Gadjah Mada University

About: Gadjah Mada University is a education organization based out in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Adsorption. The organization has 17307 authors who have published 21389 publications receiving 116561 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Gajah Mada & Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Prevention of nosocomial infections in developing countries: a systematic review

Abstract: Background: Prevention of nosocomial infection is key to providing good quality, safe healthcare. Infection control programmes (hand-hygiene campaigns and antibiotic stewardship) are effective in reducing nosocomial infections in developed countries. However, the effectiveness of these programmes in developing countries is uncertain. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for preventing nosocomial infections in developing countries. Methods: A systematic search for studies which evaluated interventions to prevent nosocomial infection in both adults and children in developing countries was undertaken using PubMed. Only intervention trials with a randomized controlled, quasi-experimental or sequential design were included. Where there was adequate homogeneity, a meta-analysis of specific interventions was performed using the Mantel–Haenzel fixed effects method to estimate the pooled risk difference. Results: Thirty-four studies were found. Most studies were from South America and Asia. Most were beforeand-after intervention studies from tertiary urban hospitals. Hand-hygiene campaigns that were a major component of multifaceted interventions (18 studies) showed the strongest effectiveness for reducing nosocomial infection rates (median effect 49%, effect range 12.7–100%). Hand-hygiene campaigns alone and studies of antibiotic stewardship to improve rational antibiotic use reduced nosocomial infection rates in three studies [risk difference (RD) of 20.09 (95%CI 20.12 to 20.07) and RD of 20.02 (95%CI 20.02 to 20.01), respectively]. Conclusions: Multifaceted interventions including hand-hygiene campaigns, antibiotic stewardship and other elementary infection control practices are effective in developing countries. The modest effect size of hand-hygiene campaigns alone and negligible effect size of antibiotic stewardship reflect the limited number of studies with sufficient homogeneity to conduct meta-analyses.

Nonreciprocal reflection by magnons in FeF2: A high-resolution study.

Abstract: We present oblique-incidence frequency scans of an antiferromagnetic-resonance reflectivity spectrum in the presence of an applied magnetic field ${\mathit{H}}_{0}$. Results are shown for the c axis of an ${\mathrm{FeF}}_{2}$ single crystal both parallel and perpendicular to ${\mathit{H}}_{0}$, which is normal to the plane of incidence. In both cases the s-polarization spectra show nonreciprocal behavior with respect to ${\mathit{H}}_{0}$.