Showing papers by "Georgia State University published in 1984"

Coordinating attention to people and objects in mother-infant and peer-infant interaction.

Abstract: In a longitudinal study, infants 6-18 months of age were observed in their homes playing with their mothers and with peers Of primary concern was how they coordinated their attention to people and objects Observations were coded using a state-based scheme that included a state of coordinated joint engagement as well as states of person engagement, object engagement, onlooking, and passive joint engagement All developmental trends observed were similar regardless of partner: person engagement declined with age, while coordinated joint engagement increased Passive joint engagement, object engagement, and onlooking did not change with age However, the absolute amount of some engagement states was affected by partner: both passive and coordinated joint engagement were much more likely when infants played with mothers We conclude that mothers may indeed support or "scaffold" their infants' early attempts to embed objects in social interaction, but that as attentional capabilities develop even quite unskilled peers may be appropriate partners for the exercise of these capacities

Verbal behavior at a procedural level in the chimpanzee.

Abstract: Ape language research has typically employed cognitive descriptions of ape competencies. Recently, Epstein, Lanza, and Skinner (1980) attempted to simulate some of the ape findings with pigeons. They also used cognitive terms to describe their results, but with “tongue-in-cheek.” In the hope of bringing about a better understanding of the ape research, this paper describes the main aspects of one ape language project, using a behavior-analytic framework. It then briefly compares and contrasts, from that perspective, the training programs used with pigeons and with apes. It is concluded that the behavior-analytic framework, and the procedures devised to produce language skills in apes, provide strong support for several of the major positions set forth in Skinner's (1957) Verbal Behavior.

From White-Collar Occupations to Small Business: Korean Immigrants' Occupational Adjustment

Abstract: Previous studies indicate that about one-third of Korean immigrant families in the United States are engaged in small business. This paper attempts to explain why such a large proportion of Korean ...

Craters, calderas, and hyaloclastites on young Pacific seamounts

Abstract: Craters, calderas, and bedded hyaloclastites are commonly associated with seamounts. New Sea MARC 1 side-looking sonar data for the summit of MOK seamount located near the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 10°N show that MOK has a large caldera consisting of three coalesced circular depressions. These data also reveal many features such as stepped crater walls, talus deposits, ring faults, intracaldera flows, small cones, lava tubes and channels, and other features. Results of an ALVIN submersible dive in the crater of seamount “F” near the EPR at 21°22′N, 108°37′W revealed the presence of bedded hyaloclastite deposits; bedded hyaloclastites were also recovered by dredging of six other volcanoes all with summit craters. The bedded hyaloclastites are thin blankets of several types of basalt glass shards in a matrix of bottom sediment, clay, and ferromanganese minerals. The glass shards are chemically homogeneous and similar to midocean ridge basalts and transitional basalt lavas typical of young seamounts. Hyaloclastite deposits are crudely inverse graded with tabular, platy shards parallel to bedding. The characteristics of bedded hyaloclastites on seamount suggest an origin by rapid eruption rate, explosive mixing of magma and seawater, followed by rapid transport and deposition, such as may occur during submarine lava fountaining.

Social influence and crime-victim decision making.

Abstract: Other people can affect a crime-victim's decision to notify the police in at least four different ways: (a) by cuing the victim to a particular “script” or particular actions within a script, (b) by providing arguments and advice, (c) by indicating what normative standards operate within some group important to the victim, and (d) by providing socioemotional support or nonsupport. These four functions others serve can operate when the victim is labeling an event as a crime, when the victim is determining its seriousness, and when the victim is deciding what to do about it. This paper discusses these four functions in terms of relevant theoretical and empirical work.

Comparison of p-Nitrophenol Biodegradation in Field and Laboratory Test Systems.

Abstract: Acclimation of microbial communities exposed to p-nitrophenol (PNP) was measured in laboratory test systems and in a freshwater pond. Laboratory tests were conducted in shake flasks with water, shake flasks with water and sediment, eco-cores, and two sizes of microcosm. The sediment and water samples used in the laboratory experiments were obtained from the pond. After a 6-day acclimation period, PNP was biodegraded rapidly in the pond. When the pond was treated with PNP a second time, biodegradation began immediately. The acclimation periods in laboratory test systems that contained sediment were similar to that in the pond. The acclimation period was threefold longer in shake flasks without sediment. PNP was biodegraded more slowly by microbial communities acclimated in the laboratory than it was in the pond, and the rate of biodegradation varied with the type of test. The number of bacteria able to mineralize PNP increased by 3 orders of magnitude in the pond during the acclimation period. Similar increases accompanied acclimation in the laboratory systems.

Changes in the Vote Margins for Congressional Candidates: A Specification of Historical Trends

Abstract: Recent research on House elections has focused on the decline in congressional competition since the mid-1960s. However, this body of research suffers from three major problems: 1) an imprecise specification of the nature of change in the degree of congressional competition, 2) its exclusive reliance on a limited time frame, which calls into question the generalizability and adequacy of its explanations, and 3) its overemphasis on incumbency-oriented explanations. Using a Multiple Interrupted Time Series (MITS) analysis of trends in aggregate electoral data from 1824 to 1980, we find that current low levels of congressional competition are not historically unique, but instead constitute a continuation of a long-term trend established in the mid-1890s. In addition, and in contrast to the general thrust described in the literature, there appears to be a post-1965 trend toward greater competition, although the absolute level of competition is lower after the mid-1960s. Finally, a disaggregation of electoral results by incumbency status suggests a growth in the incumbency advantage since the mid-1890s, but that lower post-1965 levels of congressional competition are the result of a winners' and not an incumbency, advantage. Such findings cast doubt on the adequacy of explanations that focus on post-1965, incumbency-oriented factors.

Decisionmaking under uncertainty with various assumptions about available information

Abstract: Six different varieties of methodology are surveyed for choosing one of a fixed number of alternative actions in the context of uncertainty. Within this context a fixed number of possible states of the world can actually hold, where the outcome of each alternative action is dependent on the state of the world. The six approaches differ from each other primarily in their assumptions about the quality and quantity of information that is available regarding: the relative possibility or likelihood of the various states of the world, and the relative utility of the various outcomes defined by (action, state) pairs. The six approaches are illustrated using a single example. Finally, the prospects for an integrated approach to decision support that is sensitive to the quality and quantity of information are discussed, and some fruitful areas for further research are suggested.

Incipient multiple personality in children. Four cases

Abstract: Despite extensive study of child abuse and increasing interest in multiple personality, there has been no way of identifying abused children who are potential multiples, and only rarely has multiple personality been diagnosed before adulthood. This article describes four cases where dual identity was claimed by the child and/or trance states were evident in response to questions or stimuli related to traumatic events. In addition, the three children who were treated according to a program developed to integrate multiple personalities in adults showed unification of consciousness and immediate disappearance of or reduction in symptoms, together with other positive personality changes. Improvements were maintained on follow-up. From behaviors noted in these children, together with symptoms found in published biographical and autobiographical accounts of the childhood of persons with multiple personality, a list of 20 behavioral signs was derived which should be of assistance in helping teachers and other professionals who have frequent contact with children to identify potential multiples. Six subjective items were also given to be used in interviewing suspected cases. Incidence of incipient multiple personality and approaches to differential diagnosis are discussed. Three levels of family pathology are described and treatment approaches are suggested for each category, together with cautions about the need for careful clinical judgment. Finally, a systematic play therapy approach to enable personality integration is detailed.

Mothers' communicative acts: changes during infancy

Abstract: This research documents changes in the ways mothers communicate with their Infants during the last year of infancy. Mothers were observed playing with their infants using a two-cohort longitudinal design. Recorded were how often mothers performed communicative acts and whether these acts marked objects or the mothers themselves in a literal or conventionalized manner. Our results suggest that these infants' first experiences with object-oriented communication occurred in a dynamic, responsive environment, one that reflected their development towards more object-oriented, conventionalized communication.

Crowding in a Woman's Prison: Attitudinal and Behavioral Effects1

Abstract: Two studies were conducted to assess the impact of crowding on female inmates. The first study, an archival analysis of the records of 561 women prisoners, showed that the average population in the institution was significantly related to the transformed rate of disciplinary infractions, even when other variables had been controlled for. The second study, which used a questionnaire, found that inmates' perceived control was positively related to liking for their room and negatively related to their reported stress and physical symptoms. In addition, the stress inmates experienced was negatively related to liking for their room and positively related to physical symptoms.

Anticipatory Consumer Socialization

Abstract: While most consumer socialization research has focused upon the development of consumer orientations that young people can enact, little research exists on how children and adolescents develop consumer orientations that have relevance for adult consumer behavior. This article addresses the concept of anticipatory consumer socialization by focusing on a variety of consumer cognitions and how they are acquired.

Problem solving in the rat: Piecemeal acquisition of cognitive maps

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to compare the problem-solving performance of rats allowed to explore either one or two tables of Maier’s three-table-problem apparatus on successive days. The feeding experience and test trial were administered on the day after all tables and runways had been explored in this piecemeal fashion. No rat that explored only one table and runway per day was able to solve the problem, whereas 60% of the rats that explored two tables and their interconnecting runways did solve the problem. All rats that explored the entire apparatus on each exploratory day were able to solve the problem. These data support the notion that animals can conceptually link objects experienced successively into cognitive representations which specify the constant relationships existing between those objects. The existence of such an absolute spatial mechanism makes it unnecessary for an organism to depend upon relative spatial mechanisms such as routes or cues.

Vocal Patterns in Male and Female Groups

Abstract: Ten male and ten female five-person groups spent 20 minutes talking and getting acquainted. Subjects wore lavaliere microphones, and their voices were monitored continuously by a microcomputer system that detected patterns of speech and silence. Raw vocal data were transformed into codes representing conversational states that can occur in a group discussion (e.g., individual turn, pause, simultaneous speech, group turn), and these codes were related to peer ratings and to overall ratings of the group. Talking was generally associated with positive evaluations, though the pattern varied with different speech codes and differed for males and females. Females reported enjoying group interaction more than males did, and females vocalized more within their turns and paused less between their turns.

17O NMR spectroscopy: Effect of substituents on chemical shifts for p-substituted benzoic acids, methyl benzoates, cinnamic acids and methyl cinnamates

Abstract: The 17O NMR spectra for a series of 17O-enriched p-substituted benzoic acids, methyl benzoates, cinnamic acids and methyl cinnamates in acetone at 40°C are reported The carboxylic acids showed one signal (benzoic 2505 ppm, SCS range p-MeO to p-NO2 = 105 ppm; cinnamic 2541 ppm, SCS range p-MeO to p-NO2 = 54 ppm) The esters showed two signals [methyl benzoate (CO) 3413 ppm and (OCH3) 1280 ppm; methyl cinnamate (CO) 3399 ppm and (OCH3) 1342 ppm] The SCS ranges for the carbonyls of the esters were larger than those for the corresponding acids, while those for the OCH3 groups of the esters were slightly smaller The carbonyl data gave good correlations with σ+ constants, while the OCH3 data gave at best only a poor correlation with σ constants Dual substituent parameter treatment improved the correlations for all the data using σR+ constants The ratios of ρI to ρR+ were similar for all the sets of data

17O NMR studies on polycyclic quinones, hydroxyquinones and related cyclic ketones: Models for anthracycline intercalators

Abstract: The 17O chemical shifts for six cyclic ketones which serve as models for quinones, viz. cyclohex-2-enone (1), α-tetralone (2), anthrone (3), 4H-pyran-4-one (4), 1-benzopyran-4(4H)-one (5), xanth-9-enone (6), and for six quinones, viz. benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone 5,8-dihydroxynaphthoquinone and 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, were measured in toluene at 90°C. A shielding effect of approximately 50 ppm per fused benzene ring was noted for the quinones and related carbocyclic ketones; however, the analogous series of heterocyclic fused ring ketones 4–6 showed only a slight fused-ring effect on the carbonyl chemical shift. A single 17O resonance was observed for 2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone (358 ppm) and 5,8-dihydroxynaphthoquinone (283 ppm), indicating rapid proton exchange between the oxygen atoms of these compounds. However, 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone gave two discrete 17O signals at 441 and 87 ppm, indicating that in this case proton exchange between oxygen atoms is slow.

Social Network Changes and the Adjustment to Divorce.

Abstract: The objectives of this pilot study were to explore the social network relationships of divorced persons prior to divorce and up to one year following divorce, and to delineate the network changes which take place and the ways in which these changes affect adjustment to divorce. Subjects were administered the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the General Well-Being Schedule and completed a social network questionnaire. In general the findings suggested that changes in the social networks of individuals from pre to post divorce tend to decrease the quaLily of the person's adjustment to this life crisis. Suggestions were provided for future research in this area and for clinical interventions designed to deal with divorced persons.

Multidimensional Height-Balanced Trees

Abstract: A new multidimensional balanced tree structure is presented for the efficient management of multidimensional data. It is shown that the data structure can be used to manage a set of n k-dimensional records or data items such that the records can be searched or updated in O(log2 n) + k time, which is optimal. The data structure is a multidimensional generalization of the height-balanced trees and retains much of their simplicity and efficiency. The insertion algorithm, in particular, retains a very important property of the height-balanced trees: an insertion of a record results in the application of a restructuring operation at most once.

IQ Testing as the Emperor’s New Clothes

Abstract: I, for one, was very happy to see the publication by Arthur Jensen, Bias in Mental Testing (1980), not for the reason, as some have suggested, that it provides a “final definitive answer” to the critics of standardized IQ tests. I am happy because Bias in Mental Testing, as Jensen’s attempt to be comprehensive, actually covers so much territory that the soft underbelly of key arguments in support of IQ testing in general and IQ testing for “minority populations” in particular is easily exposed. Presumably, this book is Arthur Jensen’s tour de force. He has done a distinct service to education measurement by his articulation of common practice in test construction, experimental design, and statistical methodology. I can think of few references that treat these topics quite so clearly and comprehensively. On the other hand, Arthur Jensen has listed most of the major criticisms in the IQ-testing controversy but has failed to deal with the data that are presented in support of the criticisms by others. Jensen has claimed that he has made an exhaustive review of all the literature that pertains to the IQ argument. In this critique, we will look precisely at that claim.

The "Opener" Skilled User of Facial Expression and Speech Pattern

Abstract: Same-sex pairs of high or low "openers, "persons more or less adept at encozvraging others to talk, engaged in 10-minute conversations. Conversations were videotaped, and the moment-by-moment patterning of speech and gaze was examined by computer. Interest and attentiveness expressed in the subjects' faces were also judged. The high openers used a set of behaviors that may serve to reinforce their partners' participation. An attentive facial expression and the appearance of comfort and enjoyment are part of their visual display during conversation. Brief utterances of simultaneous speech were also emitted by higher opener males while their partners were speaking.

The Impact of GNMA Futures Trading on Cash Market Volatility

Abstract: Excerpt] A general conclusion that can be drawn from theoretical analyses of spot market volatility when futures markets exist is best summarized by Turnovsky [1983, p. 1364] who states "under their (theoretical studies) respective assumptions, the futures market almost certainly stabilizes the “spot price." This suggests that trading in futures contracts may originate when cash markets experience considerable volatility. Indeed, futures trading on a variety of financial instruments was initiated shortly after periods of historically high interest rates.

Current Issues The place of Physiological Psychology in Neuroscience

Abstract: The development of Neuroscience has raised questions about the place of Physiological Psychology in both Psychology and Neuroscience. The present paper addresses the identity crisis of Physiological Psychology by focusing on the concept of the localization of function in the explanation of brain-behavior relationships. The physiological psychologist, dependent upon the reductionistic assumption that behavior can be explained by reduction to some brain event, and the notion that we have a firm understanding of behavioral events and processes, has turned to Neuroscience for both academic identity and research sustenance. But Neuroscience lacks a molar framework, and the consequence of the flight into Neuroscience has been the deterrence of integrative theorizing about brain-behavior relationships. Only through a return to the basic intellectual tradition of our discipline can we negate this trend. By attempting to identify and understand the natural fracture lines of complex adaptive behavioral functions, physiological psychologists can begin to develop the integrative theories that will foster an understanding of brain-behavioral relationships. Doing so has significant implications for what we teach, as well as for the role we play in the Psychology-Neuroscience endeavor of the future.

Spending in the States: a Test of Six Models

Abstract: T HE STATE spending policy process has been examined from a number of alternative theoretical perspectives in recent years. Several analysts have attempted to apply the incrementalist model of Davis, Dempster, and Wildavsky (1966) to expenditure decisionmaking in the states (e.g., Sharkansky and Turnbull 1969; Sharkansky 1968; Stutzman 1981). Others, working in the comparative state policy tradition, have examined the impact of state resources, constituencies, and political processes on state spending levels (e.g., Dawson and Robinson 1963; Dye 1966; Sharkansky 1971). Unfortunately, these analyses have not taken us very far in understanding the state spending process. Several limitations in the existing literature account for this lack of progress. First, with a few important exceptions (e.g., Tucker 1981; Marquette and Hinckley 1981), most of these studies have employed cross-sectional analysis, the limitations of which are well documented (Gray 1976). Additionally, the incremental model has been examined in only a few states: Massachusetts (Tucker 1981), Michigan (Stutzman 1981), and Wisconsin and Georgia (Sharkansky and Turnbull 1969). This raises important questions about the generalizability of these findings. Finally, a number of analysts have recently suggested that research effort on the spending process be directed toward competitive testing of the several models and further theoretical integration so that the models might better reflect the complexity inherent in the expenditure process (e.g., Hoole, Job, and Tucker 1976: 295; Ostrom 1978; Hoole, Handley, and Ostrom 1979). Unfortunately, such competitive testing and theoretical integration are almost absent in studies of the state spending process. In trying marginally to improve the state of the state expenditure literature, this paper takes a rather limited objective. By testing through longitudinal analyses a number of simple models of the state spending processs for all of the states, we hope to lay the groundwork for futher theoretical integration of the models. Our interest in comparative longitudinal assessment of several simple models arises from more than the simple lack of such studies across the fifty states. In one of the few comparative assessments of simple spending models, Hoole, Handley, and Ostrom (1979) tested five models of United Nations expenditure processes. Contrary to expectations, they found that they could not distinguish among the several simple models. Simply put,

A Description of the Shelf Edge Groundfish Habitat Along the Southeastern United States

Abstract: The rocky outcrops at the shelf edge along the southeastern United States provide a diverse and complex series of subhabitats inhabited by groundfish of both commercial and recreational importance. Reef morphology ranged from rounded outcrops of relatively low relief (less than 0.5 m) to steep scarps with as much as 15m relief. Ground· fish species composition and density of a community off Charleston, S. C. were deter· mined by counts from underwater television. More precise quantitative estimates of subhabitat area, greater replicate abundance sampling within discrete subhabitats and the incorporation of information on groundfish behavioral response to environmental factors and sampling techniques are necessary prior to realistic estimates of regional habitat carrying capacity and/or estimating absolute groundfish abundance. Along the margin of the continental shelf between Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and Cape Canaveral, Florida a series of submarine ridges (Uchupi and Tagg, 1966; Eddy, et at. 1967; Uchupi, 1967; Henry and Hoyt, 1968; Zarudski and Uchupi, 1968; Rona, 1969; Macintyre and Milliman, 1970; Henry and Giles, 1979 and tlenry, et at. 1980.), creates irregular bottom topography that provides habitat for an abundant and diverse fish fauna (Huntsman and Manooch, 1978). Results tom habitants of inner, middle and outer shelf depth zones. This report describes the general extent and geomorphology of several selected rocky outcrop groundfish habitats at the shelf edge between Cape Fear, North Carolina and Brunswick, Georgia and provides a preliminary estimate of the density of groundfish of commercial size.

An exploratory study of kin ties among Korean immigrant families in Atlanta.

Abstract: This paper examines the level and kinds of kin involvement among Korean immigrant families in Atlanta with a focus on the relationship between the nuclear family unit and cohabiting non-nuclear family members and between the nuclear family and other kin families. In 1980 census data showed there were 2762 Koreans or 902 Korean families in Atlanta almost all of whom arrived after 1970. About 96% of this studys sample of 116 married Korean adults (average age 39.6) have relatives in the US; 78% have relatives in Atlanta. 30% have at least 1 cohabiting elderly parent. 16% have 1 or more relatives other than a parent living with them often unmarried brothers or sisters. The average cohabiting family size is 4.32 much larger than the native average family size of 2.75. 47% reported that they had lived with relatives for 1 week or more after coming from Korea; this percentage rose to 65 for more recent arrivals. Most who had parents living with them received assistance from parents in the form of household work babysitting or help with a business; this assistance may be crucial to Korean families success. In return children provide their parents with as many opportunites for social interaction as possible. Assistance from relatives other than parents occurs in 3 stages: 1) the pre-immigration stage 2) the adjustment stage and 3) the settlement stage. During the first phase immigrants help their relatives come to the US. During the adjustment phase newcomers usually live with their relatives and receive help with such mundane tasks as opening a checking account applying for a social security number drivers training shopping finding a place to live and finding jobs. Relatives were far more important than friends or churches. 53% currently meet with kin once a week or more. 81% report kin as important or very important in their decision to immigrate to the US. 55% report being closer to kin in the US than they were in Korea; only 20% reported closeness to kin as being less in this country. These results show that immigration enhances kinship ties.