Showing papers by "Georgia State University published in 1982"

Photoelectron angular distributions: energy dependence for s subshells

Abstract: An overview of the theory of photoelectron angular distributions for atoms is presented. Its features, which are embodied in a single asymmetry parameter $\ensuremath{\beta}$ in the electric dipole approximation, are examined within the framework of the angular momentum transfer formulation. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ parameter is in principle always energy dependent. Within the $\mathrm{LS}$ coupling approximation, however, there are instances, each representing a multitude of particular photoionization processes, in which $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is an analytically determined constant. The energy dependence of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ parameters in such instances is due entirely to spin-orbit and other relativistic interactions. The study of the energy dependence of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ parameter in these cases is thus of interest because it spotlights weak-interaction effects which are usually overwhelmed by stronger interactions. We illustrate the general predictions by a detailed consideration of the energy dependence of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ parameter for $s$-subshell photoionization processes. It is shown that the asymmetry parameters for atomic $s$ subshells are particularly suitable for distinguishing between purely geometrical effects on the photoelectron angular distribution, resulting from physical conservation laws, and dynamical effects arising from relativistic interactions and electron exchange and correlation. In general, the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ parameters for $s$ subshells vary with energy; such variation is largest near minima in the cross sections for the corresponding photoelectron channels and in the vicinity of resonances. However, a number of atomic photoionization transitions are identified for which $\ensuremath{\beta}$ would be a constant (equal to one of the three values 2, $\frac{1}{5}$, or - 1) were it not for relativistic interactions and (in some cases) final-state interchannel coupling and/or initial-state electron correlations. Measurement or calculation of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ parameters for such transitions thus provides a sensitive measure of the strength of relativistic interactions as well as of electron correlations.

Strategic planning: determining the impact of environmental characteristics and uncertainty.

Abstract: This paper continues a line of research into the effect of environmental characteristics and uncertainty on strategic planning. Results suggest that measures of uncertainty and the environment need...

Advertising and behavior control

Abstract: Advertisers often have been accused of using techniques which manipulate and control the behavior of consumers and hence violate their autonomy. Some of these techniques are puffery, subliminal advertising, and indirect information transfer. After examining both criticisms and defenses of such practices, this paper presents an analysis of four of the concepts involved in the debate — the concepts of autonomous desire, rational desire, free choice, and control. Applying the results to the case of advertising, it is shown that advertising cannot be found guilty of intrinsically or frequently violating the consumer's autonomy in any of the relevant senses of this notion.

Problem solving in the rat: Stay vs. shift solutions on the three-table task

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the conditions under which a shift problem vs. a stay problem would be easier for animals tested on Maier’s three-table task. When animals were given a prior exploratory experience and a partial feeding during the feeding experience, the stay problem was easier. With a prior exploratory experience and a complete feeding experience, the shift solution was easier. In the absence of prior exploration, rats cannot solve either the stay or shift problem, regardless of the amount of feeding during the feeding experience.

Live Supervision as Context, Treatment, and Training

Abstract: This paper describes the live supervision context and elucidates its advantages for training and treatment, particularly in structural and strategic therapy. In addition, a predictable progression of trainee reactions to live supervision is presented, as is a sequence of supervisory methods designed to meet the changing needs of trainees.

Student Ability, Task Difficulty, and Inappropriate Classroom Behavior A Study of Children with Behavior Disorders

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a mismatch between student ability and task difficulty upon inappropriate classroom behavior in children with behavior disorders. The mismatch condition was evaluated both with and without a reinforcement contingency on task accuracy. An experimenter-constructed pretest was used to assess the level of math functioning in the 15 subjects. Variations on the A-B—a single-subject experimental design were used to evaluate the independent variables. An increase in inappropriate behavior was found during the mismatch condition both with and without a reinforcement contingency on task accuracy. Results suggested that failure-level academic tasks resulted in significant increases in inappropriate behavior for some students. Implications of this study for special educators are discussed.

Defining applied behavior analysis: an historical analogy.

Abstract: This article examines two criteria for a definition of applied behavior analysis The criteria are derived from a 19th century attempt to establish medicine as a scientific field The first criterion, experimental determinism, specifies the methodological boundaries of an experimental science The second criterion, philosophic doubt, clarifies the tentative nature of facts and theories derived from those facts Practices which will advance the science of behavior are commented upon within each criteria To conclude, the problems of a 19th century form of empiricism in medicine are related to current practices in applied behavior analysis

Becoming a Male Stripper: Recruitment, Socialization, and Ideological Development

Abstract: Using interview data from fourteen male strippers, this article examines several occupational issues related to this nontraditional work role for men. The intention is to concentrate on the individual dynamics of becoming a male stripper. Specifically, we discuss (a) the situational contingencies affecting how males are recruited to stripping, (b) the socialization process they undergo, and (c) the outcome of socialization, which is the development of ideologies regarding the occupation of stripping. A secondary purpose is to put our findings in perspective by comparing and contrasting them with those on females involved in stripping.

Computing Point Enclosures

Abstract: Given a set of n rectangles in the plane, the point enclosure query is the question to determine for any point p which rectangles of the set it is contained in. It is the "dual" of the well-known range query in computational geometry. It is shown that the point enclosure query in the plane can be answered in 0(log n + k) time, where k is the number of rectangles reported. The solution makes use of a new data structure, called the S-tree. The data structure can be generalized to obtain an efficient algorithm for the point enclosure problem in d-dimensional space d ≥ 2.

Interaction of actinomycin D, ethidium quinacrine daunorubicin, and tetralysine with DNA: 31P NMR chemical shift and relaxation investigation

Abstract: The binding of actinomycin D, ethidium, quinacrine, daunorubicin, and tetralysine to DNA has been investigated using 31P NMR. Titration of DNA with actinomycin yields a new downfield peak or overlapping peaks as would be expected from the slow dissociation kinetics of this compound. The other intercalators shift the DNA 31P signal downfield as a single exchange averaged peak. Tetralysine causes a slight upfield shift. The chemical shift titration curves for the intercalators are sigmoid curves suggesting that cooperative processes or competing effects on the chemical shift are being observed. The magnitude of the chemical shift change at saturation of DNA with the compounds is found to vary significantly and to be linearly related to the DNA base pair unwinding angle for the compounds. Analysis of 31P spin lattice relaxation times (T1) and linewidths as a function of temperature (below Tm) and titration with the above compounds indicates that T1 does not change significantly while linewidth increases with decreasing temperature and increasing bound intercalator. One interpretation of these results is that in both cases the overall motion of DNA becomes slower while the internal motion is not greatly affected.

Depositional features of March 1982 Mount St Helens sediment flows

Abstract: On 19 March 1982, 2 yr after initial eruption, Mount St Helens erupted explosively, resulting in the deposition of new sediment flows in the Toutle River drainages (Fig. 1). We conducted field observations of these flows during the period 29 March–5 April 1982. By this time, the rivers, rapidly re-establishing pre-eruption channel levels, had down-cut through the new flows, allowing us to examine the internal structure of the flows before they could be extensively modified by reconstruction projects. The flows were characterized by a distinct three unit sequence. A basal massive to graded layer (unit 1) consists of large clasts in grain to grain contact. It is overlain by a distinctly finer-grained stratified unit (unit 2) of similar thickness. The top unit (unit 3) contains very large matrix-supported clasts and transported log debris (Fig. 2). This sequence has not previously been documented where its origin could clearly be ascribed to a single catastrophic depositional event. The sequence provides a useful model for interpreting similar deposits in the rock record.

Multiple Minima in Photoionization Cross Sections of Excited Atoms

Abstract: The dipole matrix element for the Cs $9d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\epsilon}f$ photoionizing transition is found theoretically to have three zeros, as a function of photoelectron energy. In addition, a zero in the $d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p$ channel also appears. The explanation of the phenomenon in terms of relative phase shifts is given and the generality of these multiminima is discussed. The consequences of these zeros in cross sections and angular distributions are also spelled out.

Parent reinforcement for child achievement: the use of a lottery to maximize parent training effects

Abstract: This study describes and evaluates a reinforcement program in which parents earned lottery tickets and won prizes for the progress made by their handicapped children during home-based intervention. An ABAB reversal design replicated across three families was used to assess the effects of the lottery on the children's mastery of language skills. Results showed that the reinforcement of the parents for training accomplishments, as indexed by their children's achievements, produced clinically significant increases in the children's progress when compared with the children's progress under the routine supportive practices of the baseline condition. The implications of the findings for parent training programs in general are discussed.

Positive reframing with children: conceptual and clinical considerations.

Abstract: Theoretical and pragmatic aspects of positive reframing with hospitalized middle-school age children are discussed and illustrated through case studies. Specific attention is given to the role of paradox, group process, and the cognitive-developmental level of the child in the construction of an effective reframing intervention. Applications and limitations of reframing are discussed.

Direct and Indirect Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay of Benzodiazepines in Biological Fluids and Tissues

Abstract: The evaluation of new homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) for benzodiazepines is described. The assay, although developed for direct analysis in serum, has been used to detect benzodiazepines in other body fluids and tissues; this is accomplished through two processes. The first consists of a previously reported technique of extraction and reconstitution of the original specimen. The second consists of dilution of the original specimen. The assay is compared to a gas chromatographic procedure.

Viscometric analysis of the interaction of bisphenanthridinium compounds with closed circular supercoiled and linear DNA

Abstract: The interaction with closed circular supercoiled and linear DNA of bisphenanthridinium compounds substituted through both the meta and para positions of the 6-phenyl group, along with appropriate monomer intercalators as controls, has been investigated by viscometric titration. When CPK models for the phenanthridinium rings of the three bis-compounds are oriented in a parallel manner as a model for intercalation, their ring plane to ring plane distances are approximately 7 to 8 A (SR 2430), 11 A (SR 2193), and 15 A (SR 2166). In SR 2430 the two phenanthridines are linked through the para positions of the 6-phenyl group; this chain allows intercalation of the two rings at adjacent binding sites in DNA, but is not long enough to accommodate an excluded site. The viscometric titrations with both superhelical and linear DNA clearly indicate that SR 2430 gives results close to those of the monomer control compounds while SR 2193 and SR 2166 have approximately twice the unwinding angle and DNA length increase on binding to DNA as the monomer compounds. These phenanthridinium compounds, therefore, are capable of bisintercalation only if their linking groups are of sufficient length to allow an excluded binding site between base pairs. This conclusion is supported by DNA thermal denaturation experiments in the presence of these compounds.