scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "Georgia State University published in 1985"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, Adamson et al. as mentioned in this paper observed infants playing with their mothers, with peers, and alone in their homes from 6 to 18 months, and found that affect was most likely when infants were engaged with mothers or peers in person play.
Abstract: ADAMSON, LAUREN B., and BAKEMAN, ROGER. Affect and Attention: Infants Observed with Mothers and Peers. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1985, 56, 582-593. This study documents the rate, mean duration, and mode of infants' affective displays. Using a cross-sequential design, infants were observed in their homes from 6 to 18 months playing with their mothers, with peers, and alone. Affect rates were higher with mothers than peers. With increasing age, affect rates as well as the vocal mode increased, while mean durations and facial and motoric modes decreased. Affect was most likely when infants were engaged with mothers or peers in person play. It also occurred often when infants first became engaged with the same object their partner was manipulating; with mothers (but not peers) affect continued to be expressed throughout these periods of shared object play. Rates were elevated when mothers moved objects repetitively. Discussion focuses on how infants' earlierdeveloping affective communication skills may continue to be used as they begin to explore the world of objects and on how adults may support this integration of expressive and referential communication.

182 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of sodium ion concentration on the binding isotherms and association and dissociation reaction rates for the interaction of the closely related intercalating dication, propidium, and the monocation, ethidium, with DNA have been determined by spectrophotometric binding and stopped‐flow kinetics methods.
Abstract: The effects of sodium ion concentration on the binding isotherms and association and dissociation reaction rates for the interaction of the closely related intercalating dication, propidium, and the monocation, ethidium, with DNA have been determined by spectrophotometric binding and stopped-flow kinetics methods. The binding of propidium to DNA is best described by a neighbor-exclusion binding isotherm (two base pairs per binding site) with negative ligand cooperatively on binding. The cooperativity parameter is fairly independent of salt concentration, while the log of the observed equilibrium binding constant varies with −log [Na+], with a slope of two for the propidium–DNA interaction. These effects of the sodium ion on the equilibrium binding of propidium with DNA are similar to those previously described for the dication, quinacrine [Wilson, W.D. & Lopp, I.G. (1979) Biopolymers, 18, 3025–3041]. Ethidium behaves, as a function of salt, as a monocation binding to DNA with neighbor exclusion and without ligand cooperativity. Equations are derived for two limiting kinetics models for intercalation involving binding of the intercalator to a preequilibrium, open state of DNA (model I) or binding form a preequilibrium externally associated state of the intercalator with DNA (model II). Model II gives the best fit to all of the kinetic results if it is assumed that the initial external interaction of the intercalator with DNA is similar to the exchange of free and condensed simple counterions. Intercalation then occurs from this state following an opening transition of the base pairs of the double helix. This model predicts a larger effect of salt concentration on the association than on the dissociation reaction, and that is what is experimentally observed. The intercalation conformational change makes a significant contribution to the ionic effects for both the equilibrium binding and the kinetic constants. The dissociation results and the association reaction results under pseudo-first-order conditions could be fit with single exponential curves under the conditions of our experiments.

135 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 4 year old pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) has spontaneously begun to use symbols for the purpose of communicating and has also spontaneously demonstrated an ability to comprehend many spoken English words and his multi-word utterances consistently provide more information than his single- word utterances.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of structuring the export arrangement as a contractual, administrative, or conventional channel is analyzed based on data collected from a national sample of export management companies, and the central role of structure in the operation of export channels is largely confirmed.
Abstract: The association between contractual arrangement and the marketing practices of export intermediaries and domestic supplies is examined. Based on data collected from a national sample of export management companies, the effect of structuring the export arrangement as a contractual, administrative, or conventional channel is analyzed. Prior research suggests that contractual form establishes the framework within which all the economic and sociopolitical interactions between the supplier and export middleman take place. Hypothesized relationship between export practices and channel structure are empirically tested, and the central role of structure in the operation of export channels is largely confirmed.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that chronic running elevates dopamine secretion and consequently produces a compensatory down-regulation of dopaminergic receptor sites.
Abstract: It was hypothesized that endurance exercise results in an alteration in the brain monoamine systems. Rats were trained to run for food reinforcement on a variable ratio schedule in running wheels. Yoked control rats were also allowed to run but were not specifically reinforced for running. The animals ran 5 days per week for 8 weeks and were sacrificed 48 hours after the last endurance training session. The brains were assayed for norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations and beta-adrenergic (3H-dihydroalprenolol binding) and dopaminergic (3H-spiroperidol binding) receptor densities. Changes in norepinephrine concentration and beta-adrenergic receptor densities were not significantly different between reinforced running and yoked control groups. Dopamine concentrations were significantly higher while dopamine receptor densities were significantly lower in the reinforced running group. These results suggest that chronic running elevates dopamine secretion and consequently produces a compensatory down-regulation of dopaminergic receptor sites. The relationship of these changes to motor activity and to the antidepressant effects of exercise are discussed.

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: With neurons at various levels of the olfactory pathway tractable for physiological, morphological and biochemical analyses, crustaceans provide useful animal models with which to study olfaction.

71 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and tested a model of job satisfaction and intended turnover in the large CPA firm environment and found that job satisfaction showed strong significance in a multiple regression equation predicting the probability of turnover.
Abstract: This research reports on the development and test of a model of job satisfaction and intended turnover in the large CPA firm environment. On an overall basis, the model was generally supported. Satisfaction showed strong significance in a multiple regression equation predicting the probability of turnover. In addition, eleven dimensions of job satisfaction developed through factor analysis, as well as a “career preparation” variable, correlated positively with a measure of overall job satisfaction and negatively with a measure of the probability of turnover.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that one can and should adopt a realist perspective toward such attributions, but accommodate their environmental relativity by treating intentional properties as relational properties, which is a useful perspective on experimental cognitive psychology; in particular one can overcome the temptation to treat ecological accounts and information processing accounts as incompatible alternatives and come to see them as mutually supportive.

61 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: While recent legislation provides the legal basis for the development of American export trading companies, the law leaves decisions regarding operating characteristics and export services to the p... as mentioned in this paper, the authors of this paper
Abstract: While recent legislation provides the legal basis for the development of American export trading companies, the law leaves decisions regarding operating characteristics and export services to the p...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The several “compositional inference” axiom systems were used in an expert knowledge-based system and the quality of the system outputs—fuzzy linguistic phrases—were compared in terms of correctness and precision.
Abstract: In this paper we report the results of an empirical study to compare eleven alternative logics for approximate reasoning in expert systems. The several “compositional inference” axiom systems (described below) were used in an expert knowledge-based system. The quality of the system outputs—fuzzy linguistic phrases—were compared in terms of correctness and precision (non-vagueness). In the first section of the paper we discuss fuzzy expert systems. The second section provides a brief review of logic systems and their relation to approximate reasoning. Section three contains the experimental design, and section four supplies the results of the experiment. Finally, a summary is given.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the location of the zeros in dipole matrix elements for photoionizing transitions (Cooper minima) in ground states of atoms has been calculated for all subshells over the entire periodic system.
Abstract: The location of the zeros in dipole matrix elements for photoionizing transitions (Cooper minima) in ground states of atoms has been calculated for all subshells over the entire periodic system. These zeros occur for all subshells whose wave functions have nodes, except the 2s subshell. The behavior of these zeros, as a function of the atomic number Z, has been examined and their ``trajectories'' are rather complicated. The trajectories are explained primarily in terms of initial-state quantum defects and final-state phase shifts. All atoms with Zg10 have at least one zero, and some have as many as five zeros.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors summarizes the central assumptions of the communicative language teaching model and specifies the potential difficulties that regular classroom teachers may face in adopting it and presents seven criteria to be used in organizing communicative classrooms and describes specific applications of these criteria to decisions about organizing classroom interaction and the physical environment.
Abstract: Recent research into the processes of children's first and second language development has yielded a number of insights which have been combined to create the communicative language teaching model. This model should be useful to English as a second language (ESL) teachers, both in planning their own instruction and in advising the increasing numbers of regular classroom teachers with limited English-speaking (LES) students in their classes. This article summarizes the central assumptions of the communicative language teaching model and specifies the potential difficulties that regular classroom teachers may face in adopting it. It then presents seven criteria to be used in organizing communicative classrooms and describes specific applications of these criteria to decisions about organizing classroom interaction and the physical environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present evidence documenting the need to make such culture-specific adjustments and report a cross-national comparison of consumer attitudes toward seeking redress in two countries. But no research has specifically addressed the need for handling product-related customer dissatisfaction differently in different countries, while several authors have urged the tailoring of the marketing mix to cultures served by multinational organizations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative to both the capitalization and the "heterogeneity" tests of the Tiebout hypothesis is presented. By examining the implication that the greater the degree of public school choice in a metro area the lesser should be the reliance on private schooling, additional and novel support is found for the hypothesis.
Abstract: This article develops an alternative to both the capitalization and the “heterogeneity” tests of the Tiebout hypothesis. By examining the implication that the greater the degree of public school choice in a metro area the lesser should be the reliance on private schooling, additional and novel support is found for the hypothesis. Specifically, interjurisdictional choice linked to the number of school districts, and intrajurisdictional choice as reflected by the number of individual schools per district both were found to be important dimensions of school choice. That the Tiebout process is operational at the SMSA level of aggregation also suggests that the net fiscal gains from mobility are relevant to both central city and suburban dwellers.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The practice of benchmarking as an assessment tool in computer performance evaluation is traced from the early 1960s to the present, along with a discussion of critical issues raised during the past two decades.
Abstract: The practice of benchmarking as an assessment tool in computer performance evaluation is traced in this article from the early 1960s to the present. Included here are discussions of standard benchmark problems (used in Standard EDP Reports), application benchmarks, workload mapping, synthetic jobs, and the standard benchmark library concept. Advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are given, along with a discussion of critical issues raised during the past two decades.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The quantitative approaches employed in meta-analysis offer many advantages as a literature review procedure and awareness of the issues it raises can improve the traditional narrative summarization approach.
Abstract: Meta-analysis, a method for summarizing empirical studies, has been advocated in many areas of behavioral research. Expanding on existing literature, this article provides an overview of meta-analysis with particular emphasis on its strengths and limitations. Overall, the quantitative approaches employed in meta-analysis offer many advantages as a literature review procedure. Even if meta-analysis is not adopted as the literature review method, awareness of the issues it raises can improve the traditional narrative summarization approach.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Martin Luther King's “Letter from Birmingham Jail” as discussed by the authors is an apostolic epistle in the Pauline tradition, and it can be seen as not only a letter but also as a sermon.
Abstract: Martin Luther King's “Letter from Birmingham Jail” is an apostolic epistle in the Pauline tradition. Following the conventions of black American Protestantism, King discovered in St. Paul a type for himself and in St. Paul's letters a literary form that he could apply to modern situations. Like the Pauline letters, King's “Letter” depends heavily on scriptual allusions and may be seen as not only a letter but also as a sermon.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the R Aquarii system has been studied at 2, 6, and 20 cm, and it is concluded that the compact H II region spectral index is about +0.6, indicative of a thermal and optically thick expanding wind from the long-period variable.
Abstract: New continuum observations of all radio components of the R Aquarii system at 2, 6, and 20 cm are reported which allow determination of polarization properties, integrated flux levels, spectral indices, and hence the emission mechanisms of the individual components. Complementary wide-band optical observations are also reported to help determine the nature and structure of the compact double radio source (CDRS) and the R Aquarii radio jet. The results of these observations are discussed in detail with regard to models currently or previously proposed for the R Aquarii system. It is concluded that the compact H II region spectral index is about +0.6, indicative of a thermal and optically thick expanding wind from the long-period variable. The radio jet emission is shown to be optically thin, thermal, cospatial with optical emission, and stable over the last few years. The CDRS is shown to be an extragalactic background object.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the case of the 1980 and 1982 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington, transported and oriented numerous stumps and logs as discussed by the authors, showing that trees can be good paleocurrent indicators.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1985
TL;DR: There is conflicting evidence regarding the degree of influence which interest groups exert on the formulation and implementation of public policies in American cities as mentioned in this paper, and there is evidence that the electoral institutions of reformed governments make public policy less responsive to the demands arising out of social conflicts in the population.
Abstract: T _ HERE IS conflicting evidence regarding the degree of influence which interest groups exert on the formulation and implementation of public policies in American cities. The proximity of councilpersons to their constitutents is said (Morlan and Hardy 1968) to make them more responsive to interest groups than legislators at any other level of government. Yet, institutional features of the municipal reform movement are believed (Clark 1971; Grimes et al. 1976; Lineberry and Fowler 1967) to have made city governments somewhat resistant to interest group influence. In particular, Lineberry and Fowler (1967: 716) noted that "by muting the demands of private regarding groups, the electoral institutions of reformed governments make public policy less responsive to the demands arising out of social conflicts in the population." On the other hand, Northrop and Dutton (1978) concluded that chief executives in reformed cities are more vulnerable to group influence than chief executives in cities without the institutions of the reform

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fact that a unique chemical shift is obtained for imino protons at intercalated sites over the entire titration of DNA supports a neighbor‐exclusion binding model with intercalators bound at alternating sites rather than in clusters on the double helix.
Abstract: At low temperature and low salt concentration, both imino proton and 31p-nmr spectra of DNA complexes with the intercalators ethidium and propidium are in the slow-exchange region. Increasing temperature and/or increasing salt concentration results in an increase in the site exchange rate. Ring-current effects from the intercalated phenanthridinium ring of ethidium and propidium cause upfield shifts of the imino protons of A · T and G · C base pairs, which are quite similar for the two intercalators. The limiting induced chemical shifts for propidium and ethidium at saturation of DNA binding sites are approximately 0.9 ppm for A · T and 1.1 ppm for G · C base pairs. The similarity of the shifts for ethidium and propidium, in both the slow- and fast-exchange regions over the entire titration of DNA, shows that a binding model for propidium with neighbor-exclusion binding and negative ligand cooperativity is correct. The fact that a unique chemical shift is obtained for imino protons at intercalated sites over the entire titration and that no unshifted imino proton peaks remain at saturation binding of ethidium and propidium supports a neighbor-exclusion binding model with intercalators bound at alternating sites rather than in clusters on the double helix. Addition of ethidium and propidium to DNA results in downfield shifts in 31P-nmr spectra. At saturation ratios of intercalator to DNA base pairs in the titration, a downfield shoulder (approximately −2.7 ppm) is apparent, which accounts for approximately 15% of the spectral area. The main peak is at −3.9 to −4.0 ppm relative to −4.35 in uncomplexed DNA. The simplest neighbor-binding model predicts a downfield peak with approximately 50% of the spectral area and an upfield peak, near the chemical shift for uncomplexed DNA, with 50% of the area. This is definitely not the case with these intercalators. The observed chemical shifts and areas for the DNA complexes can be explained by models, for example, that involve spreading the intercalation-induced unwinding of the double helix over several base pairs and/or a DNA sequence- and conformation-dependent heterogeneity in intercalation-induced chemical shifts and resulting exchange rates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Measurements of the cross section for photoionization of the excited 3p state of sodium have been made over a significant energy range and agreement between theory and experiment is excellent.
Abstract: Measurements of the cross section for photoionization of the excited $3p$ state of sodium have been made over a significant energy range. Calculations at the central-field and Hartree-Fock levels have also been carried out. Agreement between theory and experiment is excellent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that students who took the course became more favorable toward global mindedness and world order, and became less favorable toward the nationcentric perspective, while the experimental group's attitude toward patriotism was unaffected.
Abstract: In 1981, NCSS adopted a resolution supporting the teaching of global education. In this study, pre and posttreatment standardized attitude scales were administered to graduate education students taking a course about global education, and to a suitable control group. Students who took the global education course became more favorable toward global mindedness and world order. They became less favorable toward the nationcentric perspective. The experimental group's attitude toward patriotism was unaffected.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Critical Task Method is used to identify the “bottleneck cognitive tasks” of principals with an unstructured work profile and indicates that a “knowledge-based” design offers the most promise for delivering effective support.
Abstract: Previous research in modeling office activities has been primarily oriented toward office work that is structured and organized. In this paper we report on efforts to develop a new methodology for needs assessment evaluation. We use the Critical Task Method to identify the “bottleneck cognitive tasks” of principals with an unstructured work profile. Data were collected on the computer-support needs of faculty researchers, and the findings indicate that a “knowledge-based” design offers the most promise for delivering effective support. In addition, the systems design suggests the integration of text, data, voice, and images.