Gadjah Mada University

About: Gadjah Mada University is a education organization based out in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Adsorption. The organization has 17307 authors who have published 21389 publications receiving 116561 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Gajah Mada & Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Maillard conjugation as an approach to improve whey proteins functionality: A review of conventional and novel preparation techniques

Abstract: Background The covalent interaction between an amino group of a protein and a carbonyl group of a carbohydrate through Maillard reaction leads to the production of conjugates. The conjugation of carbohydrates to whey proteins (WPs) is of particular interest due to the substantial improvement in WP characteristics (heat, ionic strength and pH sensitivity). The improved heat stability of conjugated WPs can be effectively used in the formulation of infant formulas, as well as beverages and powders, where heat stability is a limitation. Several preparation techniques have been used, which each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Scope and approach Initially, the biochemical properties of whey proteins as well as the basic principles of conjugate preparation are highlighted. In order to provide insights into traditional and current state-of-the-art preparation techniques, recent studies about WP-carbohydrate conjugation are reviewed. Key findings and conclusions Recent studies have shown that the Maillard interaction between WPs and carbohydrates can be exploited to substantially improve the physicochemical properties of these proteins. These studies describe conjugate preparation using conventional (dry and wet heating) and novel (e.g. pulsed-field gradient, sonication, extrusion, high pressure, and electrospinning) techniques. Whereas dry heating has been extensively used in many studies as a conventional method for the production of the WP conjugates, recent research has been focused on new approaches to produce the conjugates on an industrial scale.

The 21 February 2005, catastrophic waste avalanche at Leuwigajah dumpsite, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract: On 21 February 2005 the Leuwigajah dumpsite, Bandung (Java, Indonesia) was affected by a large slide after heavy rainfalls. Second deadliest waste slide in history, it buried 71 houses and killed 143 people. Amongst the contemporary disastrous events of this type, only a few have been documented. We explored failure preconditions, triggering mechanisms and local context that conducted to this disaster. We carried on four field investigations on the site. A series of aerial photographs were acquired and completed by topographical measures on the ground. The morphology of the slide and its trajectory were reconstructed. To constrain the movement condition, we studied the internal structure of the source area and realized surveys among stakeholders of the dumpsite and citizen. 2.7 × 106 m3 of waste materials spread 1000 m from the source in a rice field with an average thickness of 10 m. The material displays a preferential fabric parallel to the previous topography. Numerous internal slip surfaces, underlined by plastic bags explain the low friction coefficient. The presence of methane within the waste dump was responsible for explosions prior to sliding and for the fire that affects whole sliding mass. Resulting of a combination of heavy rainfall and consecutive explosions due to biogas sudden release, this disaster was predictable in reason of i) a front slope of the dump of about 100% before the failure; ii) a poor dumpsite management; iii) the extreme vulnerability of the marginalized scavengers living at risk at the foot of the instable dump.

The Capacity of the Indonesian Healthcare System to Respond to COVID-19.

Abstract: The Indonesian Government has issued various policies to fight Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). However, cases have continued to fluctuate over a year into the pandemic. There is a need to assess the country's healthcare system's capacity to absorb and accommodate the varying healthcare demands. We reviewed the current capacity of Indonesia's healthcare system to respond to COVID-19 based on the four essential elements of surge capacity: staff, stuff, structure, and system. Currently available medical staffs are insufficient to deal with potentially increasing demands as the pandemic highlighted the human resources challenges the healthcare system has been struggling with. The pandemic has exposed the fragility of medical supply chains. Surges in the number of patients requiring hospitalization have led to depleted medical supplies. The existing healthcare infrastructure is still inadequate to deal with the rise of COVID-19 cases, which has also exposed the limited capacity of the healthcare infrastructure to manage medical waste. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exposed the weakness of the patient referral system and the limited capacity of the healthcare system to deliver essential health services under prolonged emergencies. The Indonesian Government needs to ramp up the country's healthcare capacity. A wide range of strategies has been proposed to address those mounting challenges. Notwithstanding, the challenges of increasing healthcare capacity highlight that such efforts could represent only one part of the pandemic response equation. Effective pandemic response ultimately requires governments' commitment to increase healthcare capacity and flatten the curve concurrently.