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Showing papers by "Georgia College & State University published in 1996"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that either negatively or positively framed messages could lead to more extensive processing, depending on which was less expected, and the expected framing and actual framing of messages were manipulated to determine the extent to which a message is scrutinized.
Abstract: Previous research has indicated that the way in which a message is framed affects the amount of persuasion it elicits. Various processes have been suggested to account for the differential persuasiveness of negatively (or loss-) framed messages versus positively (or gain-) framed messages. The authors hypothesized that differential processing of negatively and positively framed messages is a factor that contributes to the differential persuasiveness that has been observed. Experiment 1 demonstrated that message frames are consequential in determining the extent to which a message is scrutinized. Experiment 2 provided evidence for a mechanism by which this occurs. Specifically, by manipulating the expected framing and the actual framing of messages, the authors found that either negatively or positively framed messages could lead to more extensive processing, depending on which was less expected.

305 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the hypothesis that framing biases in decision making would affect more strongly individuals with relatively low levels of need for cognition (NC) was tested and participants were classified as high or low NC based on responses to a standard scale and subsequently exposed to one of two framings of a choice problem.
Abstract: Two experiments tested the hypothesis that framing biases in decision making would affect more strongly individuals with relatively low levels of need for cognition (NC). Participants were classified as high or low NC based on responses to a standard scale and subsequently were exposed to one of two framings of a choice problem. Different choice problems were used in each experiment, modeled after those developed by Kahneman and Tversky. Experiment 1 employed a monetary task and Experiment 2 a medical decision-making task. Consistent with expectations, framing effects on choice were observed in both experiments, but only for low NC participants. High NC participants were unaffected by problem framing, showing that they were less susceptible to attempts to alter their frame of reference.

293 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the impact of a proposed new construct "perceived importance of an ethical issue" (PIE) on the ethical decision-making process and found that it produced a significant and substantial impact on both ethical judgment and behavioral intention.

232 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of calculations based on correlated hyperspherical harmonic wave functions obtained from realistic interactions with full inclusion of Coulomb distortion in the initial continuum state, and anuclear current operator with one-and two-body components are compared to the results obtained from calculations of the D(p-->, gamma )3He and p(d--> gamma 3He reactions below Ep,d = 80 keV.
Abstract: Measurements of the D(p-->, gamma )3He and p(d-->, gamma )3He reactions below Ep,d = 80 keV are compared to the results of calculations based oncorrelated hyperspherical harmonic wave functions obtained from realistic interactions with full inclusion of Coulomb distortion in the initial continuum state, and anuclear current operator with one- and two-body components. Dramatic effects due to the tensor force and the associated two-body (meson-exchange) interactioncurrents are observed in the vector and, to some extent, tensor analyzing powers for the first time. The extrapolation to zero energy leads to an S-factor value of S(E= 0) = 0.165z0.014 eV b, in reasonable agreement with theory.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that the anatomy of plants in subtribe Dendrobiinae reflects a high degree of morphological diversity, and many of the anatomical characters appear to be homoplasous.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The objectives of this research were to determine the move of pesticides through simulated golf course greens and determine the potential movement of pesticides from simulated fairways.
Abstract: The objectives of this research were to: (i) determine the movement of pesticides through simulated golf course greens and (ii) determine the potential movement of pesticides from simulated fairways. Lysimeters were developed in the greenhouse and outside containing 'Penncross' bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) or 'Tifdwarf' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] for collection of leachate from the bases. Simulated 'Tifway' bermudagrass fairways were developed with a 5% slope. Only small quantities of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), and mecoprop [(±)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-propanoic acid] were found in the leachate from the greenhouse and outside lysimeters. The concentrations of these herbicides did not exceed 6 μg L -1 and the total quantity to exit the lysimeters was less than 0.9% of the applied herbicide. Over an 8-d period following treatment, 48% of the simulated rainfall and 9, 14, and 13% of the applied 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop, respectively, left the simulated fairways. Approximately 75% of the herbicides were transported from the plots during the first rainfall event. The highest concentration of the analytes in the collected runoff water occurred during the first event. These concentrations were 811, 279, and 820 μg L -1 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop, respectively.

45 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors empirically investigated a complete theoretical model relating the operating characteristics of a firm to the total, systematic, and unsystematic risk of its equity, and found that the degree of operating leverage, the ratio of net profits to firm value, and the variability of unit output are all positively correlated with each of the three risk measures.
Abstract: This paper empirically investigates a complete theoretical model relating the operating characteristics of a firm to the total, systematic, and unsystematic risk of its equity. The degree of operating leverage, the ratio of net profits to firm value, and the variability of unit output are all found to be positively correlated with each of the three risk measures. The degree of financial leverage, while positively related to total and unsystematic risk, does not appear to be related to systematic risk. After controlling for the business risk of the firm, no evidence can be found of an interaction between the degree of operating leverage and the degree of financial leverage.

36 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors re-examine the direction of causation by handling properly two important issues in causality tests: the characteristics of the data, and the choice of optimal lags.
Abstract: Although conventional wisdom suggests that export growth contributes positively to economic growth, empirical studies on the causal links between exports and output have provided little support for the export-led growth hypothesis. This paper re-examines the direction of causation by handling properly two important issues in causality tests: the characteristics of the data, and the choice of optimal lags. The results of this study show that in a sample of thirty-two economies, the export-led growth hypothesis is supported by seventeen economies and is strongly supported by nine economies.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A pilot study was conducted to determine the use of reliable contraception by teenagers following an abortion or negative pregnancy test, and it indicated that 96.6% of the teenagers experiencing a therapeutic abortion and 49.6%) of the teens having anegative pregnancy test reported choosing reliable contraception after the procedure or the test.
Abstract: Teenage pregnancy continues to be a problem in the United States despite the availability of reliable contraceptive methods. A pilot study was conducted to determine the use of reliable contracepti...

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that supervisory ratings of employee performance were influenced by supervisors' perceptions of employees' organizational citizenship behaviours as well as by employees' objectively measured performance, which explained 53% of the variance in ratings.
Abstract: Based on a sample of production workers in a textile firm, supervisory ratings of employee performance were found to be influenced by supervisors' perceptions of employees' organizational citizenship behaviours as well as by employees' objectively measured performance. Regression analysis indicated that supervisory ratings were influenced by two dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviour — conscientiousness and altruism — as well as by objective performance. These three variables explained 53% of the variance in ratings. A third dimension of OCB, sportsmanship, did not affect supervisory ratings.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the validity of a measure of personality constructs for the selection of operating employees in the textile industry and found that two personality dimensions measured by the test were significantly related to employee performance.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of a measure of personality constructs for the selection of operating employees in the textile industry. A commercial paper-and-pencil test measuring ten personality dimensions was used. Two measures of performance were obtained: an objective measure of performance based on individual output, and subjective ratings of performance by supervisors. The results indicated that two personality dimensions measured by the test were significantly related to employee performance. The results are discussed in relation to the potential of personality dimensions for predicting employee performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work examines the possibility of a large {ital p}-wave capture amplitude in this reaction by observing the closely related {sup 7}Li({ital p}{searrow},{gamma}{sub 16.6}){sup 8}Be{asterisk} (2{sup +}, {ital T}=0+1) reaction with polarized protons at and below 80 keV.
Abstract: A previous study of the ground-state transition of the {sup 7}Li({ital p}{searrow},{gamma}){sup 8}Be reaction at energies of {ital E}{sub {ital p}}(lab)=80{endash}0 keV indicated the possibility of a large {ital p}-wave capture amplitude in this reaction. A similar {ital p}-wave component in the {sup 7}Be({ital p},{gamma}){sup 8}B reaction could seriously affect the extrapolation used to obtain the astrophysical {ital S} factor. The present work examines this possibility by observing the closely related {sup 7}Li({ital p}{searrow},{gamma}{sub 16.6}){sup 8}Be{asterisk} (2{sup +}, {ital T}=0+1) reaction with polarized protons at and below 80 keV. Experimental data for {sigma}({theta})/{ital A}{sub 0} and {ital A}{sub {ital y}}({theta}) for capture to the third (16.6 MeV) excited state of {sup 8}Be are presented, and the implications discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, an agenda for consultants is suggested to provide incremental emancipatory potentials for organizations with many apparently coercive characteristics, acknowledging a "strategic twist" in consulting efforts to encourage greater emancipation practice and a more communicative ethic.
Abstract: Total Systems Intervention (TSI) as a form of Critical Systems Thinking has been subject to criticism concerning the actual application of its emancipatory commitment. The emancipatory potentials of TSI or other systems-oriented change efforts may possibly be improved through their linkage to employee ethical skill development. Acknowledging a “strategic twist” in consulting efforts to encourage greater emancipatory practice and a more communicative ethic, an agenda for consultants is suggested to provide incremental emancipatory potentials for organizations with many apparently coercive characteristics.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: An explicit resolvent form for self-adjoint Toeplitz operators on a Hardy space associated with any representing measure on a g-holed planar region is given via reproducing kernels in terms of theta functions on Cg as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Self-adjoint Toeplitz operators on multiply connected planar regions are investigated using theta functions on the double. An explicit resolvent form for self-adjoint Toeplitz operators on a Hardy space associated with any representing measure on a g-holed planar region is given via reproducing kernels in terms of theta functions on Cg. This resolvent formula is a generalization of an analogous formula obtained by K. F. Clancey (1991) for the case of harmonic measure. Applications of this resolvent form to the spectral type of the self-adjoint Toeplitz operators are described.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1996-Quest
TL;DR: In this article, Boyer's classifications have been applied to promotion and tenure standards at one comprehensive land grant university in the midwest, and the authors argue the case for differential application of standards within and among universities, based upon the diversity of missions and goals.
Abstract: If one acknowledges that scholarship comes in many shapes and forms, and if one agrees with Boyer's argument that it is time to reconsider scholarship in light of the role of faculty members within departments, colleges, and universities, the next logical step then is to see if Boyer's principles can be effectively applied in a university setting. At the 1995 NAPEHE conference, Boyer acknowledged that the next step, as indicated by the title of the Carnegie Foundation's forthcoming sequel Scholarship Assessed, is to identify ways to fairly and equitably evaluate faculty scholarship within the context of the professoriate in general, and in higher education institutions in particular. The authors argue the case for differential application of standards within and among universities, based upon the diversity of missions and goals. Following that, examples are given for how Boyer's classifications have been applied to promotion and tenure standards at one comprehensive land grant university in the midwest. A...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined factors which may influence union organizing in this industry and concluded that unions may not be overly successful organizing in the industry unless organizing patterns change, and they concluded that union organizing was influenced by the union involved, unit size, type of employee, types of election, presence of multiple unions, and industry segment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors conducted a survey among small to medium sized advertisers in the midwest United States and found that advertisers rated arts and graphics, copy creation, and marketing strategy as key agency functions, while placing less value on public relations, information broker services, TV programming and broadcast creativity.
Abstract: A study was conducted among small to medium sized advertisers in the midwest United States. The respondents in this study rated local agencies high in overall performance. Agencies received particularly high ratings in the areas of flexibility, creativity, meeting deadlines, and adaptability. Advertisers felt, however, that these agencies were less effective in public relations, research, and understanding a client’s business. These advertisers rated arts and graphics, copy creation, and marketing strategy as key agency functions. They also felt that sales promotion, account handling, and media planning were important functions. They placed less value on public relations, information broker services, TV programming and broadcast creativity. These smaller advertisers wanted agencies to take a leadership role in advertising and to play partnership or counselor roles in the marketing research, marketing strategy, and sales promotion areas. They were less interested in agency involvement for new product planning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The acquisition of a serial pattern was assessed in young, senescent, and hippocampal-lesioned rats, including age-related changes in the hippocampal system, and results are discussed in terms of the possible changes that accompany aging in rodents.
Abstract: The acquisition of a serial pattern was assessed in young (3-month), senescent (24-month), and hippocampal-lesioned rats. All animals were trained for 25 days on a four-element, nonmonotonic pattern consisting of 14, 0, 3, and 7 food pellets, respectively. Young rats were capable of distinguishing among the elements of the series, with the exception of the 3- and 7-pellet elements, as indexed by running times. Conversely, the senescent rats were largely incapable of patterned responding, and the tracking performance of the hippocampal-lesioned rats was intermediate between those of the young and old rats. Results are discussed in terms of the possible changes that accompany aging in rodents, including age-related changes in the hippocampal system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Exposure to ORG 2766 failed to affect either locomotor competence or the overall number of errors committed while learning the original position habit and 10 reversals, and this result is consistent with other observations revealing that ORG2766 can influence attention and, therefore, some cognitive functions.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 Apr 1996
TL;DR: The relationship of organization size to the adoption and implementation of telecommutirtg among IS programrnerlanalysts is examined and the results concerning size are mixed and suggest that smaller, not larger, size is conducive to innovativeness.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship of organization size to the adoption and implementation of telecommutirtg among IS programrnerlanalysts. The intermediate variables of organizational resources and environmental threats tieettxi telecommuting adoption, whereas intermediate variables related to organizational structure affkcted telecommuting implementation in large organizations. No such relationships were found for small organizations despite the greater adoption and implementation of telecommuting in small organizations. Implications for innovation researchers are discussed. INTRODUCTION The advent of more sophisticated and less expensive communications technology and the need to tind and retain good programmers and analysts has led some organizations to encourage telecomrnuting* among irdiorrnation systems (IS) personnel (cf. Furger, 1989; Miller, 1986). Moreover, IS personnel, with their skills, equipment and temperament are ideally suited for telecommuting (Davis, 1991; DeSanctis, 1983), and programmers are believed to fmd telecommuting highly desirable (Raths, 1990). Yet, despite predictions over the years that telecommuting would soon become a common occurrence, telecommuting has not become so, particularly in larger organizations (Christensen, 1990; Filipowski, 1992). The fact that telecornmuting among IS persomel is not meeting expectations and is not finding its way into larger organizations in particular has implications for the fi.tture of the information highway and global competition. Recent predictions suggest that the use of telecommuting and groupware will enable workers to communicate horn roving positions anywhere in the world, thereby atTording greater productivity and worker flexibility (Jarvenpaa and Ives, 1994). Permission to make digitallhard copies of all or part of this material for personal or claaaroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title. of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copyright is by permission of the ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires specific permission and/or fee. SIGCPR/ SIGMIS ’96, Denver Colorado USA @ :996 ACM o-s9791-782-O/96/04. .$3.50 In light of the unmet expectations about telecommuting in larger organizations, it is somewhat surprising to note that the innovation literature generally suggests that larger organizations are more innovative than smaller organizations (Llunanpour, 1992). Such a relationship has been found in business practices that include both innovations in general and specific groups of innovations ranging from Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) usage to human resource practices (W and Howard 1994; Tannenbaum and Dupuree-Bnmo, 1994). However, in Information Technolotg (IT) innovation studies, the results concerning size are mixed and even suggest that smaller, not larger, size is conducive to innovativeness. For example, Grover and Goslar (1994) found no significant relationship between fm size and telecommunications technology adoption (i.e., the decision to begin using the technology) or implementation (i.e., the spread of the technology throughout the organization). Zmud ( 1982) found that smaller, rather than larger, size was conducive to the implementation of modem software practices. Alternately, Fuller and Swanson (1992) and Rai and Howard (1 994) found that size was positively related to the implementation of specitic IT innovations. Other researchers (e.g., Audretsch and Acs, 1991; Darnanpour, 1992) have also noted the contradictory results and suggest that one reason for these results may be that small organizations are excluded Ilom typical innovation studies. In their study, Audretsch and Acs (1991 ) found a U-shaped curve of innovation: i.e., organizations having fewer than 100 employees have more innovations per organization than organizations tlom 100 to 10,000 employees; organizations in the 500-999 employee range make up the bottom of the “U”. Such findings lead innovation researchers to suggest that contingency variables, such as the environmental characteristics in which the firm operates, play a role in shaping the relationship between organization size and innovation (Audretsch and Acs, 1991; DaIuanpoLK, 1992). In addition, Damanpour (1992) suggests that size may have different effects, depending on the stage (e.g., adoption vs. implementation) of the innovation. Stages may have diilxent

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An improvement of a perturbation theory lemma by M. M. Skriganov which gives an upper bound to the shift of eigenvalues is presented along with other related theorems.