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Showing papers by "Gdańsk Medical University published in 2008"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential role of the immune dysfunction in ESRD as an underlying cause for the high mortality in this patient population is emphasized and the need for more studies in this area is emphasized.
Abstract: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality resulting from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections, accounting for 50% and 20%, respectively, of the total mortality in ESRD patients. It is possible that these two complications are linked to alterations in the immune system in ESRD, as uremia is associated with a state of immune dysfunction characterized by immunodepression that contributes to the high prevalence of infections among these patients, as well as by immunoactivation resulting in inflammation that may contribute to CVD. This review describes disorders of the innate and adaptive immune systems in ESRD, underlining the specific role of ESRD-associated disturbances of Toll-like receptors. Finally, based on the emerging links between the alterations of immune system, CVD, and infections in ESRD patients, it emphasizes the potential role of the immune dysfunction in ESRD as an underlying cause for the high mortality in this patient population and the need for more studies in this area.

847 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that mutations of RPL5, RPL11, or RPS7 in DBA cells is associated with diverse defects in the maturation of ribosomal RNAs in the large or the small ribosome subunit production pathway, expanding the repertoire of ribOSomal RNA processing defects associated with DBA.
Abstract: Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital bone-marrow-failure syndrome, is characterized by red blood cell aplasia, macrocytic anemia, clinical heterogeneity, and increased risk of malignancy. Although anemia is the most prominent feature of DBA, the disease is also characterized by growth retardation and congenital anomalies that are present in ∼30%–50% of patients. The disease has been associated with mutations in four ribosomal protein (RP) genes, RPS19, RPS24, RPS17, and RPL35A, in about 30% of patients. However, the genetic basis of the remaining 70% of cases is still unknown. Here, we report the second known mutation in RPS17 and probable pathogenic mutations in three more RP genes, RPL5, RPL11, and RPS7. In addition, we identified rare variants of unknown significance in three other genes, RPL36, RPS15, and RPS27A. Remarkably, careful review of the clinical data showed that mutations in RPL5 are associated with multiple physical abnormalities, including craniofacial, thumb, and heart anomalies, whereas isolated thumb malformations are predominantly present in patients carrying mutations in RPL11. We also demonstrate that mutations of RPL5, RPL11, or RPS7 in DBA cells is associated with diverse defects in the maturation of ribosomal RNAs in the large or the small ribosomal subunit production pathway, expanding the repertoire of ribosomal RNA processing defects associated with DBA.

351 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Increased MA is more common in female dialysis patients and associated with inflammation, poor nutritional and anthropometric status, as well as a 3-6 year mortality, which supports the use of frequent MA and/or nutritional assessments in the clinical practice.

239 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Second-line pemetrexed elicited significant tumor response and delayed disease progression compared with BSC alone in patients with advanced MPM, and Cox regression modeling suggested a trending survival benefit for patients who responded to first-line therapy.
Abstract: Purpose This multicenter, phase III study compared overall survival (OS) of second-line pemetrexed plus best supportive care (BSC) versus BSC alone in patients with advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Secondary end points included response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), time to tumor progression (TTP), time to treatment failure (TTF), and toxicity. Patients and Methods Patients with relapsed MPM after first-line chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 plus BSC (P+BSC) every 21 days or BSC alone. Results The study enrolled 243 patients (123 on P+BSC arm and 120 on BSC arm). Median OS time was not significantly different between the arms (8.4 months for P+BSC and 9.7 months for BSC; P = .74). Cox regression modeling suggested a trending survival benefit for patients who responded to first-line therapy. Time-to-event measures significantly favored P+BSC (median PFS, TTP, and TTF). Partial response was achieved in 18.7% and 1.7% of patients in P+BSC and BSC arms,...

216 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that humans are commonly affected by somatic mosaicism for stochastic CNVs, which occur in a substantial fraction of cells, and biobanks should consider sampling multiple tissues to better address mosaicism in the studies of somatic disorders.
Abstract: Two major types of genetic variation are known: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and a more recently discovered structural variation, involving changes in copy number (CNVs) of kilobase- to megabase-sized chromosomal segments. It is unknown whether CNVs arise in somatic cells, but it is, however, generally assumed that normal cells are genetically identical. We tested 34 tissue samples from three subjects and, having analyzed for each tissue < or =10(-6) of all cells expected in an adult human, we observed at least six CNVs, affecting a single organ or one or more tissues of the same subject. The CNVs ranged from 82 to 176 kb, often encompassing known genes, potentially affecting gene function. Our results indicate that humans are commonly affected by somatic mosaicism for stochastic CNVs, which occur in a substantial fraction of cells. The majority of described CNVs were previously shown to be polymorphic between unrelated subjects, suggesting that some CNVs previously reported as germline might represent somatic events, since in most studies of this kind, only one tissue is typically examined and analysis of parents for the studied subjects is not routinely performed. A considerable number of human phenotypes are a consequence of a somatic process. Thus, our conclusions will be important for the delineation of genetic factors behind these phenotypes. Consequently, biobanks should consider sampling multiple tissues to better address mosaicism in the studies of somatic disorders.

213 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These studies implicate conserved roles for Six2 and Bmp4 in the development of the renal system, which could affect kidney development at multiple stages, leading to the congenital anomalies observed in patients with RHD.
Abstract: Renal hypodysplasia (RHD) is characterized by reduced kidney size and/or maldevelopment of the renal tissue following abnormal organogenesis. Mutations in renal developmental genes have been identified in a subset of affected individuals. Here, we report the first mutations in BMP4 and SIX2 identified in patients with RHD. We detected 3 BMP4 mutations in 5 RHD patients, and 3 SIX2 mutations in 5 different RHD patients. Overexpression assays in zebrafish demonstrated that these mutations affect the function of Bmp4 and Six2 in vivo. Overexpression of zebrafish six2.1 and bmp4 resulted in dorsalization and ventralization, respectively, suggesting opposing roles in mesendoderm formation. When mutant constructs containing the identified human mutations were overexpressed instead, these effects were attenuated. Morpholino knockdown of bmp4 and six2.1 affected glomerulogenesis, suggesting specific roles for these genes in the formation of the pronephros. In summary, these studies implicate conserved roles for Six2 and Bmp4 in the development of the renal system. Defects in these proteins could affect kidney development at multiple stages, leading to the congenital anomalies observed in patients with RHD.

191 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review discusses the methods applicable to find only lowest energy conformations and to generate canonical ensembles and coarse-grained models that enable simulations to be enhanced by several orders of magnitude.

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evaluating the clinicopathologic profile of GISTs that have KIT exon 13 or exon 17 mutations found that Gastric KITExon 13 mutant GIST's tend to be slightly larger and more aggressive than gastric GIST’s in average, whereas the behavior of small intestinal Gists with KITexon 13 mutations does not differ from other small intestinalGISTs.

161 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Lineage-specific telomere shortening with different kinetics of telomeres attrition was observed in CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes, B lymphocyte, granulocytes, monocytes and NK cell population.
Abstract: Telomeres are protein-DNA complexes localized at the ends of linear chromosomes constituted by short, tandem G-rich hexanucleotide repeats and associated proteins. Their length shortens with each cell division and correlates inversely with age. It can be modified by genetic and epigenetic factors, sex hormones, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory reactions. A critical minimum length of telomeres triggers a cell cycle arrest or senescence of the cell. The immune system is highly sensitive to shortening of telomeres as its competence depends strictly on cell renewal and clonal expansion of T- and B-cell populations. Cells of the immune system are unique among normal somatic cells as they can up-regulate telomerase, the telomere extending enzyme, and limit telomere attrition in the process of cell proliferation undergoing in activated cells. Telomere length is highly variable among humans. Lineage-specific telomere shortening with different kinetics of telomere attrition was observed in CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and NK cell population. Immunosenescence is characterized by a special remodeling of the immune system induced by antigen exposure and oxidative stress. In ageing immune system adaptive immunity deteriorates because of a progressive decline of naive T and B cells and decrease of absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes. The innate compartment of the immune system is relatively well preserved although some age-dependent alterations can be also observed. Nonagenarians or centenarians represent phenomenon of successful ageing of the immune system as most of their immune parameters are well preserved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Treatment consists in the opposition to the underlying mechanisms of the metabolic syndrome, adopting lifestyle interventions that effectively reduce visceral obesity with or without the use of drugs that oppose the development of insulin resistance or body weight gain.
Abstract: The metabolic syndrome considerably increases the risk of cardiovascular and renal events in hypertension. It has been associated with a wide range of classical and new cardiovascular risk factors as well as with early signs of subclinical cardiovascular and renal damage. Obesity and insulin resistance, beside a constellation of independent factors, which include molecules of hepatic, vascular, and immunologic origin with proinflammatory properties, have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The close relationships among the different components of the syndrome and their associated disturbances make it difficult to understand what the underlying causes and consequences are. At each of these key points, insulin resistance and obesity/proinflammatory molecules, interaction of demographics, lifestyle, genetic factors, and environmental fetal programming results in the final phenotype. High prevalence of end-organ damage and poor prognosis has been demonstrated in a large number of cross-sectional and a few number of prospective studies. The objective of treatment is both to reduce the high risk of a cardiovascular or a renal event and to prevent the much greater chance that metabolic syndrome patients have to develop type 2 diabetes or hypertension. Treatment consists in the opposition to the underlying mechanisms of the metabolic syndrome, adopting lifestyle interventions that effectively reduce visceral obesity with or without the use of drugs that oppose the development of insulin resistance or body weight gain. Treatment of the individual components of the syndrome is also necessary. Concerning blood pressure control, it should be based on lifestyle changes, diet, and physical exercise, which allows for weight reduction and improves muscular blood flow. When antihypertensive drugs are necessary, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II-AT1 receptor blockers, or even calcium channel blockers are preferable over diuretics and classical beta-blockers in monotherapy, if no compelling indications are present for its use. If a combination of drugs is required, low-dose diuretics can be used. A combination of thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers should be avoided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study clearly identifies patients with hepatoblastoma and low serum AFP at diagnosis as a high-risk subgroup with extensive disease at diagnosis, poor response to chemotherapy and a poor outcome.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fluoride content in infusions of commercially available black, green, oolong, pu-erh and white teas was determined by ion-selective electrode and it is found that brewing time does increase the fluoride content, which ininfusions of black tea (5 min brewing) was higher than that in the other types of tea.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was observed that the bactericidal effect of the PDI was strain-dependent and ranged from 0 to 3 log(10)-unit reduction in viable counts, and the correlation between the biofilm production ability and different strains response to PDI has been observed.
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important etiological factors responsible for nosocomial infections. Some of them may be life-threatening, especially in the case of immuno-compromised patients, causing bacteremia, endocarditis, sepsis or toxic-shock syndrome. Their multiresistance to antibiotics produces many therapeutic problems, and for this reason the development of a method alternative to antibiotic therapy is needed. It seems that photodynamic inactivation (PDI) may be an effective and alternative therapeutic option against both methicillin resistant (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus strains. The aim of this study was to analyze the bactericidal effect of the PDI against 40 clinical MRSA and 40 MSSA clinical strains that were isolated from patients hospitalized in the Provincial Hospital in Gdansk. The ATCC strain 25904 has been used as a reference. Photodynamic inactivation by means of protoporphyrin diarginate as a photosensitizer was examined. It was observed that the bactericidal effect of the PDI was strain-dependent and ranged from 0 to 3 log 10 -unit reduction in viable counts. The mechanism underlying such a phenomenon is still not understood. Nevertheless, the correlation between the biofilm production ability and different strains response to PDI has been observed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study investigated the immune response of 13 kidney allograft recipients treated with alemtuzumab followed by weaned immunosuppression with reduced dose of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The goal of using cyclodextrins to create new formulations with well-known actives, advantages, and limitations in topical formulations is presented, and possible applications in such preparations are also discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors review the published data on clinical applicability of soluble IL-2Rα determination in terms of diagnostics, prognosis and treatment monitoring of particular types of malignant disorders both in adults and in children and provide an insight into the clinical usefulness of sIL- 2Rα-blocking antibodies.
Abstract: Cancer growth and development is associated with the stimulation of the innate immune system, including enhanced interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) expression in immune cells and its shedding into the circulation in a soluble form of sIL-2Ralpha. In most haematological malignancies, including different types of leukaemias and lymphomas, sIL-2Ralpha has been found to be released directly from the surface of neoplastic cells thus reflecting the tumour bulk, turnover and activity. Several studies have proved that not only lymphoid cancer cells, but also some non-lymphoid cancer cells, express IL-2R on their surface. They include malignant melanoma and carcinomas of the kidney, head and neck, oesophagus and lung. It is suggested that in most malignant solid tumours, elevated levels of sIL-2Ralpha are likely to be the product of normal peripheral mononuclear cells activated in response to the neoplasm's growth or that they are released from activated lymphoid cells infiltrating neoplastic tissues. This latter hypothesis has been proved by discovering the high expression of CD25 on the cell surface of most of these cells. Although the precise source and biological role of sIL-2Ralpha has not been clarified definitively, pretreatment serum levels of sIL-2Ralpha have been shown to reflect the activity, advancement and biological aggressiveness of many types of cancer in adults and children as well as to correlate with prognosis and overall survival. The possibility of enriching the diagnostic tools of oncologists with a new biochemical marker of activity of neoplasms resulted in numerous studies and reports concerning the clinical usefulness of sIL-2Ralpha measurements in adult and, less frequently, in paediatric malignancies. This article presents the actual knowledge concerning the structure, source and biological function of sIL-2Ralpha in patients with haematological and non-haematological malignancies. The authors review the published data on clinical applicability of soluble IL-2Ralpha determination in terms of diagnostics, prognosis and treatment monitoring of particular types of malignant disorders both in adults and in children. They also provide an insight into the clinical usefulness of sLL-2Ralpha-blocking antibodies in patients with cancer, and in those who reject organ transplants, develop graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and are affected with autoimmune disorders.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Extended light path (ELP) silica capillary and aqueous buffer solutions are combined with low wavelength UV detection to obtain the necessary sensitivity for simultaneous TCs determination in biological samples.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This pilot study found some improvements in GAG concentration, hair morphology, and cognitive function in these pediatric patients with Sanfilippo syndrome treated with genistin-rich soy isoflavone extract for 1 year.
Abstract: Background: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of severe metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)—long chains of sugar carbohydrates in cells that help build bone, cartilage, tendons, corneas, skin, and connective tissue. Although enzyme replacement therapy has become available for the treatment of some types of MPS, effective treatment of neurodegenerative forms of MPS has yet to be determined. Recently, genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), a specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase, has been found to inhibit GAG synthesis and to reduce GAG concentrations in cultures of fibroblasts of MPS patients. Therefore, a potential substrate reduction therapy has been proposed. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine urinary GAG concentration, hair morphology, and cognitive function in patients receiving genistin treatment for Sanfilippo syndrome (MPS type III). Methods:Patients aged 3 to 14 years with a biochemically confirmed diagnosis of MPS IIIA or MPS IIIB were eligible to enroll in this open-label, pilot study. Genistin-rich soy isoflavone extract 5 mg/kg/d was administered PO for 12 months. Urinary GAG concentration, hair morphology,and cognitive function (measured using a modified version of the Brief Assessment Examination [BAE] and parent observations)were measured at baseline and after 12 months of treatment. Results: Ten patients (6 girls, 4 boys; mean age, 8 years [range,3\2-14 years];mean weight, 28 kg [range, 17\2-43 kg]) were included in the study. All patients had Sanfilippo syndrome; 5 patients had MPS IIIA and 5 had MPS IIIB. After 1 year, statistically significant improvement was found in urinary GAG concentration, hair morphology, and cognitive function. Urinary GAG concentration decreased significantly in all 5 patients with MPS IIIA and in 2 patients with MPS IIIB (P = 0.028). Hair morphology improved significantly in all 5 MPS IIIA patients and in 3 MPS IIIB patients (P = 0.012). A significant increase in the BAE score (by 2-6 points) was noted in 8 patients, while the scores of 2 patients did not change after 12 months of treatment (P = 0.012). No adverse events (AEs) considered related to treatment were reported. Moreover, no AEs not related to the treatment (apart from classical symptoms of MPS III) were noted. Conclusions: This pilot study found some improvements in GAG concentration, hair morphology, and cognitive function in these pediatric patients with Sanfilippo syndrome treated with genistin-rich soy isoflavone extract for 1 year. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this potential treatment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental evidence supporting the involvement of ROS in cellular responses to cancer chemopreventive agents derived from common edible plants is summarized.
Abstract: Epidemiological studies continue to support the premise that diets rich in fruits and vegetables may offer protection against cancer of various anatomic sites. This correlation is quite persuasive for vegetables including ALLIUM (e. g., garlic) and cruciferous (e. g., broccoli and watercress) vegetables. The bioactive food components responsible for the cancer chemopreventive effects of various edible plants have been identified. For instance, the anticancer effects of ALLIUM and cruciferous vegetables are attributed to organosulfur compounds (e. g., diallyl trisulfide) and isothiocyanates (e. g., sulforaphane and phenethyl isothiocyanate), respectively. Bioactive food components with anticancer activity are generally considered to be antioxidants due to their ability to modulate expression/activity of antioxidative and phase 2 drug-metabolizing enzymes and scavenging free radicals. At the same time, more recent studies have provided convincing evidence to indicate that certain dietary cancer chemopreventive agents cause generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to trigger signal transduction culminating in cell cycle arrest and/or programmed cell death (apoptosis). Interestingly, the ROS generation by some dietary anticancer agents is tumor cell specific and does not occur in normal cells. This review summarizes experimental evidence supporting the involvement of ROS in cellular responses to cancer chemopreventive agents derived from common edible plants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Administration of an aldosterone receptor antagonist in addition to double RAAS blockade with an ACE inhibitor and ARB may slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study reveals distinct histological patterns of S100B immunoeactive glia in two schizophrenia subtypes indicative of a heterogenic pathophysiology or distinct compensatory abilities: Astro-/oligodendroglial activation may result in increased cellular S 100B in paranoid schizophrenia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Postoperative high-dose RT appears to significantly reduce the rate of tumor progression and was independent predictors of 5-year progression-free survival in this retrospective multicenter study of patients with spinal MPE.
Abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of patients with primary spinal myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from a series of 85 (35 females, 50 males) patients with spinal MPE were collected in this retrospective multicenter study. Thirty-eight (45%) underwent surgery only and 47 (55%) received postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Median administered radiation dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 22.2-59.4). Median follow-up of the surviving patients was 60.0 months (range, 0.2-316.6). RESULTS: The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 50.4% and 74.8% for surgery only and surgery with postoperative low- ( or=50.4 Gy) RT, respectively. Treatment failure was observed in 24 (28%) patients. Fifteen patients presented treatment failure at the primary site only, whereas 2 and 1 patients presented with brain and distant spinal failure only. Three and 2 patients with local failure presented with concomitant spinal distant seeding and brain failure, respectively. One patient failed simultaneously in the brain and spine. Age greater than 36 years (p = 0.01), absence of neurologic symptoms at diagnosis (p = 0.01), tumor size >or=25 mm (p = 0.04), and postoperative high-dose RT (p = 0.05) were variables predictive of improved PFS on univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only postoperative high-dose RT was independent predictors of PFS (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The observed pattern of failure was mainly local, but one fifth of the patients presented with a concomitant spinal or brain component. Postoperative high-dose RT appears to significantly reduce the rate of tumor progression.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This real-time PCR–based prognostic model predicts overall and disease-free survival significantly better than clinical stage and tumor size in patients with early stage lung adenocarcinoma and performs especially well in Patients with stage I disease.
Abstract: Purpose: Clinical staging does not adequately risk stratify patients with early stage non–small cell lung cancer. We sought to generate a real-time PCR (RT-PCR)–based prognostic model in patients with early stage lung adenocarcinoma, the dominant histology of lung cancer in the United States. Experimental Design: We studied gene expression of 61 candidate genes in 107 patients with completely surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma using RT-PCR. We used crossvalidation methods to select and validate a prognostic model based on the expression of a limited number of genes. A risk score was generated based on model coefficients, and survival of patients with high- and low-risk scores were analyzed. Results: We generated a four-gene model based on expression of WNT3a, ERBB3, LCK , and RND3 . Risk score predicted mortality better than clinical stage or tumor size (adjusted hazard ratio, 6.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-28.9; P = 0.001). Among 70 patients with stage I disease, 5-year overall survival was 87% among patients with low-risk scores, and 38% among patients with high-risk scores ( P = 0.0002). Among all patients, 5-year overall survival was 62% and 41%, respectively ( P = 0.0054). Disease-free survival was also significantly different among low- and high-risk score patients. Conclusions: This multigene assay predicts overall and disease-free survival significantly better than clinical stage and tumor size in patients with early stage lung adenocarcinoma and performs especially well in patients with stage I disease. Prospective clinical trials are needed to determine whether high-risk patients with stage I disease benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ondansetron given intravenously attenuates the fall of systolic and mean blood pressure, but does not have an influence on diastolic blood pressure or heart rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduced a new sonographic parameter, the "inferior vena cava (IVC)/aorta (Ao) diameter index," as a convenient, quick, and effective way of evaluating body fluid status.
Abstract: Body fluid status is one of the most important parameters estimated during every clinical examination. In many disorders, the therapy and its effectiveness depend on appropriate evaluation of body water status. There are some useful methods of evaluating body fluid incontinence; however, all of them are burdened with some limitations, especially when used in the emergency department. We introduce a new sonographic parameter, the "inferior vena cava (IVC)/aorta (Ao) diameter (IVC/Ao) index," as a convenient, quick, and effective way of evaluating body fluid status. The usefulness of the sonographic assessment of IVC diameter has already been proven in children with nephrotic syndrome, in hemodialysis patients, and in patients hospitalized in intensive care units. However, this method is limited by the necessity of comparing IVC diameter to body surface, measuring IVC diameter during maximal inspiration and expiration, or lack of reference values for the pediatric population, which can be eliminated in our new method of body fluid status assessment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preliminary results from a randomized phase II trial of an anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel already suggest a potential efficacy benefit from targeting this pathway in the first line advanced non-small cell lung cancer setting.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show the potential of Droseraceae plants grown in vitro as a source of pharmaceutical material with valuable antimicrobial properties, including naphthoquinones and flavonoids.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Etroetin zeta is therapeutically equivalent to epoetin alfa in the maintenance of target Hb levels in patients with renal anaemia and chronic kidney disease maintained on haemodialysis.
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of epoetin zeta, compared with epoetin alfa, in maintaining target haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in patients with anaemia and chronic ki...