Gadjah Mada University

About: Gadjah Mada University is a education organization based out in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Adsorption. The organization has 17307 authors who have published 21389 publications receiving 116561 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Gajah Mada & Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Evaluation of stool microbiota signatures in two cohorts of Asian (Singapore and Indonesia) newborns at risk of atopy

Abstract: Background Studies have suggested that demographic and lifestyle factors could shape the composition of fecal microbiota in early life. This study evaluated infant stool microbiota signatures in two Asian populations, Singapore (n = 42) and Indonesia (n = 32) with contrasting socioeconomic development, and examined the putative influences of demographic factors on these human fecal associated bacterial signatures.

Pharmacogenetics of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity

Abstract: Tuberculosis is still a major problem in some developed and developing countries. The poor compliance to the treatment of tuberculosis patients due to the adverse events was supposed to be an important factor contributing to the high prevalence. This review aims to clarify the role and the pharmacological mechanism of the genes involved in the isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity. We selected English articles of studies in human from PubMed up to May 2014 with the keywords pharmacogenetic, isoniazid and hepatotoxicity, N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2), CYP2E1 and glutathione S transferase (GST). Polymorphisms of NAT2, CYP2E1 and GST1 could increase patients' susceptibility to isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity. The rapid acetylators of NAT2 and rapid metabolizers of CYP2E1 showed increased concentrations of hepatotoxic metabolites. However, the rapid metabolizers of GST1 could decrease the concentration of hepatotoxic metabolites. Some studies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), Uridine 5'-dipphospho (UDP) glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), Broad complex, Tramtrack, Bric-a-brac (BTB) and cap'n'collar type of basic region leucine zipper factor family (CNC) homolog (BACH) and Maf basic leucine zipper protein (MAFK) polymorphisms showed their roles in isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity by modifying the expression of antioxidant enzymes. A better insight into the role of polymorphisms of HLA, UGT, NOS, BACH and MAFK in addition to NAT2, CYP2E1 and GST1 in the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid may support physicians in monitoring patients hepatotoxicity symptoms and laboratory data and optimizing pharmacotherapy. Future studies about the role of such polymorphisms in different ethnicities are suggested.

Measurement of Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity using serological cohort data from Indonesian schoolchildren

Abstract: Background: As malaria transmission intensity approaches zero, measuring it becomes progressively more difficult and inefficient because parasite-positive individuals are hard to detect. This situation may arise shortly before achieving local elimination, or during surveillance post-elimination to prevent reintroduction. Antibody responses against the parasite last longer than the infections themselves. This “footprint” of infection may thus be used for assessing transmission intensity. A statistical approach is presented for measuring the seroconversion rate (SCR), a correlate of the force of infection, from individual-level longitudinal data on antibody titres in an area of low Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 160 Indonesian schoolchildren every month for six months. Titres of antibodies against AMA-1 and MSP-119 antigens of P. falciparum were measured using ELISA. The distribution of antibody titres among seronegative and -positive individuals, respectively, was estimated by comparing the titres from the study data (a mixture of both seropositive and -negative individuals) with titres from a (unexposed) negative control group of Indonesian individuals. Two Markov-Chain models for the transition of individuals between serological states were fitted to individual anti-PfAMA-1 or anti-PfMSP-1 titre time series using Bayesian Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC). This yielded estimates of SCR as well as of the duration of seropositivity. Results: A posterior median SCR of 0.02 (Pf AMA-1) and 0.09 (PfMSP-1) person -1 year -1 was estimated, with credible intervals ranging from 1E-4 to 0.2 person -1 year -1 . This level of transmission intensity is at the lower range of what can reliably be measured with the present study size. A Bayesian test for seroconversion of an individual between two observations is presented and used to identify the subjects who have most likely experienced an infection. Furthermore, the theoretical limits of measuring transmission intensity, and how these depend on duration and size of a study as well as on transmission intensity itself, is illustrated. Conclusions: This analysis shows that it is possible to measure SCR's from individual-level longitudinal data on antibody titres. In addition, individual seroconversion events can be identified, which can be useful in assessing interruption of transmission. Analyses of further serological datasets using the present method are required to improve and validate it. This includes measurement of the duration of antibody responses, how it depends on host age or cumulative exposure, or on the particular antigen used.