Showing papers by "Georgia College & State University published in 2000"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extended Hosmer's model to include the effect of "right, just, and fair" treatment on employee communication, also believed to be an underlying dynamic of trust.
Abstract: Recently, Hosmer (1994a) proposed a model linking “right,” “just,” and “fair” treatment of extended stakeholders with trust and innovation in organizations. The current study tests this model by using Victor and Cullen's (1988) ethical work climate instrument to measure the perceptions of the “right,” “just,” and “fair” treatment of employee stakeholders.In addition, this study extends Hosmer's model to include the effect of “right,” “just”, and “fair” treatment on employee communication, also believed to be an underlying dynamic of trust.
325 citations
TL;DR: Xu et al. as discussed by the authors used a multivari ate vector-autoregressive (VAR) approach to examine the effects of permanent financial development on domestic investment and output in 41 countries between 1960 and 1993.
Abstract: ZHENHUI XU [*] In this article, I use a multivari ate vector-autoregressive (VAR) approach to examine the effects of permanent financial development on domestic investment and output in 41 countries between 1960 and 1993. The VAR approach permits the identification of the long-term cumulative effects of financial development on the domestic variables by allowing for dynamic interactions among these variables. The results reject the hypothesis that financial development simply follows economic growth and has very little effect on it. Instead, there is strong evidence that financial development is important to growth and that investment is an important channel through which financial development affects growth. (JEL E22, E44, E47, 016, 057) Keywords: economic growth, financial development, investment, vector-auto-regression, impulse-response I. INTRODUCTION Interest in the relationship between financial development and economic growth dates back to early this century and has been growing since the 1980s. [1] In the literature, three views have emerged concerning the potential importance of finance in economic growth. The first sees finance as a critical element of growth (Schumpeter [19113; Goldsmith [19691; McKinnon [19733; Shaw [1973]; Fry [1978, 1988]; Bencivenga and Smith [1991]; King and Levine [1993a, 1993b]). In this view, services provided by the financial system are essential for growth, and a repressed financial system, characterized by price distortion, undersaving, negative or unstable returns on savings and investment, and inefficient allocation of savings among competing users, impedes growth. [2] As the financial system develops, households substitute out of unproductive tangible assets, raising the total real supply of credit, the quantity and quality of investment, and thus the rate of economic growth. In addition, financial development can pro mote technological innovations and productivity growth (King and Levine [1993a]). The second view regards finance as a relatively unimportant factor in growth, essentially as the handmaiden to industry and commerce (Robinson [19521; Lucas [1988]; Stern [1989]). In this perspective, the lack of financial development is simply a manifestation of the lack of demand for financial services. As the real sectors of the economy grow, the demand for various financial services rises and will thus be met by the financial sector. Based on this view, financial development simply follows economic growth and has very little effect on it. Like the first one, the third view ascribes effects to finance but focuses on its potential negative impacts on growth (Van Wijnbergen (1983]; Buffie [1984]). Economists holding this view contend that financial development can hinder growth by reducing available credit to domestic firms, This situation arises from the presence of informal curb markets. As the formal financial system develops, households are seen to substitute out of curb-market loans, thus reducing the total real supply of domestic credit. The reduction in the supply of credit can lead to a credit crunch, thereby lowering investment and slowing production and growth. Further, such a credit crunch can retard economic growth beyond the short term by lowering the steady-state capital stock (Wijnbergen (1983]). From these divergent views, three testable hypotheses emerge with sharply different policy implications. The first view suggests that government policies should be directed toward improving the financial system, since financial development has important causal effects on growth. The second view implies that government policies toward improving the financial system will have little effect on growth, since financial development results from growth and has little impact on it. Based on the third view, there is a potential danger of financial development. Under certain institutional arrangements, government efforts toward financial development can cost an economy its long-term growth by reducing total real supply of domestic credit. …
260 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to uncover how two student teacher/mentor teacher pairs made sense of their roles during a year-long field placement, and they learned about the ways in which the pairs discussed the idea of "jumping in" as they framed trust and communication as integral components of mentoring in learning to teach.
174 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sample of potential students from Indonesia participated in this study and a number of choice criteria were identified, and the strategic implications of these criteria for the purpose of strategy development were discussed.
Abstract: Intense competition for full‐fee‐paying foreign students in higher education in many countries mandates the need for the identification of the criteria considered important by this customer group for the purpose of strategy development. Past research in this area has overlooked the needs of this important segment and has focused mainly on either administrators or the faculty’s perspective. A sample of potential students from Indonesia participated in this study and a number of choice criteria were identified. Also discusses strategic implications.
135 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared a random sample of native and transfer students at a university and found that transfer students' first-semester GPAs at the university were less than their community college cumulative GPAs, but natives maintained similar upper and lower division GPAs.
Abstract: Stratified random samples of native and transfer students at a university were compared based on data extracted from student transcripts for 1989, 1990, and 1991. Transfers' first-semester GPAs at the university were less than their community college cumulative GPAs, but natives maintained similar upper and lower division GPAs. Regression analysis revealed, however, that upper division GPAs varied little between native and transfer students when influences of related variables were held constant. Separate regression analyses of transfer and native variables detected that lower division GPA and major were significant predictors of upper division GPA for both groups, but more so for transfers than for natives, with business and science majors earning lower GPAs than others. Although race was not a significant predictor for transfers, it was the most significant predictor for native students: White natives earned higher upper division GPAs than minority natives. The authors conclude that community colleges n...
126 citations
TL;DR: The authors compared multimedia and traditional teaching approaches and found that a multimedia class performed poorly early in the term but slightly exceeded a traditional class toward the end of the term, indicating that multimedia benefits students with a high visual orientation.
Abstract: We compared multimedia and traditional teaching approaches. In contrast with previous findings, we observed that a multimedia class performed poorly early in the term but slightly exceeded a traditional class toward the end of the term. More important, we documented an interaction between class format and student learning style. Our results suggest that multimedia benefits students with a high visual orientation.
116 citations
TL;DR: This paper studied the effect of vividness congruency on message recall, defined as the extent to which the vivid elements of a message are congruent with the theme of the message itself.
Abstract: Previous research on the subject of vividness effects in persuasion has yielded conflicting outcomes that are difficult to interpret. The authors outline a theoretical position that anticipates conditions under which vivid message presentations can either enhance or inhibit message processing and persuasion. The key moderator is vividness congruency, which is defined as the extent to which the vivid elements of a message are congruent with the theme of the message itself. Two experiments were conducted that suggest that this previously unexamined variable is an important moderator of vividness effects. Experiment 1 demonstrated that vividness effects on message recall are contingent on the congruency between message content and vivid elements. Experiment 2 showed that message processing (indexed via an argument quality manipulation) can be reduced by adding vivid but incongruent images to a message, relative to pallid messages. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate similar antecedents to a firm's orientation toward environmental issues and threats and the subsequent business performance and find that firms responsive to eco-oriented issues perform better in the market place.
Abstract: Jaworski and Kohli’s (1993) framework and research outlining antecedents and consequences of an organization’s market orientation found that market oriented firms are more profitable. In this research we investigate similar antecedents to a firm’s orientation toward environmental issues and threats (i.e., its eco-orientation) and the firm’s subsequent business performance. Importantly, the findings suggest that firms responsive to eco-oriented issues perform better in the market place. Results provide important implications for corporate culture, public policy, and organizational theory.
95 citations
Journal Article•
79 citations
TL;DR: This article argues that simply counting citations may not be sufficient and that to gain a fuller understanding of the influence of an article on future research, the importance of the cited reference to the citing article should be examined.
Abstract: A frequently used method for determining the influence rating of a journal article is the citation count. This article argues that simply counting citations may not be sufficient. Instead, to gain a fuller understanding of the influence of an article on future research, the importance of the cited reference to the citing article should be examined. To illustrate this suggested method, a sample of articles from Academy of Management Review and Academy of Management Journal was analyzed. Results indicated that the vast majority of the citing articles simply listed the focal articles as references instead of using them as an integral component (i.e., a test of the ideas) of the study. Augmenting the traditional citation-counting approach with the proposed technique should produce a more accurate picture of the influence of an article on the field.
73 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that at least among the highly educated, certain cognitive abilities may receive some degree of amelioration as a consequence of continued intellectual engagement, however, the effects may be associated more with compensation rather than protection against the effects of ageing.
Abstract: The effects of education and continued intellectual engagement on age-associated cognitive change were investigated in a sample of 102 members of the professional and college communities in the metro Atlanta Georgia area (ages 30-76). All participants were administered a 60-minute battery that measured different aspects of memory, intelligence and cognitive performance. Age-associated declines in performance were detected on the digit symbol measure of intelligence. Conversely, positive but non-significant trends were detected on the picture completion, arithmetic and similarities subtests. Age effects were also noted on some measures of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and both versions of the Trail Making Test. The findings suggest that at least among the highly educated, certain cognitive abilities may receive some degree of amelioration as a consequence of continued intellectual engagement. However, the effects may be associated more with compensation rather than protection against the effects of ageing.
TL;DR: In this paper, critical accounts of conventional research practices in business and the social sciences are explored in terms of incommensurability or cross-paradigmatic communication potentials, as well as reflexivity.
Abstract: Certain critical accounts of conventional research practices in business and the social sciences are explored in this essay. These accounts derive from alternative social paradigms and their underlying assumptions about appropriate social inquiry and knowledge construction. Among these alternative social paradigms, metatheories, mindscapes, or worldviews are social constructionist, critical, feminist, and postmodern or poststructural thinking. Individuals with these assumptions and values for knowledge construction are increasingly challenging conventional scholarship in what has been referred to as paradigm debates or wars. Issues of incommensurability or cross-paradigmatic communication potentials, as well as reflexivity, are raised in terms of moral education and development potentials for applied social science fields. Barriers and suggestions for increased moral development in academic and professional communities are discussed. In particular, moral forums in which participants have enhanced intrapersonal and interpersonal communication skills appear to be needed to surface and share often taken-for-granted assumptions concerning moral knowledge construction.
TL;DR: In this article, students from three southern colleges read vignettes and sentenced a murder defendant and an automobile theft defendant to a term of imprisonment and found that more exposure to college from the freshman to the senior years will be associated with less severe sentences.
Abstract: More police agencies require incoming personnel to have a college education background. The hope is that collegeeducated officers will be more rounded thinkers and exhibit a greater humanistic bent. This study attempts to evaluate the efficacy of that line of reasoning. Students from three southern colleges read vignettes and sentenced a murder defendant and an automobile theft defendant to a term of imprisonment. Three hypotheses are tested. First, it is expected that policeoriented criminal justice majors will not issue more severe sentences. Second, it is anticipated that greater exposure to college from the freshman to the senior years will be accompanied by less severe sentences. Third, sentencing will be independent of social characteristics. The results provide little evidence supporting a more authoritarian and more punitive stereotype of criminal justice majors interested in pursuing police careers.
TL;DR: In this article, the efficacy of using computer assisted instruction (CAI) with inmates participating in a prison education program was investigated. But the study found no significant differences between control and experimental groups and leads to the conclusion that CAI is neither an inferior nor superior methodology as compared to non-CAI, traditional methods of teaching the undereducated adult.
Abstract: This article reports on a study into the efficacy of using computer-assisted instruction (CAI) with inmates participating in a prison education program. It seeks to address and correct many of the methodological problems commonly present among studies that compare a CAI-plus-traditional-instruction combination to traditional-instruction alone and is based on data obtained from inmate scores, interviews and educational records at a maximum-security prison. The study found no significant differences between control and experimental groups and leads to the conclusion that also emerged from other studies of undereducated populations: that CAI is neither an inferior nor superior methodology as compared to non-CAI, traditional methods of teaching the undereducated adult.
TL;DR: Health and nursing care for lesbian clients should be culturally congruent with their values and lifestyle, and professional literature is reviewed that incorporates health promotion and maintenance issues influencing lesbian health care.
Abstract: Health and nursing care for lesbian clients should be culturally congruent with their values and lifestyle Barriers that lesbian clients encounter in the health care system are discussed, along with strategies that health care providers can use to overcome these barriers Professional literature is reviewed that incorporates health promotion and maintenance issues influencing lesbian health care Culturally appropriate services that are available in one women’s health center are described, and resources for interested health care providers are provided
TL;DR: In this paper, meta-analysis was employed to investigate the relationships between organizational performance, as measured by sales growth, and turnover functionality, and the correlation between turnover functionality and organizational performance and turnover frequency.
Abstract: Meta-analysis was employed to investigate the relationships between organizational performance, as measured by sales growth, and turnover functionality and between organizational performance and turnover frequency. Turnover functionality was found to be correlated with organizational performance while turnover frequency was not.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the effects of non-fuel primary exports on the growth of industrial exports and GDP in 74 economies between 1965 and 1992, and found that the positive effects of primary export growth on industrial export and economic growth in more than two-thirds of the economies.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of the growth of nonfuel primary exports on the growth of industrial exports and GDP in 74 economies between 1965 and 1992. There is clear evidence of positive effects, both in the short term and in the long term, of the growth of primary exports on the growth of industrial exports and GDP in more than two-thirds of the economies. Therefore, governments in developing countries should not discriminate against the export of primary products, as some earlier studies suggest. Instead, they should adhere to policies that aim at export promotion.
TL;DR: In this article, results are presented from a field study of individuals with disabilities who used voice recognition technology (VRT), and the ability to use the VRT for a trial period may be the major factor resulting in successful adoption of the technology.
Abstract: In this paper, results are presented from a field study of individuals with disabilities who used voice recognition technology (VRT). Twenty‐three individuals who were successful in the use of VRT and 17 who were unsuccessful were interviewed by the researcher. Qualitative results indicated that task‐technology fit, training, the environment, and the disability limitations were the differentiating items. The ability to use the VRT for a trial period may be the major factor resulting in successful adoption of the technology.
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that American mothers typically attributed positive behaviors to internal/stable dispositions and blamed external/unstable factors for negative behaviors, whereas Taiwanese mothe mothe...
Abstract: Parental beliefs are important influences on their child-rearing practices, which, in turn, affect their children’s personal-social development. Such parental beliefs are derived from the culture in which a parent and child reside. The differences might contribute to observed differences in children’s behaviors across nationalities. In the present study, parental beliefs (attributions) regarding the reasons for their children’s and their own positive and negative behaviors are examined. Five attributional orientations were assessed: (a) external/uncontrollable (situation), (b) external/unstable (luck-fate- chance), (c) internal/unstable (emotions), (d) internal/stable (traits), and (e) maternal socialization. Participants included 21 Taiwanese and 36 American mothers of children ranging from 24 to 36 months old. Results suggested that American mothers typically attributed positive behaviors to internal/stable dispositions and blamed external/unstable factors for negative behaviors, whereas Taiwanese mothe...
01 Dec 2000
TL;DR: Palynological characters, when placed in the context of current phylogenies for the Barnadesioideae, suggest additional phylogenetic analyses are needed to re-evaluate intergeneric relationships within the subfamily.
Abstract: The subfamily Barnadesioideae of the Asteraceae consists of nine genera and approximately 90 species. Both molecular and morphological phylogenies indicate that this subfamily is sister to the rest of the family. We have used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study pollen of 41 species from all genera of the Barnadesioideae. Three general pollen types are described in the subfamily: Barnadesia-type (Barnadesia, Huarpea), Chuquiraga-type (Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, Duseniella, Fulcaldea) and Dasyphyllum-type (Dasyphyllum and Schlechtendalia). A fourth type, Amaldoa-type, consisting solely of Arnaldoa, is intermediate between the Chuquiraga- and Dasyphyllum-types. These types parallel and confirm findings from previous studies. Psilolophate grains are found only in the Barnadesia-type. Pollen with a cavity (cavea) between pollen wall units in each of the three interapertural regions is present in Barnadesia (Barnadesia-type), Dasyphyllum (Dasyphyllum-type) and Arnaldoa (Arnaldoa-type). The Chuquiraga-type does not have cavate pollen. Intercolpar concavities occur only in the Dasyphyllum- and Arnaldoa-types. In the latter, intercolpar regions are accompanied by pairs of indentations flanking the colpi. The presence of intercolpar concavities in Dasyphyllum and Schlechtendalia, often cited as a synapomorphy for the Barnadesioideae and Calyceraceae, has apparently evolved independently within the sub-family. Chuquiraga pollen exhibits the least derived palynological features in the subfamily. Palynological characters, when placed in the context of current phylogenies for the Barnadesioideae, suggest additional phylogenetic analyses are needed to re-evaluate intergeneric relationships within the subfamily.
TL;DR: Results confirm that prolactin mediates the stimulatory effects of haloperidol on tuberoinfundibular DA neurons, and reveal that delayed induced activation of these neurons by Prolactin is dependent upon a priming period of sustained hyperprolactinemia longer than 3 h for initiation and maintenance of this response.
TL;DR: Analysis of mean grade point averages for 262 undergraduate courses at a Liberal Arts college showed higher grades appeared within two of the colleges' four academic units, although the reasons remained unclear.
Abstract: Considerable research has been conducted on grade inflation and its pervasiveness Given the significance of grade inflation on the quality of the educational experience and the reputations of colleges and universities, efforts to assess its presence and underlying causes should be supported and solutions developed Because periodic changes in average grades in the short term may be anomalous, mean grade point averages (GPAs) for 262 undergraduate courses at a Liberal Arts college were examined for trends across a 10-yr period Analysis showed higher grades appeared within two of the colleges' four academic units, although the reasons remained unclear Tentative explanations are explored
21 May 2000
TL;DR: This study, guided by existing decision-making models, looks at reasons for computer abuse behavior and relates these to individual characteristics in an attempt to further understanding of the phenomenon.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Despite the existence of laws and much publicity surrounding software piracy, it is widely believed that software piracy is commonplace (Eining & Christensen, 1991; Simpson, Banerjee, & Simpson, 1994). A recent study (i.e., Business Software Alliance, 1999) confirms that software piracy is increasing, with a 2.5 percent increase in piracy in 1998 over 1997, resulting in $3.2 billion in losses to organizations in the United States and $11 billion worldwide. Yet reasons why such illegal behavior continues to occur are lacking. While some attempts have been made at AACSB-accredited schools of business to incorporate ethics education into business programs, there is no knowledge of such educations relationship to actual behavior, nor is there knowledge on what exactly should be taught. Because previous educational, software-based safeguards, and attempts at raising awareness have failed to stop software piracy, some researchers (e.g., Simpson et al., 1994) believe that only when contributory factors are isolated can appropriate measures be taken to reduce software piracy. In addition, Watson and Pitt (1993) suggest that software piracy research lacks attention to individual factors, important for further understanding of the phenomenon. Various accounts (see Figure 1) have cited reasons for computer abuse (i.e., the unethical use of computers) that includes software piracy. Thus this study, guided by existing et ical decision-making models, looks at these reasons for computer abuse behavior and relates these to individual characteristics in an at-
TL;DR: This article developed an alternative end-of-semester instrument which is directly tied to a set of teaching and learning values and which provides professors with useful information, which is more appropriate to view the instrument as a survey of student perceptions that provides little in the way of objective observations.
Abstract: quently, it is more appropriate to view the instrument as a survey of student perceptions that provides little in the way of objective observations (Hinton 1993; Kolitch and Dean 1999). Whatever position one embraces, even if one advocates surveying faculty rather than students (Hinton 1993, 568), efforts to increase accountability in and assessment of higher education will inevitably involve having students fill out evaluation forms, the results of which will play a significant role in determining a professor's professional success. For this reason, it has become important to develop an alternative end-of-semester instrument directly tied to a set of teaching and learning values and which provides professors with useful information. Traditional instruments have been criticized as poor measures of teaching effectiveness and as lacking convincing validity and reliability (see Hinton 1993; Langbein 1994; Wilson 1998). Professors often are frustrated as there is little, if any, connection between changes in teaching (such as incorporating critical thinking exercises or assigning superior readings) and the ensuing ratings. However, instructors can improve their scores by engaging in superficial behaviors and gestures, dressing casually, flattering the political biases of students, bribing them by canceling some of their classes, or teaching undemanding courses (see Trout 1997a). Other research suggests a charismatic style of delivery, even though the content may lack meaning, is the crucial factor for getting high ratings (Ambady and Rosenthal 1993; Williams and Ceci 1997). With respect to learning, the traditional instrument embodies a stu-
TL;DR: Results show that the DRS can provide information about the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of individuals with mental retardation, and they show that it can be administered to a wide range of individuals diagnosed with MR.
Abstract: The utility of the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) when administered to individuals with mental retardation (MR) was examined. Our sample was comprised of individuals residing in an intermediate care facility in the southeastern United States, included individuals diagnosed with mild, moderate, or severe MR, and consisted of both Caucasians (50%) and individuals of African-American descent (50%). Descriptive statistics for the DRS Total Score and five subtests (e.g., Attention, Initiation/Perseveration, Construction, Conceptualization, and Memory) obtained from our sample of individuals with mild MR compared favorably with previously published values. The group with mild MR performed significantly better than the group with moderate MR on the Total Score and all subtests except Construction, and the group with moderate MR performed significantly better than individuals with severe MR on all measures. These results show that the DRS can provide information about the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of indivi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the S factor at 0 keV was derived as a function of the energy for capture to the ground and first excited states of the first excited state of the universe.
Abstract: The ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p},\ensuremath{\gamma}{)}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ reaction was studied by measuring the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays that were produced when 80--100-keV polarized protons were stopped in a thick ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}$ target Cross sections and vector analyzing powers at $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ were determined as a function of energy for capture to the ground and first excited states of ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ These analyzing powers are particularly sensitive to the interference between s- and p-wave contributions, and to the relative phase between direct and resonance amplitudes The results were used to produce a reliable extrapolation of the astrophysical S factor at 0 keV by means of a direct-capture-plus-resonances model calculation The value of $S(0)$ that was obtained for ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}(p,{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0}),$ $18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}04 \mathrm{keV}\mathrm{}\mathrm{b},$ is in agreement with previously determined values, but for ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}(p,{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1})$ the value of $S(0)$ is $35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}06 \mathrm{keV}\mathrm{}\mathrm{b}$ and is more than twice as large as previously determined values
TL;DR: Examples of use of nominal group process and use of learning contracts in a leadership course in one RN completion program are described as two means of meeting the unique learning preferences of working, adult learners.
Abstract: Educating RN-to-BSN students can be challenging and rewarding. The diversity of these students can make designing courses quite difficult. In addition, the RN with experience in nursing practice may resent being put in the traditional role of student. Nominal group process and use of learning contracts in a leadership course in one RN completion program are described as two means of meeting the unique learning preferences of working, adult learners. Houle (1984) identified the learning contract as one means of assisting the adult learner seeking continuing professional education. Accordingly, examples of use of these two strategies in continuing nursing education and staff development are described.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper believes that the gradual integration of design into programming courses can be done effectively provided that appropriate measures of implementation are included.
Abstract: Teaching program design in an introductory programming course is a big challenge for instructors. Over the past few years many studies have been performed on how and when to apply design in CS 1. Some researchers suggest that design methodologies and problem solving techniques should be introduced before any programming is taught, while others believe in the gradual integration of design into programming courses. We believe that the gradual integration of design into programming courses can be done effectively provided that appropriate measures of implementation are included. In this paper we present an approach to integrate design into the first programming course. The outcome of this integration is also presented.
TL;DR: Policy implications of arming probation officers are discussed in light of the increasing felonization of probation caseloads and respondents indicate support for requiring ISP officers to carry a firearm.
Abstract: This study examines the attitudes of probation officers monitoring intensive supervision probation caseloads in Texas regarding arming probation officers. The results from this survey indicate that intensive supervision officers are a somewhat diverse group and hold a variety of opinions regarding their use of firearms. While the survey respondents indicate support for requiring ISP officers to carry a firearm, they clearly do not belive all community supervision officers should be required to carry a firearm. Policy implications of arming probation officers are discussed in light of the increasing felonization of probation caseloads.