity in an impoverished landscape increasingly dominated by monoculture plantations.

145 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined digital elevation model (DEM) and benchmark data in Geographic Information System (GIS) raster operation for the monitoring of the land subsidence in Semarang.
Abstract: Semarang is one of the biggest cities in Indonesia and nowadays suffering from extended land subsidence, which is due to groundwater withdrawal, to natural consolidation of alluvium soil and to the load of constructions. Land subsidence causes damages to infrastructure, buildings, and results in tides moving into low-lying areas. Up to the present, there has been no comprehensive information about the land subsidence and its monitoring in Semarang. This paper examines digital elevation model (DEM) and benchmark data in Geographic Information System (GIS) raster operation for the monitoring of the land subsidence in Semarang. This method will predict and quantify the extent of subsidence in future years. The future land subsidence prediction is generated from the expected future DEM in GIS environment using ILWIS package. The procedure is useful especially in areas with scarce data. The resulting maps designate the area of land subsidence that increases rapidly and it is predicted that in 2020, an area of 27.5 ha will be situated 1.5–2.0 m below sea level. This calculation is based on the assumption that the rate of land subsidence is linear and no action is taken to protect the area from subsidence.

130 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the results of local source tomographic inversion are presented for central Java, showing that a double seismic zone is observed in the slab between 80 and 150 km depth, and the most striking feature of the resulting P and S models is a pronounced low-velocity anomaly in the crust, just north of the volcanic arc.
Abstract: Here we present the results of local source tomographic inversion beneath central Java. The data set was collected by a temporary seismic network. More than 100 stations were operated for almost half a year. About 13,000 P and S arrival times from 292 events were used to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs models of the crust and the mantle wedge beneath central Java. Source location and determination of the 3-D velocity models were performed simultaneously based on a new iterative tomographic algorithm, LOTOS-06. Final event locations clearly image the shape of the subduction zone beneath central Java. The dipping angle of the slab increases gradually from almost horizontal to about 70°. A double seismic zone is observed in the slab between 80 and 150 km depth. The most striking feature of the resulting P and S models is a pronounced low-velocity anomaly in the crust, just north of the volcanic arc (Merapi-Lawu anomaly (MLA)). An algorithm for estimation of the amplitude value, which is presented in the paper, shows that the difference between the fore arc and MLA velocities at a depth of 10 km reaches 30% and 36% in P and S models, respectively. The value of the Vp/Vs ratio inside the MLA is more than 1.9. This shows a probable high content of fluids and partial melts within the crust. In the upper mantle we observe an inclined low-velocity anomaly which links the cluster of seismicity at 100 km depth with MLA. This anomaly might reflect ascending paths of fluids released from the slab. The reliability of all these patterns was tested thoroughly.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The taxonomic status of 16 strains received as StrePTomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces melanosporofaciens, Streptonomyces sparsogenes, Strepsomyces sporoclivatus and Streptonicces violaceusniger was evaluated in a polyphasic study.
Abstract: The taxonomic status of 16 strains received as Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces melanosporofaciens, Streptomyces sparsogenes, Streptomyces sporoclivatus and Streptomyces violaceusniger was evaluated in a polyphasic study. Eleven of the organisms formed a distinct clade in the Streptomyces 16S rRNA gene tree with the type strains of Streptomyces asiaticus, Streptomyces cangkringensis, Streptomyces indonesiensis, Streptomyces javensis, Streptomyces malaysiensis, Streptomyces rhizosphaericus, Streptomyces yatensis and Streptomyces yogyakartensis, the members of this group produced rugose ornamented spores in spiral spore chains. The eleven strains were assigned to three established and four novel species, namely Streptomyces albiflaviniger sp. nov., Streptomyces demainii sp. nov., Streptomyces geldanamycininus sp. nov., Streptomyces griseiniger sp. nov., and Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces melanosporofaciens and Streptomyces violaceusniger. It is also proposed that S. sporoclivatus becomes a subjective synonym of S. melanosporofaciens. S. sparsogenes NRRL 2940T, which produced ridged ornamented spores in spiral spore chains, formed a distinct phyletic line in the Streptomyces 16S rRNA gene tree and was readily distinguished from the other strains using a range of phenotypic properties. S. violaceusniger strains NRRL 8097, NRRL B-5799, NRRL 2834 and ISP 5182 fell outside the S. violaceusniger 16S rRNA gene clade and formed either smooth or ridged ornamented spores in either flexuous or spiral spore chains. These organisms were distinguished from one another and from their closest phylogenetic neighbors and were considered to merit species status as Streptomyces auratus sp. nov., Streptomyces phaeoluteichromatogenes sp. nov., Streptomyces phaeogriseichromatogenes sp. nov., and Streptomyces phaeoluteigriseus sp. nov., respectively.

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the intrinsic value of unexercisable in-the-money options, the time value, and the value of restricted shares are inversely related to voluntary executive turnover.

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study found significant positive relationships between the existence of an IT strategy committee and corporate (organisational) communication systems, and the overall level of effective IT governance within Australian public sector organisations.
Abstract: Information technology plays a significant role enabling organisations to achieve their objectives. Accordingly, the governance mechanisms over the organisation's IT resources must be in place and operating effectively if the organization is to achieve its objectives. The concern with IT governance is not only evident in the private sector but also in the public sector. This study attempts to examine empirically the individual IT governance mechanisms that influence the overall effectiveness of IT governance in Australian public sector organisations. Using sample data from auditors who currently work in Australian public sector organisations, this study examined the influence of four proposed individual IT governance mechanisms on the overall effectiveness of IT governance. This study found significant positive relationships between the existence of an IT strategy committee and corporate (organisational) communication systems, and the overall level of effective IT governance within Australian public sector organisations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided an overview of the influences of motorization trends on urban residents' travel patterns in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) in the last decade, and the performance of the first year of the bus rapid transit (BRT) system implementation, as a way to suppress motorization in JMA, is also described.
Abstract: This article provides an overview of the influences of motorization trends on urban residents' travel patterns in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) in the last decade. The performance of the first year of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system implementation, as a way to suppress motorization in JMA, is also described. It is found that the trend of motorization has already become a critical issue and suppressing the rapid increase of private cars is imperative. However, the existing public transport facilities are not adequate in fulfilling the demand, both in quality and quantity. The lesson learned from Jakarta Metropolitan Area's context illustrates the need to focus on a series of substantial actions as the future innovations. These suggested future innovations are believed to be beneficial for application in the JMA area, and also other developing cities.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In endemic areas where malaria is prevalent, medicinal plants are often used to treat malaria and this study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) herb traditionally used to treatment malaria in Indonesia.
Abstract: In endemic areas where malaria is prevalent, medicinal plants are often used to treat malaria. This study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) herb traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia. Three extracts viz aqueous, methanolic and chloroformic extracts were obtained by maceration of the herbs. A radioactive method was used to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the extracts on chloroquine-resistant (FCR-3) and chloroquine-sensitive (D-10) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was expressed by the concentration inhibiting 50% of parasite growth (IC50). Cytotoxicity was estimated on Hela cells and the Cytotoxicity Index (CI = IC50 on HeLa cells/IC50 on FCR-3 strain) was calculated to evaluate the safety of tested extracts. A standard 4-day test on P berghei infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the extracts showing strong in vitro antiplasmodial activity, for both the methanolic and aqueous extracts. The in vivo antiplasmodial activity was expressed by the dose inhibiting 50% of parasite growth (ED50). The IC50 values obtained for these extracts against P. falciparum ranged from 2.3 to 202.4 microg/ml. The methanolic extract was the most active in vitro extract with an IC50 that ranged from 2.3 to 3.9 microg/ml and a CI that ranged from 41.3 to 57.5. This was also the most in vivo active extract with an ED50 of 9.1 mg/kg/d. Further study will be conducted to isolate and purify active compounds presented in the methanolic extract.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Indonesian physicians need to be educated on the importance of routinely asking their patients about their tobacco use and offering practical advice on how to quit smoking.
Abstract: Objective: To explore Indonesian physician’s smoking behaviours, their attitudes and clinical practices towards smoking cessation. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Physicians working in Jogjakarta Province, Indonesia, between October and December 2003. Subjects: 447 of 690 (65%) physicians with clinical responsibilities responded to the survey (236 men, 211 women), of which 15% were medical faculty, 35% residents and 50% community physicians. Results: 22% of male (n = 50) and 1% of female (n = 2) physicians were current smokers. Approximately 72% of physicians did not routinely ask about their patient’s smoking status. A majority of physicians (80%) believed that smoking up to 10 cigarettes a day was not harmful for health. The predictors for asking patients about smoking were being male, a non-smoker and a medical resident. The odds of advising patients to quit were significantly greater among physicians who perceived themselves as sufficiently trained in smoking cessation. Conclusions: Lack of training in smoking cessation seems to be a major obstacle to physicians actively engaging in smoking cessation activities. Indonesian physicians need to be educated on the importance of routinely asking their patients about their tobacco use and offering practical advice on how to quit smoking.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The transformed intact protocorms, which are young orchid seedlings of P. amabilis, regenerated plants under the same conditions that showed the highest frequency of shooting, indicating that a kanamycin resistance gene under the control of the 35S promoter can be used as a selective marker.
Abstract: Phalaenopsis hybrids constitute a major ornamental crop. An important parent species for many of these hybrids is Phalaenopsis amabilis. We developed a convenient method for the genetic modification of P. amabilis using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The transformed intact protocorms, which are young orchid seedlings of P. amabilis, regenerated plants under the same conditions that showed the highest frequency of shooting. A kanamycin resistance gene under the control of the 35S promoter can be used as a selective marker. In addition, T-DNA vectors containing the Arabidopsis class 1 KNOX gene, BP/KNAT1, were successfully introduced into protocorms. Shoots were generated with an abnormal leaf shape that was easily distinguished from that of normal shoots, indicating that BP/KNAT1 can be used as a visible marker gene. Furthermore, the protocorms transformed with BP/KNAT1 produced multiple shoots. Both the presence and expression of the transgene in transformed plants were confirmed by molecular analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of the ANOVA of the body measurements showed that the three groups of athletes and the non-athlete students were heterogeneous: the badminton players were shorter and lighter with greater skinfold values among the athlete groups; the soccer players were relatively shorter and with smaller skin fold values and greater arm and leg girths; and the volleyball players were taller and heavier with smaller elbow and knee breadths and very small skinfold value as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: There is a considerable corpus of evidence indicating that athletes succeeding in certain sports have distinctive body shapes that differ according to the demands of the type of sports and competitive level The aim of this study was to determine the specific morphological characteristics of young male athletes compared with non-athlete students in Indonesia Anthropometric measurements of 19 badminton players, 96 soccer players, 74 volleyball players, and 51 non-athlete undergraduate students, aged 16 to 28, were obtained in 1994 and 1995 Stature, body weight, bicondylar breadths of the humerus and femur, calf and upper arm circumferences, and skinfolds (at triceps, subscapula, calf, and supraspine) were measured for each subject Heath-Carter somatotypes were determined in all the subjects The results of the ANOVA of the body measurements showed that the three groups of athletes and the non-athlete students were heterogeneous: the badminton players were shorter and lighter with greater skinfold values among the athlete groups; the soccer players were relatively shorter and with smaller skinfold values and greater arm and leg girths; and the volleyball players were taller and heavier with smaller elbow and knee breadths and very small skinfold values The non-athlete students were characterized by greater arm girth, elbow breadths, knee breadths, and back and leg skinfolds In mean somatotype category, the badminton players were ‘central’ (33-37-37), the soccer players were ‘balanced mesomorph’ (27-49-30), the volleyball players were ‘mesomorph-ectomorph’ (24-35-37), and the non-athlete students were ‘ectomorphic mesomorph’ (27-52-38) Comparisons of international scope with each of the different sports showed that the Indonesian players were extremely short and light

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of the effects of pruning on stem form and the incidence of heart rot in an 18-month-old plantation of Acacia mangium in South Sumatra showed that form pruning is likely to have positive benefits on stem straightness and islikely to be effective to any selected pruning height, however a subsequent lift pruned is still considered a requirement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel pyrano-pyridone, YCM1008A, suppressed Ca2+-induced growth inhibition of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Δzds1Δsyr1) mutant.
Abstract: In the course of screening for drugs that suppress the Ca(2+)-mediated growth inhibition in a yeast mutant, we found that the metabolite of Fusarium sp. strain YCM1008 inhibited Ca(2+)-signaling. A novel pyrano-pyridone, YCM1008A was isolated from the fermentation broth using HLB column chromatography followed by HPLC, and the structure was elucidated by spectral analysis. YCM1008A suppressed Ca(2+)-induced growth inhibition of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Deltazds1Deltasyr1) mutant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the production of natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) from cortical bovine bones and natural calcite was studied, and the results showed that the crystallinity of BHA is higher than CHA, matching with the hardness test results of sintered BHA and CHA.
Abstract: The production of natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) specifically from cortical bovine bones and natural calcite was studied in this paper. Bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) was produced from bovine bone in bulk form by de-fatting continued with calcination at 900°C. Natural calcite hydroxyapatite (CHA) was produced by hydrothermal method. It was confirmed from XRD, FTIR, and SEM results that HA have been successfully produced from natural sources like bulk bovine bone and natural calcite. The results also show that the crystallinity of BHA is higher than CHA, matching with the hardness test results of sintered BHA and CHA.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of a defined native EBV EA‐specific antigen opens the way to further improve serological diagnosis of NPC, and the data support further the notion that EBV‐EA reactive IgG and IgA antibodies in NPC patients are directed against distinct conformational and—in part—linear epitopes on EBv‐specific proteins, barely recognized in otherEBV‐related syndromes.
Abstract: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen (EA) complex consists of multiple proteins with relevance for diagnosis of acute, chronic and malignant EBV related diseases, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In a recent study, it was found that the molecular diversity of EBV-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in NPC patients and demonstrated that these reflect independent B-cell triggering leading to distinct EBV antigen-recognition profiles. The fine-specificity of NPC-related IgG and IgA responses was explored further against defined recombinant and synthetic EBV-EA antigens using immunofluorescence, immunoblot and ELISA techniques and determined their diagnostic value in a large panel of sera from NPC (n = 154), non-NPC tumor patients (n = 133), acute mononucleosis patients (n = 70) and healthy EBV carriers (n = 259). Individual recombinant EBV-EA markers yielded sensitivity/specificity values not exceeding 86%, whereas selected EA-specific peptide epitopes were rather poorly recognized by IgG and IgA antibodies in NPC sera. Surprisingly, we found that a "low salt" native EA-protein extract reproducibly prepared from purified nuclei of EA-induced HH514 cells, and containing characteristic EA(D)-polypeptides, such as p47-54 (BMRF1), p138 (BALF2), p55-DNAse (BGLF5), and p65-TK (BXLF1), but without viral capsid (VCA) or nuclear antigen (EBNA) reactivity, gave highest sensitivity (90.4%) and specificity (95.5%) values for NPC diagnosis in both IgG and IgA ELISA. The data support further the notion that EBV-EA reactive IgG and IgA antibodies in NPC patients are directed against distinct conformational and-in part-linear epitopes on EBV-specific proteins, barely recognized in other EBV-related syndromes. The use of a defined native EBV EA-specific antigen opens the way to further improve serological diagnosis of NPC.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is a surprising observation that the enantioselectivity of the DNA binding for [Fe(phen)2(dppz)]2+ is base-dependent in nature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The SEA-ORCHID project was intended to improve care during pregnancy and the perinatal period of mothers and their babies in South East Asia by increasing the local capacity for the synthesis of research, implementation of effective interventions, and identification of gaps in knowledge needing further research.
Abstract: Background Disorders related to pregnancy and childbirth are a major health issue in South East Asia. They represent one of the biggest health risk differentials between the developed and developing world. Our broad research question is: Can the health of mothers and babies in Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia be improved by increasing the local capacity for the synthesis of research, implementation of effective interventions, and identification of gaps in knowledge needing further research?

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study focuses on tuberculosis in Indonesia, which has a high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and a large private health sector, and aims to develop a strategy to address this problem.
Abstract: Summary Background Indonesia has a high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and a large private health sector. Objectives To explore the potential of private practitioners (PP) in TB control in Jogjakarta by assessing their load of TB suspects and case-management practices. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey of a random sample of 164 PP, weighted to the local proportions of specialists, general practitioners (GP), nurses and midwives. We investigated their knowledge of directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS), whether they see TB suspects, whether they refer such patients and how they possibly diagnose and treat TB. Results We sampled 174 PP, of which 164 (94.3%) completed the interview. Most PP (63.4%) reported to have seen TB suspects in their private practice, and 62.8% were also employed in a DOTS facility. Specialists saw on average 18 suspects, GP 11 suspects, and nurses–midwives three suspects in a year. Many PP (45.2%) always relied on National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) services for diagnosis. Fewer PP (41.5%) used, by themselves, diagnostic procedures complying with the NTP guidelines. The majority (63.6%) always referred confirmed cases for treatment, mainly (71.4%) to NTP services. Most PP (72.7%) who treated TB patients themselves did not prescribe the NTP standard regimen. Conclusion The study shows that the TB case load per PP is low in Jogjakarta, where the NTP already involves public and private hospitals besides public health centres. Initiatives to engage all PP might only marginally contribute in increasing the TB case detection. Donnees de base L’Indonesie a une prevalence elevee de tuberculose (TB) et un vaste secteur prive de sante. Objectifs Explorer le potentiel des praticiens prives (PP) dans le controle de la TB a Jogjakarta en evaluant la charge de suspects TB dans leur clientele et les pratiques de gestion des cas de TB. Methodes Nous avons mene une surveillance transversale par telephone sur un echantillon aleatoire de 164 PP ponderes aux proportions locales de specialistes, de medecins generalistes, d’infirmieres et de sages-femmes. Nous avons investigue leur connaissance du DOTS (administration du schema court de traitement sous observation), s’ils voyaient des suspects TB, s’ils referaient de tels patients et comment ils diagnostiquaient et traitaient la TB. Resultats Sur un echantillons de 174 PP, 164 (94,3%) ont accompli l’entretien. La plupart des PP (63,4%) ont rapporte avoir vu des suspects TB dans leur cabinet prive et 62,8%etaient egalement employes dans un service DOTS. Les specialistes avaient vu en moyenne 18 suspects, les medecins generalistes 11 suspects et les infirmieres/sages-femmes, 3 suspects en une annee. Beaucoup de PP (45,2%) se sont toujours bases sur les services des programmes nationaux de controle de la tuberculose (PNT) pour le diagnostic. Peu de PP (41,5%) ont employe par eux-memes des procedures de diagnostic conformes aux directives des PNT. La majorite (63,6%) des PP ont toujours refere les cas confirmes de TB pour traitement, principalement (71,4%) dans les services de PNT. La plupart des PP (72,7%) qui ont eux-memes traite des patients TB n’ont pas prescrit le regime standard du PNT. Conclusion L’etude montre que la charge de cas de TB par pp est faible a Jogjakarta ou le PNT implique deja les hopitaux publics et prives autant que les centres de sante publique. Les initiatives pour engager tout les PP pourraient contribuer, mais seulement marginalement, a augmenter la detection de cas de TB. Antecedentes Indonesia tiene una alta prevalencia de tuberculosis (TB) y un amplio sector sanitario privado. Objetivos Explorar el potencial que los medicos con consultas privadas (MPs) tendrian en el control de la TB en Yogyakarta, evaluando su papel en la carga de sospecha de TB y practica de manejo de casos. Metodos Se realizo un estudio telefonico croseccional a una muestra de 164 MPs elegida al azar y ponderada por la proporcion de especialistas, medicos generales, enfermeras y comadronas. Se evaluo su conocimiento de DOTS (terapia de observacion directa), si atiendian pacientes con sospecha de TB, si refierian a dichos pacientes y como podrian diagnosticarse y tratarse la TB. Resultados De una muestra de 174 MPs, 164 (94.3%) completaron la entrevista. La mayoria de los MPs (63.4%) reportaron haber visto casos con sospecha de TB en sus consultas privadas y 62.8% estaban tambien empleados en un centro que utilizaba DOTS. En promedio, los especialistas veian 18 sospechosos por ano, los medicos generales 11, y las enfermeras y comadronas 3. Muchos MPs (45.2%) dependian siempre del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis (PNT) para servicios de diagnostico. Un menor numero de MPs (41.5%) utilizaban, ellos solos, procedimientos diagnosticos que cumpliesen con las guias del PNT. La mayoria (63.6%) siempre referia los casos confirmados para tratamiento, principalmente (71.4%) a los servicios del PNT. La mayoria de los MPs (72.7%) que trataban ellos mismos a los pacientes con TB no prescribian el regimen estandar del PNT. Conclusion El estudio muestra que la carga de casos de TB por MP es baja en Yogyakarta, en donde el PNT ya involucra hospitales publicos y privados ademas de centros sanitarios publicos. Las iniciativas para implicar a todos los MPs podria contribuir a aumentar solo marginalmente la deteccion de casos de TB.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rotavirus genotyping demonstrated a temporal shift from G1-G4 to G9, but this was highly associated with the P[8] gene, suggesting that a multivalent rotavirus vaccine, incorporating G9 P[7] antigen, may reduce the burden of diarrheal illnesses among Indonesian children.

Journal ArticleDOI
23 Feb 2007-Vacuum
TL;DR: In this paper, the secondary electron emission (SEE) coefficients of alumina ceramics and sapphire coated with TiN films of various thicknesses were investigated using a scanning electron microscope with a single-pulse electron beam (100 pA, 1 ms).

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2007-Allergy
TL;DR: This case indicates that even children with severe pulmonary dysfunction related to status asthmaticus may recover within a few days, if they are treated with ECMO, which allows the lungs to rest, together with standard aggressive therapies.
Abstract: internal jugular vein and common carotid artery were cannulated and venoarterial ECMO was initiated (Fig. 1). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a mucous plug in the right upper bronchus, removed by aspiration. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis showed 88% of neutrophils and 8% of eosinophils; BALF culture yielded influenza A virus. The child s respiratory function gradually improved and he was successfully weaned from ECMO after 5 days, when he required an additional 2 days of mechanical ventilation. No major complications occurred during ECMO. Serial chest radiographs showed progressive normalization. A month later, a chest computed tomography scan revealed normal lungs and bronchi and pulmonary function tests (interrupter resistance technique) showed a normal airway resistance (0.60 kPa/l·s). The range of factors associated with increased risk of asthma death include delay in diagnosis and under-treatment of disease, both long term and in the final acute event (1). Our patient had no risk factors for lifethreatening asthma. He suffered from mild intermittent asthma and the near fatal asthma exacerbation was triggered by a viral respiratory infection. Respiratory viruses are well recognized as major triggers of asthma exacerbations and a viral detection rate of 47% has been reported in children treated for near fatal asthma (4). Very few data are available on ECMO as a therapeutic option for children with life-threatening status asthmaticus (5, 6). Patients with status asthmaticus die because their condition deteriorates or because they experience treatment-associated complications. The decision to place our patient on ECMO was based on a progressive deterioration of respiratory function despite maximal medical therapy. This case indicates that even children with severe pulmonary dysfunction related to status asthmaticus may recover within a few days, if they are treated with ECMO, which allows the lungs to rest, together with standard aggressive therapies. However, as significant adverse effects may occur with ECMO, it should be reserved as rescue therapy when all other therapies fail. In conclusion, ECMO may represent a rescue therapy for children with status asthmaticus refractory to maximal conventional treatment. In addition, while it is useful for doctors and patients to recognize the features that give certain asthmatic subjects a high-risk profile, physicians should be constantly aware that no asthmatic child is really free of the risk of a life-threatening attack of asthma.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The results indicated that the interaction of AMF and the selected rhizobacteria has a potential to be developed as biofertilizers in acid soil.
Abstract: The inoculation effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or/and rhizobacteria, (phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, PSB; N2-fixing bacteria, NFB; and siderophore-producing bacteria, SPB) on the growth and nutrients uptake of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were studied in acid and low availability phosphate soil. The microbial inocula consisted of the AMFs Glomus manihotis and Entrophospora colombiana, PSB Pseudomonas sp., NFB Azospirillum lipoferum, and SPB fluorescent pseudomonad. The inoculation of either AMF or each rhizobacterium improved the plant dry weight and nutrients uptake such as N, P, Fe, and Zn. Dual inoculation of AMF and each rhizobacterium yielded the higher of plant dry weight and nutrients uptake compared to the single inoculation. Dual inoculation of AMF and PSB, AMF and NFB, AMF and SPB increased plant dry weight by 112, 64, and 60 times higher compared to the uninoculated plant, respectively. The rhizobacteria also improved plant colonization by AMF. These results indicated that the interaction of AMF and the selected rhizobacteria has a potential to be developed as biofertilizers in acid soil.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Supporting supervising and evaluating PPM projects and investing time and effort to ensure sufficient dialogue amongst all stakeholders was essential to help build trust and to achieve agreement on how to collaborate is suggested.
Abstract: Advocacy on engaging the private sector in tuberculosis (TB) control is mounting. In the newly launched six-point Stop TB Strategy WHO makes an urgent appeal to engage private care providers. Even more recently this was supplanted by a guide on how to involve all care providers in TB control through different Public-Private Mix (PPM) approaches. At the same time the body of evidence on the effectiveness of such approaches although growing remains rather weak: It has been summarized in a review of PPM-DOTS pilot studies in Kenya Vietnam and India by Lonnroth et al. a review of PPM pilot studies in India by Dewan et al. a first economic evaluation of a PPM initiative in India and a review by Lonnroth et al. focusing on the contractual component of PPM pilot initiatives across the globe. The earlier review of four PPM-DOTS projects in Vietnam Kenya and India by Lonnroth et al. supports the notion that engagement of the private sector may accelerate the achievement of goals for global tuberculosis control. However a closer look at the data presented reveals a wide variation of effect on case detection with a median of 5.49 (Q1 = 1.19; Q3 = 10.76) new cases notified per private provider per year and a lack of information on the percentage of cases (out of the total notified in the pilot areas) that was detected by these providers. Context specific factors evidently mattered much and the authors further suggested that to ensure impact the national TB control program (NTP) must be strongly committed. Supporting supervising and evaluating PPM projects and investing time and effort to ensure sufficient dialogue amongst all stakeholders was essential to help build trust and to achieve agreement on how to collaborate. (authors)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The weaknesses of current environmental policies and programs in Indonesia, which give too dominant a role to the government and neglect civil society's involvement in natural resources and environmental management, are analyzed in this article.
Abstract: As the largest archipelagic nation in the world, with distinctive environmental conditions and biodiversity, Indonesia on the one hand has tremendous natural and environmental riches while on the other hand faces a variety of environmental problems. After three decades of the New Order era, 1967-1998, Indonesian society is in a crucial transformation process towards a more democratic era. At the same time, as indicated in that country's decentralisation laws No. 22/99 and 25/99, Indonesia is also shifting its style of government, from a centralistic to decentralised one. These two trends are happening simultaneously with globalisation prompting a flow of global capital that directly increases pressure on the Indonesian environment. This paper evaluates the decentralisation of environmental management programmes in Indonesia and focuses on the implications of these changes. The weaknesses of current environmental policies and programmes in Indonesia, which give too dominant a role to the government and neglect civil society's involvement in natural resources and environmental management, are analysed. Further, the paper addresses the lack of attention to date to issues of environmental rights and justice that create many complex environ- mental and social conflicts throughout Indonesia. We conclude by recommending some fundamen- tal changes to environmental policies and programmes in the decentralised system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of small ruminants on the quality of air and water in and around ruminant houses was investigated in the Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, using a gas catching tool filled with absorbents for gases.