Showing papers by "Georgia State University published in 1986"
Book•
01 Jan 1986TL;DR: The book begins with a discussion of social interaction and observation and quickly moves into a classic study of interaction, Parten's (1932) study ofSocial interaction in children, which discusses recording methods but is notable for its lack of detail.
Abstract: odological concerns. This review is decidedly mixed. The book begins with a discussion of social interaction and observation and quickly moves into a classic study of interaction, Parten's (1932) study of social interaction in children. The issue of sequence versus marginal summation is brought in with argument favoring retention of sequence at all times until independence from sequence is established. Some discussion of the observation-theory issue in the philosophy of science is brought in (see Willson, 1987, for some commentary on this). The second chapter is devoted to developing a coding scheme for observation. It is here that the lack of attention to the reading literature is apparent. Frick and Semmel's (1978) paper is widely cited for development of coding schemes in reading. Researchers in this field have had to grapple with extremely complex issues. Flanders' (1960) work is often cited in education as an early effort, but does not appear in Bakeman and Gottman's book at all. Frick and Semmel pointed researchers to important considerations such as inference level in observation and its development in the coding scheme. This issue is not given nearly the space it requires, especially with the research showing the problems of reliability with highinference observation. The chapter ends with some examples of coding schemes but little practical advice on how to set up the coding schemes and the definitional menus that are absolutely required when several observers other than the developer are to use the system. Chapter 3 discusses recording methods but is notable for its lack of detail
2,409 citations
TL;DR: Two pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) have spontaneously begun to use symbols to communicate with people and have begun to comprehend spoken English words and can readily identify lexigrams upon hearing the spoken words.
Abstract: Two pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) have spontaneously begun to use symbols to communicate with people. In contrast to common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) using the same communicative system, the pygmy chimpanzees did not need explicit training in order to form referential symbol-object associations. Instead, they acquired symbols by observing others use these symbols in daily communications with them. In addition, the pygmy chimpanzees have begun to comprehend spoken English words and can readily identify lexigrams upon hearing the spoken words. By contrast, common chimpanzees who received similar exposure to spoken English are unable to do so. The older pygmy chimpanzee has begun to form requests of the form agent-verb-recipient in which he is neither the agent nor the recipient. By contrast, similarly aged common chimpanzees limited their requests to simple verbs, in which the agent was always presumed to be the addressee and the chimpanzee itself was always the recipient, thus they had no need to indicate a specific agent or recipient. These results suggest that these pygmy chimpanzees exhibit symbolic and auditory perceptual skills that are distinctly different from those of common chimpanzees.
404 citations
TL;DR: The symbiotic relationship between terrorism and tourism needs to be understood and acted on, not just in terms of security and marketing, but also in terms such factors as planning, site development, employment policies, political risk analysis and emergency management as discussed by the authors.
259 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of models and taxonomies of behaviors and resources related to stress coping and a meta-analysis of recent experimental and quasi- experimental studies of stress coping are presented.
Abstract: This article presents a two-pronged attempt to synthesize the research on stress coping: (1) a review of models and taxonomies of behaviors and resources related to stress coping and (2) a meta-analysis of recent experimental and quasi- experimental studies of stress coping. The review led to the construction of a taxonomy and, in conjunction with the meta-analysis, to a comprehensive model of stress coping in two parts (stress and coping). In the meta-analysis an unbiased effect size of .57 was obtained by comparing groups administered treatments to reduce stress with comparison groups. Social skills training, problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and relaxation training appeared to be among the more effective treatments. In comparing the frequency of treatments identified in the meta-analysis with those in the taxonomy, some treatment domains (such as problem solving) were well represented in the taxonomy but appeared infrequently in the meta-analysis. Implications for stress-coping treatment and re...
182 citations
TL;DR: Electrophysiological recordings of responses of peripheral and central neurons of lobsters to odor mixtures and their components reveal that suppressive interactions occur, rather than the synergistic interactions noted earlier in the behavioral studies.
Abstract: A review is provided of the chemical components in tissue extracts that elicit feeding behavior in marine fish and crustaceans. For most species, the major stimulants of feeding behavior in excitatory extracts are an assemblage of common metabolites of low molecular weight including amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, nucleosides and nucleotides, and organic acids. It is often mixtures of substances rather than individual components that account for the stimulatory capacity of a natural extract. Recent studies using a shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio, are described in which behavioral bioassays were conducted with complex synthetic mixtures formulated on the basis of the composition of four tissue extracts. These results indicate that synergistic interactions occur among the mixture components. The neural mechanisms whereby marine crustaceans receive and code information about chemical mixtures are also reviewed. Narrowly tuned receptor cells, excited only by particular components of food extracts such as specific amino acids, nucleotides, quaternary ammonium compounds, and ammonium ions, are common in lobsters and could transmit information about mixtures as a labeled-line code. However, since physiological recordings indicate that most higher-level neurons in the brain each transmit information about many components of mixtures, rather than about a single component, it is suggested that information about a complex food odor is transmitted as an across-fiber pattern, instead of a labeled-line code. Electrophysiological recordings of responses of peripheral and central neurons of lobsters to odor mixtures and their components reveal that suppressive interactions occur, rather than the synergistic interactions noted earlier in the behavioral studies. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Evidence from the behavioral study indicates that the “direction” of a mixture interaction can be concentration-dependent and the synergism may occur at low mixture concentrations, while suppression may occur at high concentrations.
149 citations
TL;DR: A small Plinian eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia ejected 3.5 x 1010 kilograms of mixed dacite and andesite tephra on 13 November 1985, which caused surface melting of approximately 10% of the volcano's ice cap, leading to meltwater floods.
Abstract: A small Plinian eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia ejected 35 x 1010 kilograms of mixed dacite and andesite tephra on 13 November 1985, with a maximum column height of 31 kilometers above sea level Small pyroclastic flows and surges, generated during the initial stage of the eruption, caused surface melting of approximately 10% of the volcano9s ice cap, leading to meltwater floods The erosive floods incorporated soils and loose sediments from the volcano9s flanks and developed into lahars, which claimed at least 25,000 lives
141 citations
TL;DR: The title compounds were prepared by a new and convenient synthetic route which utilized HPLC to separate the diastereomeric O-ethyl phosphorothioate precursors, (Rp)- and (Sp)-d[GG(S,Et)AATTCC], for subsequent de-ethylation by ammonia in water.
Abstract: 2D-NOE and 1H NMR chemical shift data obtained for the title oligonucleotides were compared with similar data previously reported [Broido et al. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 150, 117-128] for the unmodified "parent" structure, [d(GGAATTCC)]2. The spectroscopically detectable structural perturbations caused by replacement of phosphate oxygen with sulfur were mostly localized within the GsA moiety, and were greater for the Rp configuration wherein sulfur is oriented into the major groove of the B-helix. UV-derived Tm measurements gave the following order of stability for the duplexes in 0.4 M NaCl: unmodified (33.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C) approximately Sp-Sp (34.1 degrees C) greater than Rp-Rp (31.7 degrees C). The title compounds were prepared by a new and convenient synthetic route which utilized HPLC to separate the diastereomeric O-ethyl phosphorothioate precursors, (Rp)- and (Sp)-d[GG(S,Et)AATTCC], for subsequent de-ethylation by ammonia in water.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the effect of selection bias associated with sales price samples and whether the errors in owner and assessor estimates are systematically related to independent variables typically included in estimated equations.
115 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, high-precision analyses of chlorine and fluorine in amphiboles were performed by electron microprobe for five selected samples of metagabbro, amphibolite and metadiabase from the Mathematician Ridge failed spreading center, East Pacific Ocean.
Abstract: High-precision analyses of chlorine and fluorine in amphiboles were performed by electron microprobe for five selected samples of metagabbro, amphibolite and metadiabase from the Mathematician Ridge failed spreading center, East Pacific Ocean. Fluorine is consistently very low, less than or equal to 0.2 wt.o/o in all amphiboles. Chlorine concentration is variable and forms a trimodal distribution that correlates with amphibole type in the following way: greenschist-grade actinolites generally contain less than or equal to 0.05 wt.o/o Cl; amphibolite-grade hornblendes contain 0.1 to 0.6 wt.o/o Cl; small irregular zones within actinolite bear up to 4.0 wt.o/o Cl. The high-chlorine amphiboles (hastingsite) probably formed as a result of locally elevated chlorine activity in hydrothermal fluids at upper greenschist-grade temperatures. The amphibolite-grade hornblendes with a few tenths of a percent chlorine may have formed in the presence of a saline hydrothermal fluid or a fluid of near seawater salinity. The amount and distribution in the ocean crust of saline hydrothermal fluids and their associated chlorine-bearing alteration products may be an important factor in understanding ocean hydrothermal systems, particularly in terms of the amount and nature of variabilitv in these svstems.
112 citations
TL;DR: The authors described some of the characteristics of questions as they uniquely operate in the ethnographic interview setting and discussed the dual nature of questions and their formulation, with specific attention paid to issues of assumptions, categories, and scope.
Abstract: This article describes some of the characteristics of questions as they uniquely operate in the ethnographic interview setting. The discussion centers on the dual nature of questions and on their formulation, with specific attention paid to issues of assumptions, categories, and scope. The insights presented on ethnographic questioning in general are then applied to the elicitation of information from child informants.
107 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest the major effects of TMpyP(4) on DNA properties are due to strong GC‐binding interactions that influence DNA structure.
Abstract: Interactions of meso-tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin [TMpyP(4)], meso-tetra(2-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin [TMpyP(2)], and meso-tetra(para-N-trimethylanilinium)porphyrin (TMAP) with several native and synthetic DNAs were studied by a variety of physical techniques: nmr (31P and 1H), absorption spectroscopy, viscosity, and flow dichroism (FD). Of the three porphyrins studied, only the interaction of TMpyP(4) with poly [d(G-C)2] was fully consistent with intercalation. In particular, a large increase in viscosity, a downfield 31P-nmr signal (ca. -1 ppm), and upfield imino proton signals (11 to 12 ppm range) were observed. Comparison of the effects of TMpyP(4) on DNAs of different GC contents revealed larger changes in solution viscosity with increased GC content. However, the characteristic changes in 31P- and 1H-nmr spectra were not observed. The viscosity increases observed in studies with poly[d(A-C)(G-T)] and C. Perf. DNA were much lower than with poly[d(G-C)2], M. Lys. DNA, and calf thymus DNA. Thus, GC sequence and content are clearly important. The principal change in the 31P-nmr signal of native DNA is the appearance of a very broad shoulder centered at ca. -2.0 ppm, which is larger in M. Lys. DNA than in C. Perf. DNA. FD studies indicate highly ordered TMpyP(4) cations arranged perpendicular to the DNA axis of calf thymus DNA. Together, these results suggest the major effects of TMpyP(4) on DNA properties are due to strong GC-binding interactions that influence DNA structure. The data are consistent with combined intercalative and outside binding interactions of TMpyP(4) with GC regions of DNA. In contrast, similar studies with TMAP suggest that it influences AT regions of DNA by an outside binding mode. On the other hand, TMpyP(2) effects on DNA properties are consistent with nonselective outside binding.
TL;DR: Zabrucky et al. as mentioned in this paper assessed children's comprehension evaluation with on-and off-line measures (reading times and verbal reports) and comprehension regulation by measuring look-backs during reading.
Abstract: ZABRUCKY, KAREN, and RATNER, HILARY HoRN. Children's Comprehension Monitoring and Recall of Inconsistent Stories. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 1401-1418. Third and sixth graders (M age = 9.13 and 11.92 years, respectively) were videotaped reading inconsistent stories presented 1 sentence at a time. We assessed children's comprehension evaluation with onand off-line measures (reading times and verbal reports) and comprehension regulation by measuring look-backs during reading. All children read inconsistencies more slowly than control information, but sixth graders were more likely to look back at inconsistencies during reading and report inconsistencies following reading. In addition, recall and recognition memory were affected by text inconsistencies. Individual difference analyses revealed that evaluation measures were not related to each other and were related to regulation only for younger children. Evaluation measures were also related to recognition and recall of inconsistencies and to overall passage retention for older children. Results highlight the sensitivity of different comprehension monitoring measures in assessing children's skills and the importance of treating comprehension monitoring as a multidimensional process.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Interdisciplinarity is a very topical subject, as can be seen from the frequency with which the word appears in philosophical debate and academic discussion as discussed by the authors, and it is seen as a kind of epistemological panacea, designed to cure all the ills the scientific consciousness of our age is heir to.
Abstract: We have heard frequent calls in recent years from academic administrators for more interdisciplinary research.1 Such calls are often accompanied by criticisms of the narrowness and isolation of established academic disciplines. Behind these calls seems to lie the uncritical assumption that being interdisciplinary is itself a virtue. This attitude is well described by Gusdorf (1977):
“Interdisciplinarity is a very topical subject, as can be seen from the frequency with which the word appears in philosophical debate and academic discussion. Everyone invokes, interdisciplinarity; no one dares say a word against it. Its success is all the more remarkable in that even those who advocate this new image of knowledge would find it hard to define. The appeal to interdiscplinarity is seen as a kind of epistemological panacea, designed to cure all the ills the scientific consciousness of our age is heir to” (580).
TL;DR: This paper examined the problems encountered by exhibitors as they attempt to export at trade shows and found that the ability to sell to foreign attendees is associated with two internal characteristics of the exhibiting firm: its commitment to exporting and its show staffing practices.
TL;DR: Oxygen isotope, mineralogical and fluid inclusion data are presented for fresh and hydrothermally altered gabbroic rocks from the failed Mathematician Ridge as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the importance of social context during early communication development has been examined and it was found that infants and their partners were both attending to the same object and infants were engaged in "action formats".
Abstract: The present study provides empirical support for several ideas about the importance of social context during early communication development that Bruner and others have found compelling. Twenty-eight infants were videotaped at home playing with their mothers, with peers, and while alone at 9, 12, and 15 months of age. Occurrences of gestures and words were noted as well as whether infants and their partners were both attending to the same object and whether infants were engaged in “action formats”. Results suggest that, as conventionalized acts emerge toward the end of infancy, their production is facilitated by the availability of an attentive, comprehending partner, joint attention toward an object with that partner, and the enactment of an action format.
TL;DR: Thirty lines from a cross between VPM/ Moisson 421 and Selection 101 were used in the study to determine whether strawbreaker foot rot resistance derived from Aegilops ventricosa was associated with an allele for endopeptidase, indicating that the wheat and ‘VPM/Moisson 421’ endopepticase alleles are distinctly different.
Abstract: Thirty lines from a cross between VPM/ Moisson 421 and Selection 101 were used in the study to determine whether strawbreaker foot rot resistance derived from Aegilops ventricosa was associated with an allele for endopeptidase. The progeny examined for foot rot lesions represented F2 derived F5 lines and enzyme assays were done on F6 seedlings. The results indicate that the wheat and ‘VPM/Moisson 421’ endopeptidase alleles are distinctly different. The endopeptidase allele frequencies of 30 lines were compared with strawbreaker foot rot resistance as measured by the lesion severity index. The results demonstrate a close association between the gene for strawbreaker foot rot resistance and the endopeptidase allele derived from Ae. ventricosa.
TL;DR: The Hartree-Slater approximation for all ionization stages of all ions with atomic number Z ⩽ 50 has been shown in this paper, where the asymptotic quantum defects, at the ionization limit, of s, p, d, and f atomic orbitals have been calculated.
TL;DR: In this paper, three porefluid regimes can be identified: (1) alkaline, oxidizing conditions during shallow to intermediate burial; (2) acid, reducing conditions during intermediate to deep burial; and (3) pH-altering conditions during deep burial and uplift.
Abstract: Deeply buried (> 3·5 km) Rotliegend aeolian sandstones in the Southern North Sea Basin display a number of interesting diagenetic features including (i) zoned iron-rich carbonate cements, (ii) anhydrite, halite and baryte cements, (iii) at least two generations of authigenic illite, and (iv) significant secondary porosity created by cement and framework-grain dissolution. The creation and destruction of secondary porosity is the result of changes in porewater chemistry during burial and subsequent uplift. Three pore-fluid regimes can be identified: (1) alkaline, oxidizing conditions during shallow to intermediate burial; (2) acid, reducing conditions during intermediate to deep burial; (3) alkaline, reducing conditions during deep burial and uplift. The transition from stage 1 to stage 2 was probably caused by expulsion of waters from the underlying Carboniferous shales. The transition to stage 3 probably began when faulting associated with uplift allowed invasion by alkaline fluids derived from Zechstein sediments.
TL;DR: Fungi were isolated from 11 extended-wear soft contact lenses and fungal growth on and in the soft contact lens matrix was associated with conjunctivitis and punctate fluorescein staining of the corneal epithelium.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effects of a self-operated auditory prompting system, utilizing a Walkman-type cassette player, on the acquisition and maintenance of functional tasks by adolescents with cerebral palsy.
Abstract: This study investigated effects of a self-operated auditory prompting system, utilizing a Walkman-type cassette player, on the acquisition and maintenance of functional tasks by adolescents with se...
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical model is presented which posits that intraurban mobility is a response to housing consumption disequilibrium and shows that households' perceptions of the level of neighborhood quality and its change influence the mobility decisions of both renters and homeowners.
Abstract: . This paper presents evidence on the factors causing residential mobility within inner-city neighborhoods. A theoretical model is presented which posits that intraurban mobility is a response to housing consumption disequilibrium. Our data and methodology permitted more accurate measurement of disequilibrium than in previous studies, including the disequilibrium arising from neighborhood change. The major conclusion we draw from our results is that households' perceptions of the level of neighborhood quality and its change influence the mobility decisions of both renters and homeowners residing within central cities. Also, in comparison to other measured factors, neighborhood variables were found to be strong mobility predictors regardless of housing tenure. Our results imply that neighborhood improvement policies may succeed in stabilizing inner-city neighborhoods.
TL;DR: No homology was found at either the amino acid or nucleotide level between the region of the rubella virus genome sequenced and corresponding regions of the genomes of the alphaviruses, the other genus of the family Togaviridae for which sequence information has been obtained.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present evidence on the factors influencing the housing improvement expenditures of urban homeowners, including the price of inputs and neighborhood quality, and find that these factors have a statistically significant impact on maintenance and improvement expenditures.
Abstract: This paper presents evidence on the factors influencing the housing improvement expenditures of urban homeowners. In comparison to prior work, a more completely specified model was estimated. In particular, variables measuring the price of inputs and neighborhood quality were included and found to have a statistically significant impact on the maintenance and improvement expenditures of central city homeowners.
TL;DR: The results suggest that developmental classifications can be formed by using multivariate classification methods and the subtypes support findings from cross-sectional classification research on similar populations.
Abstract: The present study developed and used longitudinal cluster analysis, a multivariate classification technique, to classify a sample of 200 nonclinical normal and reading-disabled males based on their performances on a neuropsychological battery at kindergarten, second, and fifth grades. The resulting classification was examined against various internal and external validation criteria. Using a validation framework, five developmental subtypes of children, two normal and three deficit reader groups, were found. Three of these groups could best be described as partitions of a multivariate normal distribution; the other two, both containing deficit readers, showed different covariance structures, suggesting differing developmental patterns. These groups were shown to differ with respect to the domains of academic achievement, parental achievement, neurological status, birth histories, school behaviors, and neuropsychological-cognitive development. The results suggest that developmental classifications...
TL;DR: In this paper, two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of perceived control in two men's prisons, one housing 181 inmates and the other housing 623 inmates, and found that inmates' perceived control over the environment was significantly related to their ratings of their living accommodations, experienced stress, and physical symptoms, even when type of cell was held constant.
Abstract: Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of perceived control in two men's prisons, one housing 181 inmates and the other housing 623 inmates. In both prisons, inmates' perceived control over the environment was found to be significantly related to their ratings of their living accommodations, experienced stress, and physical symptoms, even when type of cell was held constant.
TL;DR: Information about child abuse-related knowledge was related significantly to amount of professional education and experience with abuse cases and was associated with less negative emotional reaction to abusive parents.
Abstract: This study compares the child abuse-related knowledge and attitudes of pediatricians (n = 47), mental health professionals (n = 53), teachers (n = 104), and college students (n = 68). Mental health professionals were better informed than pediatricians; teachers and college students were the least knowledgeable. Knowledge was related significantly to amount of professional education and experience with abuse cases and was associated with less negative emotional reaction to abusive parents. On the basis of study results, additional abuse-related education is recommended for pediatricians and particularly for teachers.
TL;DR: The TESOL Quarterly as discussed by the authors encourages readers to submit short reports and updates on their work, which may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers and can be printed with these reports to enable interested readers to contact the authors for more details.
Abstract: The TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers. Authors' addresses are printed with these reports to enable interested readers to contact the authors for more details.
TL;DR: The development of a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was investigated for the analysis of aflatoxin B1, citrinin, and ochratoxin A, from hydrolyzed human urine.
Abstract: Because mycotoxins occur worldwide in grain and grain products, evaluating their effects on the health of the population has become important. The development of a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was investigated for the analysis of aflatoxin B1, citrinin, and ochratoxin A, from hydrolyzed human urine. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample clean-up and concentration. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) was used with fluorescence detection for sample analysis. The presence of aflatoxin B1 was confirmed by converting it to the hemiacetal. With 10 mL of urine, the detection limit for aflatoxin Bt and ochratoxin A was in the high parts per trillion (ppt) and that for citrinin was about 10 ppb. a biosynthetic precursor to aflatoxin, is carcinogenic in animals, but little is known about its health effects in humans. Zearalenone, a Fusarium metabolite, has been recognized as the cause of hyperestrogenism in swine (21). Many mycotoxins are produced by the same fungus or by fungi that coexist. Aflatoxin, citrinin, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone (Figure 1) are frequently found as food contaminants and are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and/or synergistic. A method that analyzes for multiple mycotoxins in biological matrices could help to assess the frequency, the level, and the combinations of these mycotoxins that occur in a population. This paper describes a partially successful attempt to develop a sensitive analytical method for the detection of these mycotoxins in samples of human urine.
TL;DR: The 1965 Immigration Act has accelerated immigration from Asian countries, especially from the Philippines and Korea as mentioned in this paper, and about half a half million Filipinos and about four hundred thousand Koreans were admitted to this country as legal immigrants between 1970 and 1982.
Abstract: The 1965 Immigration Act has accelerated immigration from Asian countries, especially from the Philippines and Korea. Nearly a half million Filipinos and about four hundred thousand Koreans were admitted to this country as legal immigrants between 1970 and 1982.' In recent years Filipinos comprised the second largest immigrant group after Mexican immigrants. Koreans ranked third overall in terms of numbers. As a result, recent immigrants constitute the vast majority for both groups. The 1980 Census indicates that about 65 percent of Filipino Americans and 82 percent of Korean Americans are foreign born.* Filipino and Korean immigrants are very similar in their pre-immigrant background and motives for imrnigrati~n.~ Both were recruited from the educated, urban, middle-class stratum of their societies. Most were engaged in white-collar and professional occupations. The vast majority of Filipinos and Koreans, unlike Southeast Asian refugees, immigrated on a voluntary basis to promote their life chances. In spite of these similarities, however, these two immigrant groups show one significant difference in their occupational adjustment in the United States. While Koreans have earned their reputation as a trading minority comparable to the Jews, Filipinos are greatly underrepresented in small business. The 1980 Census, for example, indicates that 12.2 percent of those Koreans who immigrated between 1970 and 1980 are self-employed in comparison to 1.6 percent of Filipino worker^.^ The proportion of self