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Showing papers by "Gdańsk Medical University published in 1996"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated heavy metal pollution in the Gulf of Gdansk and the southern Baltic Sea and found that cobalt, Ni, Cs, Rb, Fe, Mg, Li, and K covary with Al and display an enrichment factor EFAl M of about one.
Abstract: The Gulf of Gdansk is one of the pollution “hot spots”; of the Baltic Sea. In order to investigate heavy‐metal pollution there, 31 bulk (<2 mm), surficial sediments from the Gulf of Gdansk and the southern Baltic Sea were analyzed for 20 elements. Cobalt, Ni, Cs, Rb, Fe, Mg, Li, and K covary with Al and display an enrichment factor EFAl M of about one, indicating that these elements occur in the sediments dominantly in the clay mineral fraction. Zinc, Cd, Pb, and Ag display an enrichment factor much greater than one and are thought to be dominantly anthropogenic in origin. Grain size plays a significant role in determining element concentrations within the sediments. Systematic trends in the distribution of the heavy metals away from the mouth of the Vistula River were therefore not observed in bulk sediments. However, R‐mode factor analysis discriminated between sediments taken from near the mouths of the Vistula and Reda Rivers and the other sediments and indicated that sediments from near the ...

179 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a random population sample of 1057 persons, 20-88 years old, was investigated in a geographically defined area of Belgium, in order to determine reference values for ambulatory blood pressure, and the results showed that the transition from normotension to hypertension on ambulatory measurement was likely to be within the ranges of 130-135/80-85, 135-140/85-90 and 120-125/70-75 mmHg for 24 h, daytime and night-time pressures, respectively.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In order to determine reference values for ambulatory blood pressure, a random population sample of 1057 persons, 20-88 years old, was investigated in a geographically defined area of Belgium. This article is the final report on the cross-sectional phase of this population survey. METHODS:Twenty-four-hour ambulatory pressure was recorded at 20 min intervals from 0800 to 2200 h and at 45 min intervals from 2200 to 0800 h. Conventional blood pressure was measured by trained nurses at the participants' homes and also in a subgroup of 532 persons at a locally organized clinic. A conventional blood pressure exceeding 140 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic and the taking of antihypertensive drugs were the criteria used to distinguish between normotensive and hypertensive persons. RESULTS: In the 1057 patients, of whom 328 were hypertensive, 24 h, daytime (2200 to 0800 h) and night-time (0000 to 0600 h) pressures averaged 119/71, 125/77 and 108/62 mmHg, respectively. Compared with daytime values, blood pressures at home were 3.5/1.5 mmHg lower in 729 normotensive people but 11.6/4.5 mmHg higher in 328 hypertensive patients. In the normotensive subgroup the 95th percentiles of the 24 h, daytime and night-time pressures were 129/80, 137/88 and 121/72 mmHg, respectively. These boundaries were not materially altered when we considered only the 275 participants who had been normotensive both at home and at the clinic (127/79, 135/87 and 118/72 mmHg, respectively). When, in addition to the Belgian data, other reports on large cohorts were also analysed, the transition from normotension to hypertension on ambulatory measurement was likely to be within the ranges of 130-135/80-85, 135-140/85-90 and 120-125/70-75 mmHg for 24 h, daytime and night-time pressures, respectively. CONCLUSION: In comparison with other population surveys and with the earlier interim reports on the Belgian study, the present analysis produced remarkably consistent results with respect to the distributions of the ambulatory measurements. The working definitions of normality based on the 95th percentiles of the ambulatory measurements in the normotensive participants in the present survey and various other studies need further validation in terms of the incidence of cardiovascular complications. For this purpose, the Belgian participants as well as other cohorts are being prospectively followed.

124 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presence or absence of the mecA gene, the determinant of resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics, was examined in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR).

118 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The elevated fluoride level in urine in localities in Northern and Central Poland may be caused not only by the water fluoride, but also by the inhalation of dust particles containing fluoride, and by the diet.

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Quantitative relationships between the structure of antihistamine drugs (AHD) and their retention on an alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) HPLC column (QSRR) were studied in order to identify characteristic structural features of the binding site for AHD on AGP.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Instead of a search for an in vitro partition system precisely mimicking the brain/blood distribution equilibrium a model is recommended by a combination of standard partition parameters with a molecular bulkiness descriptor.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1996-Mycoses
TL;DR: The most common clinical variant of dermatophytosis in the Gdansk area was tinea cutis glabrae, and Dermatophytoses were significantly more frequent among adults (> 15 years) (71.3%).
Abstract: A survey of dermatophytes and dermatophytoses was carried out among patients of the Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Gdansk, in the years 1984-95. Over the 12-year period, 1195 cases of ringworm were seen: 55% in men and 45% in women. Listing the dermatophytes isolated and their frequencies as a percentage of the total are as follows: Trichophyton mentagrophytes 42.1%, Microsporum canis 26.0%, Trichophyton rubrum 14.7%, Epidermophyton floccosum 11.0%, Trichophyton tonsurans 4.6%, Trichophyton verrucosum 1.3%, Trichophyton violaceum 0.3%. The most common clinical variant of dermatophytosis in the Gdansk area was tinea cutis glabrae (32.9%), followed by tinea pedis (24%), onychomycosis (16.5%), tinea capitis (11.9%)), tinea inguinalis (10.3%) and tinea manuum (4.4%). Dermatophytoses were significantly more frequent among adults (> 15 years) (71.3%).

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: BP is higher and subjected to wider oscillations during the cold season in patients with mild hypertension probably due to sympathetic activation and the assessment of a hypertensive subject may give different results according to the season.
Abstract: We investigated the seasonal changes in blood pressure (BP) and in short-term BP variability determined using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) 1000 white subjects, who took part in the multicenter HARVEST study, underwent ABPM with the A&D TM-2420 or the Spacelabs 90207 Standard deviation of the mean daytime and nighttime BP was taken as an index of short-term BP variability (v) Maximal outdoor temperature (Tmax) during each ABPM was obtained from local Meteorological Centers Subjects were divided according to season and to quartiles of Tmax A subgroup of 46 persons who repeated ABPM in Winter and Summer was also studied We observed evident seasonal differences in office and ambulatory systolic BP (SBP) with a peak during Winter Diastolic BP (DBP) and heart rate did not vary throughout the four seasons Office SBP (p < 001), 24-hour (p < 0002), daytime SBP (p < 00001), both daytime SBPv (p < 00001), DBPv (p < 002), and nighttime SBPv (p < 005), DBPv (p < 002) as well as norepinephrine (p < 0005) were significantly higher during Winter than Summer Similar differences were observed in subjects grouped in quartiles of Tmax In the subgroup daytime but not nighttime SBP was higher in the cold season Average 24-hour SBP (p < 005), daytime SBP (p < 002), daytime SBPv (p < 0001) and DBPv (p < 005) and norepinephrine (p < 00001) were significantly negatively correlated with Tmax in the whole population BP is higher and subjected to wider oscillations during the cold season in patients with mild hypertension probably due to sympathetic activation The assessment of a hypertensive subject may give different results according to the season

47 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Data concerning role of acetyl-CoA in patomechanisms of disturbances of cholinergic metabolism in Alzheimers disease, thiamine deficiency, inherited defects of pyruvate dehydrogenase and diabetes are reviewed.
Abstract: Acetyl-CoA provision to the synaptoplasmic compartment of cholinergic nerve terminals plays a regulatory role in the synthesis of acetylcholine. The disturbances in glucose utilization and in decarboxylation of the end product of its metabolism pyruvate, are considered to be significant factors causing cholinergic deficits in several diseases of the central nervous system. In this article we review data concerning role of acetyl-CoA in patomechanisms of disturbances of cholinergic metabolism in Alzheimers disease, thiamine deficiency, inherited defects of pyruvate dehydrogenase and diabetes.

46 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: As pathological AD type alteration affects severely practically the whole hippocampal formation, including the entorhinal cortex, the extensive neuronal pathology of the paramygdalar part of the claustrum is probably related to this process and may deeper memory dysfunction.
Abstract: Pathological changes in the claustrum and its main parts (dorsal, temporal, orbital and paramygdalar) were studied on ten brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and five control brains. The brains after fixation in formalin were embedded in paraffin, coronal-8-micron-thick serial sections were cut and stained either with cresyl violet or with immunocytochemical methods for amyloid and tangles. Morphometrical studies were performed in all parts of the claustrum along its whole extension. The claustrum in control brains was free of neurofibrillary and amyloid pathology except for one case with few senile plaques in the paramygdalar part. In AD affected brains the most severe changes were found in the paramygdalar part connected with the entorhinal cortex (neuronal loss -46%; 698 +/- 244.6 neurofibrillary tangles per mm3, tangle/neuron ratio -6.8 +/- 2.4%). In other parts of the claustrum related mainly with the neocortex pathological changes were significantly less expressed. As pathological AD type alteration affects severely practically the whole hippocampal formation, including the entorhinal cortex, the extensive neuronal pathology of the paramygdalar part of the claustrum is probably related to this process and may deeper memory dysfunction.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A case of pure alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma arising from the uterine cervix in a 45-year-old patient and having a very aggressive clinical course is described in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Intracellular AMP hydrolysis probably produces sufficient adenosine in ischemic heart to exert physiological activity, but human heart shows lower cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase activities than rat heart, which can easily account foradenosine formation during ischemia.
Abstract: Intracellular AMP hydrolysis probably produces sufficient adenosine in ischemic heart to exert physiological activity Because data on adenosine-producing systems in human heart are scarce, we measured 1) formation of adenosine (catabolites) in ischemic human heart slices and 2) cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase activity in human left ventricle We also measured the latter in rat ventricle and cardiomyocytes During the first 5 min of incubation, adenosine production in slices (n = 5) equaled 26 +/- 10 (SD) nmolmin-1g wet wt-1, and total AMP content was 081 +/- 046 mM Cytoplasmic IMP-preferring 5'-nucleotidase activity in homogenates of human heart (N-II, 167 +/- 78 mU/g, n = 23) was significantly higher than that of the AMP-preferring one (N-I, 107 +/- 61 mU/g, n = 24) Both isozymes were two to three times more active in rat heart than in human heart Rat cardiomyocytes contained comparable amounts of the two 5'-nucleotidases Kinetics of N-I isolated from explanted human heart displayed features similar to the enzyme from animal heart, with a Michaelis constant of 15 mM under maximally stimulated conditions This form can provide the amount of adenosine found in ischemic slices In conclusion, human heart shows lower cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase activities than rat heart Nevertheless, cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase activity in human heart can easily account for adenosine formation during ischemia

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The combined data indicate that cells with somatic mutations appear early and may be influential in the disease process leading to OA.
Abstract: We examined, cytogenetically and by in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques, the synovia, osteophytes, and articular cartilage from 32 patients with pronounced osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent form of arthropathy characterized by progressive reduction of articular cartilage, and synovial samples from 17 control patients. In short-term cultures, clonal chromosome aberrations, in particular the gain of chromosomes 7 (+7) and 5 (+5), were found to be strongly associated with OA. These aberrations were found in almost 90% of the cultures from synovia and osteophytes, whereas only 1/11 synovial samples from joints unequivocally unaffected by OA had cells with +5 or +7. The in vivo nature of trisomy 7 was demonstrated by ISH on uncultured cells, and serial passaging showed that cells with +7 had a proliferative advantage in vitro. Thus, the combined data indicate that cells with somatic mutations appear early and may be influential in the disease process leading to OA.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of 11 fundamental nucleosides and cyclic nucleotides was analyzed in 15 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that NO may have a beneficial influence on the capillary organ perfusion in acute pancreatitis, although the improvement was significant in colon perfusion only.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the potential role of nitric oxide (NO) on the microcirculation in experimental acute pancreatitis in rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into the following gro

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that the proposed method can be used for the identification of Acinetobacter spp.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this study indicate that during a continuous exposure the lead level in hair reflects its content in bone, and such phenomena did not occur during the postexposure period.
Abstract: The use of hair and bone as media in evaluation of lead exposure was investigated in this study. For 12–16 wk rats were given tap water containing lead acetate in the following concentrations: 41.7 mg Pb/L, 83.3 mg Pb/L, and 166.6 mg Pb/L. The animals were sacrificed every 4 wk and their tibia bones and hair were collected for determination of lead content. In control animals, the lead level amounted to 1.2 μg/g (range 0.8–1.3 μg/g) and 0.7 μg/g (range 0.4–2.0 μg/g) in bone and hair, respectively. In the treated rats the accumulation of lead in bone and hair occurred in a dose-dependent manner. A positive corelation (r=0.876) was established between the lead levels in bone and hair of the rats. The regression equation was as follows: μg Pb/g bone=0.842×μg Pb/g hair+1.868. After discontinuation of exposure, a significant decrease in the lead content in bone and hair was noticed. About 9 wk after cessation of treatment, the lead content in hair declined to the pre-exposure level, but 64% of the maximal lead concentration did remain in bone. The results of this study indicate that during a continuous exposure the lead level in hair reflects its content in bone. Such phenomena did not occur during the postexposure period.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of this report is to review the experience with this neoplasm and to compare it with previously published data.
Abstract: Background Due to rarity of fallopian tube cancer most series on this tumor are small and many problems have remained unsolved. The aim of this report is to review our experience with this neoplasm and to compare it with previously published data.Methods Retrospective study of 26 patients with fallopian tube cancer treated in one institution between 1974 and 1994. All patients underwent primary surgical treatment and 18 received adjuvant therapy including pelvic irradiation in 14 cases and chemotherapy in four. Results. Relapse occurred in 18 out of 25 followed up patients. Upper abdominal component of relapse was encountered in 12 patients (67%), pelvic component - in eight (44%) and extraperitoneal component - in six (33%). Pelvic relapse occurred in two out of 13 followed up patients treated with postoperative irradiation and in six out of 12 who did not receive postoperative radiotherapy. Survival ranged from 6 to 218 + months (median 23 months). Five-year actual survival was 33%. There were no 2-year...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recurrence and treatment failure occurred in seven out of 14 patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy and in 12 out of 17 treated without irradiation in both groups, and the survival for the whole series ranged from 2 months to 19+ years (median 26 months) and was not related to tumor type.
Abstract: Records of 42 patients with a diagnosis of uterine sarcoma treated between 1974 and 1995 at the Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gda′nsk have been reviewed. There were 15 cases of leiomyosarcoma, 14 cases of carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mesodermal tumor) and 13 cases of endometrial stromal sarcoma. There were 24 FIGO stage I patients, 3 stage II patients, 7 stage III patients and 8 stage IV patients. Thirty seven patients had previously been operated on, of whom 33 had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoophorectomy. Adjuvant postoperative treatment was administered in 19 patients and included radiotherapy in 16 patients, chemotherapy in two and chemotherapy and irradiation in one. Out of 31 radically operated patients, 19 (61%) had recurrences, within 2–42 months of primary treatment (median 10 months); nine patients had distant metasases, six patients had local recurrence and four had both local and distant failure. Treatment failure occurred in seven out of 14 patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy and in 12 out of 17 treated without irradiation. Median survival time in both groups was 26 months. The survival for the whole series ranged from 2 months to 19+ years (median 26 months) and was not related to tumor type. Two and five year actuarial survival rates were 54% and 30%, respectively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results presented describe precisely the role of temperature in high performance liquid chromatography systems in which mobile phases modified with cyclodextrin were used.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Relationship between in vitro percutaneous penetration of baclofen, a model zwitterion, and ethanol concentration in the vehicle was studied and suggests rapid and maximal pore formation in the stratum corneum.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the process of maturation of the amygdaloid basolateral complex, being related to the ingrowing of the cholinergic fibers from the basal forebrain, lasts at least up to the end of the second month of postnatal life.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the inhibition of lysogenization of the rpoA341 mutant is a result of drastically decreased transcription from positively regulated phage promoters, and that activation of the pE promoter by CII protein in vitro is decreased only about fivefold when the native alpha subunit is replaced by truncated alpha polypeptides.
Abstract: It was demonstrated previously that a mutation, rpoA341, in the gene encoding the a subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase prevents lysogenization by bacteriophage X. The rpoA341 allele is known to be responsible for impaired transcription of some positively regulated E. coli chromosomal operons. Here we demonstrate that the inhibition of lysogenization of the rpoA341 mutant is a result of drastically decreased transcription from positively regulated phage promoters. We were unable to detect any transcripts originating from the CII-activated PE. pI and paQ promoters (important for lysogenic development) in the phage-infected rpoA341 mutant, in contrast to an otherwise isogenic rpoA+ strain. The results are discussed in the light of other reports showing that activation of the pE promoter by CII protein in vitro is decreased only about fivefold when the native a subunit is replaced by truncated a polypeptides.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the length of preceding fasting period may strongly influence thyroid hormone homeostasis during fasted-to-fed transition.
Abstract: Effects of starvation on thyroid hormone homeostasis were usually determined after 2 or more days of fasting, however, both in man and in rodents, natural feeding cycles comprise far shorter fasting periods. Therefore serum levels of T4, FT4, T3, FT3 and rT3 were measured in rats refed chow diet for 1, 4, 8 or 24 hours after 14 or 48 hours of starvation. Both short-term (14 h) and long-term fasting (48 h) decreased body weight and serum glucose level. Short-term fast decreased serum FT3 and did not change serum levels of T4, FT4, T3 and rT3. Total T3 and reverse T3 increased after one and 4 hours, free T3 after 4 hours and total T4 after 4 and 8 hours of refeeding. Percent of FT3 did not change after short-term fast, declined after 1 and 4 hours of refeeding, and normalised thereafter. Prolonged starvation (48 h) decreased serum T4, T3, FT3 and % FT3 with no changes in FT4 and rT3. After 24 hours of refeeding only FT3 and % FT3 returned to control levels while total T4 and total T3 were still diminished, and reverse T3 levels did not change. The results suggest that the length of preceding fasting period may strongly influence thyroid hormone homeostasis during fasted-to-fed transition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, percutaneous penetration of baclofen, a model zwitterion, in the presence of penetration enhancers was investigated to better characterize a porous polar pathway of diffusion across the stratum corneum.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The pattern of autopsy findings in 174 small cell lung cancer patients treated between 1971 and 1991 at seven Polish medical centres was assessed, finding that the number of involved organs was not dependent on the disease extent at the time of diagnosis and on the type of treatment.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the pattern of autopsy findings in 174 small cell lung cancer patients treated between 1971 and 1991 at seven Polish medical centres. Eighty nine autopsied patients were previously treated with different chemotherapy regimens including 32 patients who also received chest irradiation, 74 received only supportive care and for 11 patients the data on treatment were not available. The age range at diagnosis was 28-81 years (median 57); there were 39 females (22%) and 135 males (78%). Seventy two patients had limited disease at the time of diagnosis, 86-extensive disease and in 16 the disease extent was not determined. The primary tumor and/or metastases in regional lymph nodes were present in 157 autopsies (90%). There was a significant difference in the rate of locoregional disease found at autopsy in patients given chemotherapy and in those who received only supportive care (85% and 100%, respectively; p = 0.01). Chest radiation therapy given in limited disease as an adjunct to chemotherapy did not decrease the rate of persistent locoregional disease (primary tumor in the chest was found in 92% of irradiated and in 96% of nonirradiated patients). Locoregional tumor deposit only was found in 28 (16%). Distant metastases were distributed in 143 patients (82%) and were found in 25 different locations, most frequently in liver (49%), suprarenal glands (25%), peripheral lymph nodes (21%), kidneys (18%), brain (17%) and pancreas (12%). In 3 patients no tumor foci were found. The number of organs involved varied between 0 and 10 (median 3). The number of involved organs was not dependent on the disease extent at the time of diagnosis and on the type of treatment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that c-N-I functions as an AMP-binding protein in the myocardial cell with an important role during ischaemic ATP breakdown when AMP accumulates rapidly.
Abstract: Various 5'-nucleotidases (EC 3.1.3.5) exist in vertebrate tissues. The sequence and cDNA cloning of the membrane-bound ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e-N) and one of the cytosolic isoenzymes, IMP-preferring (c-N-II), but not the cytosolic AMP-preferring form (c-N-I), have been reported. While c-N-II has a broad tissue distribution, c-N-I is found only in vertebrate heart. The published data on substrate specificity involve mainly the naturally occurring nucleoside monophosphates, without a systematic structure-activity relationship study. In the present study we have used a series of AMP and IMP analogues to examine the structure-activity relationship for c-N-I and c-N-II in detail. The rank order of activity of the test compounds differed substantially between c-N-I and c-N-II. c-N-I and c-N-II varied with respect to the following interactions with substrate: (1) hydrogen-bond formation with the substituent in the 6-position of the purine ring (a donor-type with c-N-I and an acceptor-type with c-N-II); and (2) hydrophobic attraction of the 6-position unsubstituted purine ring (more pronounced with c-N-I than with c-N-II). No better substrate than 5'-AMP was found for c-N-I. We propose that c-N-I functions as an AMP-binding protein in the myocardial cell with an important role during ischaemic ATP breakdown when AMP accumulates rapidly.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recent developments in the area of protein dephosphotyiation were discussed by participants from 20 countries gathered in St Moritz- Bad, and the possible roles of phosphatases in the regulation of signal-transduction cascades, cell-cycle controls and neur- onal functions were dominated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Diltiazem, dibutyryl cAMP and papaverine were not competitive antagonists of pGal in the stomach smooth muscle, indicating an important role for the influx of extracellular calcium ions and regulation by cAMP the pGal‐evoked contraction.
Abstract: The study was undertaken to characterize the effects of porcine galanin (pGal) and some of its analogues on rat gastric fundus muscle strips. pGal, galantide (M15) and pGal(1-14)-[Abu8]SCY-I evoked reproducible concentration-dependent contractions in concentrations of 1-300, 3-1,000 and 100-3,000 nM, respectively, with EC50 values of 13, 70 and 187 nM. Hill's coefficient for pGal is 1.03, indicating an interaction of one pGal molecule with one receptor, fulfilling criteria of classical receptor theory. For M15 and pGal(1-14)-[Abu8]SCY-I, Hill's coefficients are significantly different from 1, namely 0.73 and 1.56, so that one drug molecule may not interact with one receptor. The stimulatory effects of pGal were not modified by dibenamine 10 microM or glybenclamide 1 or 10 microM. Diltiazem 0.1, 1 and 10 microM, papaverine 0.1, 10 microM or dibutyryl cAMP (dib cAMP) 100 and 300 microM, blocked the contraction to pGal in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating an important role for the influx of extracellular calcium ions and regulation by cAMP the pGal-evoked contraction. Diltiazem, dibutyryl cAMP and papaverine were not competitive antagonists of pGal in the stomach smooth muscle.