Showing papers by "Georgia State University published in 2000"
TL;DR: A checklist contains specifications for reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology, including background, search strategy, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion should improve the usefulness ofMeta-an analyses for authors, reviewers, editors, readers, and decision makers.
Abstract: ObjectiveBecause of the pressure for timely, informed decisions in public health
and clinical practice and the explosion of information in the scientific literature,
research results must be synthesized. Meta-analyses are increasingly used
to address this problem, and they often evaluate observational studies. A
workshop was held in Atlanta, Ga, in April 1997, to examine the reporting
of meta-analyses of observational studies and to make recommendations to aid
authors, reviewers, editors, and readers.ParticipantsTwenty-seven participants were selected by a steering committee, based
on expertise in clinical practice, trials, statistics, epidemiology, social
sciences, and biomedical editing. Deliberations of the workshop were open
to other interested scientists. Funding for this activity was provided by
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.EvidenceWe conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the
conduct and reporting of meta-analyses in observational studies using MEDLINE,
Educational Research Information Center (ERIC), PsycLIT, and the Current Index
to Statistics. We also examined reference lists of the 32 studies retrieved
and contacted experts in the field. Participants were assigned to small-group
discussions on the subjects of bias, searching and abstracting, heterogeneity,
study categorization, and statistical methods.Consensus ProcessFrom the material presented at the workshop, the authors developed a
checklist summarizing recommendations for reporting meta-analyses of observational
studies. The checklist and supporting evidence were circulated to all conference
attendees and additional experts. All suggestions for revisions were addressed.ConclusionsThe proposed checklist contains specifications for reporting of meta-analyses
of observational studies in epidemiology, including background, search strategy,
methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Use of the checklist should
improve the usefulness of meta-analyses for authors, reviewers, editors, readers,
and decision makers. An evaluation plan is suggested and research areas are
explored.
17,663 citations
TL;DR: This article conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of antecedent turnover antecedents, extending an earlier one by Hom and Griffeth (1995), and reported the results of this comprehensive meta analysis.
3,891 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored the relationship between selected marketing mix elements and the creation of brand equity and found that frequent price promotions, such as price deals, are related to low brand equity, whereas high advertising spending, high price, good store image, and high distribution intensity are associated with high brand equity.
Abstract: This study explores the relationships between selected marketing mix elements and the creation of brand equity. The authors propose a conceptual framework in which marketing elements are related to the dimensions of brand equity, that is, perceived quality, brand loyalty, and brand associations combined with brand awareness. These dimensions are then related to brand equity. The empirical tests using a structural equation model support the research hypotheses. The results show that frequent price promotions, such as price deals, are related to low brand equity, whereas high advertising spending, high price, good store image, and high distribution intensity are related to high brand equity.
2,981 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of international expansion, as measured by international diversity and mode of market entry, on a firm's technological learning and the effect of this learning on the firm's financial performance.
Abstract: An increasing number of new venture firms are internationalizing their business operations early in their life cycles. Previous explanations of this trend have focused on the importance of technological knowledge, skills, and resources for new ventures' international expansion. However, little is known about how these firms use the technological learning gained through internationalization. This study examined the effects of international expansion, as measured by international diversity and mode of market entry, on a firm's technological learning and the effects of this learning on the firm's financial performance.
2,732 citations
01 Nov 2000
TL;DR: The issues of posterior probability estimation, the link between neural and conventional classifiers, learning and generalization tradeoff in classification, the feature variable selection, as well as the effect of misclassification costs are examined.
Abstract: Classification is one of the most active research and application areas of neural networks. The literature is vast and growing. This paper summarizes some of the most important developments in neural network classification research. Specifically, the issues of posterior probability estimation, the link between neural and conventional classifiers, learning and generalization tradeoff in classification, the feature variable selection, as well as the effect of misclassification costs are examined. Our purpose is to provide a synthesis of the published research in this area and stimulate further research interests and efforts in the identified topics.
1,737 citations
TL;DR: Reflecting the internationalization of the marketplace and the increasing prominence of entrepreneurial firms in the global economy, the research paths of international business and entrepreneur-shi... as mentioned in this paper ].
Abstract: Reflecting the internationalization of the marketplace and the increasing prominence of entrepreneurial firms in the global economy, the research paths of international business and entrepreneurshi...
1,667 citations
TL;DR: The risk factors for noncontact ACL injuries fall into four distinct categories: environmental, anatomic, hormonal, and biomechanical as discussed by the authors, and early data on existing neuromuscular training programs suggest that enhancing body control may decrease ACL injuries in women.
Abstract: An estimated 80,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears occur annually in the United States. The highest incidence is in individuals 15 to 25 years old who participate in pivoting sports. With an estimated cost for these injuries of almost a billion dollars per year, the ability to identify risk factors and develop prevention strategies has widespread health and fiscal importance. Seventy percent of ACL injuries occur in noncontact situations. The risk factors for non-contact ACL injuries fall into four distinct categories: environmental, anatomic, hormonal, and biomechanical. Early data on existing neuromuscular training programs suggest that enhancing body control may decrease ACL injuries in women. Further investigation is needed prior to instituting prevention programs related to the other risk factors.
1,180 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that risk perceptions may differ because certain types of cognitive biases lead individuals to perceive less risk, and suggested that early in the decision process, biases may be beneficial because they lower risk perception, which allows entrepreneurs to generate the commitment needed for success.
1,092 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of international corporate entrepreneurship (ICE) efforts on company performance and found that the payoff from ICE is moderated by executives' perceptions of the hostility of their firm's international business environment.
966 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate a role for attentional processing, perhaps inhibitory in nature, at encoding and retrieval, and are discussed with respect to theories of WM and prefrontal cortex function.
Abstract: Two experiments examined how individual differences in working-memory capacity (WM) relate to proactive interference (PI) susceptibility We tested high and low WM-span participants in a PI-buildup task under single-task or dual-task ("load") conditions In Experiment 1, a finger-tapping task was imposed during encoding and retrieval of each list; in Experiment 2, tapping was required during encoding or retrieval In both experiments, low spans showed greater PI than did high spans under no load, but groups showed equivalent PI under divided attention Load increased PI only for high spans, suggesting they use attention at encoding and retrieval to combat PI In Experiment 2, only low spans showed a dual-task cost on List 1 memory, before PI built up Results indicate a role for attentional processing, perhaps inhibitory in nature, at encoding and retrieval, and are discussed with respect to theories of WM and prefrontal cortex function
656 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between technology strategy and new venture performance and found that technology strategy is one of the most important aspects of any firm's strategic posture especially in dynamic environments such as the computer software industry.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how the risks of accelerated internationalization of businesses can be mitigated and how the internationalization will accelerate in the 21st century, using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Abstract: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development predicts that the internationalization of businesses will accelerate in the 21st century. Our study examined how the risks of accelerated ...
01 Feb 2000
TL;DR: A new polynomial-time heuristic with an approximation ratio approaching 1 + 1~___33 ~ 1.55, which improves upon the previously best-known approximation algorithm of [10] with performance ratio ~1.59.
Abstract: The Steiner tree problem in weighted graphs seeks a minimum weight connected subgraph containing a given subset of the vertices (terminals). We present a new polynomial-time heuristic with an approximation ratio approaching 1 + 1~___33 ~ 1.55, which improves upon the previously best-known approximation algorithm of [10] with performance ratio ~ 1.59. In quasi-bipartite graphs (i.e., in graphs where all non-terminals are pairwise disjoint), our algorithm achieves an approximation ratio of ~ 1.28, whereas the previously best method achieves an approximation ratio approachiug 1.5 [19]. For complete graphs with edge weights 1 and 2, we show that our heuristic has an approximation ratio approaching ~ 1.28, which 4 improves upon the previously best-known ratio of ~ [4]. Our method is considerably simpler and easier to implement than previous approaches. Our techniques can also be used to prove that the Iterated 1-Steiner heuristic [14] achieves an approximation ratio of 1.5 in quasi-blpartite graphs, thus providing the first known non-trivial performance ratio of this well-known method. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n Given an arbi t rary weighted graph with a distinguished vertex subset, the Steiner Tree Problem asks for a minimum-cost subtree spanning the distinguished vertices. Steiner trees are important in various applications such as VLSI routing [14], wirelength es t imat ion [6], phylogenetic tree reconstruction in biology [11], and network routing [12]. The Steiner Tree Problem is N P h a r d even in the Euclidean or rectilinear metrics [8]. Arora established tha t Euclidean and rectilinear minimum-cost Steiner trees can be efficiently approximated arbitrari ly close to optimal [1]. On the other hand, unless P = N P , the Steiner Tree Problem in general graphs c~.nnot be approximated within a factor of 1 + e for sufficiently small e > 0 [4, 7]. For arbi t rary weighted graphs, the best Steiner approximat ion ratio achievable within polynomial t ime was gradually decreased from 2 to 1.59 in a series of works [20, 21, 2, 22, 18, 15, 10]. In this paper we present a polynomialt ime approximation scheme with a performance ratio approaching 1 + ~ ~ 1.55 which improves upon the previously best -known ratio of 1.59 due to "This work was supported by a Packard Foundation Fellowship, by a National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award (MIP-9457412), and by a GSU Research Initiation Grant.
TL;DR: Paleontological, archaeological, geochronological, and paleomagnetic data from Dmanisi all indicate an earliest Pleistocene age of about 1.7 million years ago, supporting correlation of the new specimens with the Koobi Fora fossils.
Abstract: Archaeological excavations at the site of Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia have uncovered two partial early Pleistocene hominid crania. The new fossils consist of a relatively complete cranium and a second relatively complete calvaria from the same site and stratigraphic unit that yielded a hominid mandible in 1991. In contrast with the uncertain taxonomic affinity of the mandible, the new fossils are comparable in size and morphology with Homo ergaster from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Paleontological, archaeological, geochronological, and paleomagnetic data from Dmanisi all indicate an earliest Pleistocene age of about 1.7 million years ago, supporting correlation of the new specimens with the Koobi Fora fossils. The Dmanisi fossils, in contrast with Pleistocene hominids from Western Europe and Eastern Asia, show clear African affinity and may represent the species that first migrated out of Africa.
01 Jun 2000
TL;DR: An invasive alternative to externally applied brain-computer interface devices requires implantation of a special electrode into the outer layers of the human neocortex to control the cursor for the production of synthetic speech and typing.
Abstract: Describes an invasive alternative to externally applied brain-computer interface (BCI) devices. This system requires implantation of a special electrode into the outer layers of the human neocortex. The recorded signals are transmitted to a nearby receiver and processed to drive a cursor on a computer monitor in front of the patient. The authors' present patient has learned to control the cursor for the production of synthetic speech and typing.
TL;DR: The authors found that African American students consistently reported significantly more racial-ethnic conflict on campus; pressure to conform to stereotypes; and less equitable treatment by faculty, staff, and teaching assistants, while white students' responses reflected limited perceptions of racial ethnic tensions and a university climate characterized by respect for diversity.
Abstract: Five hundred and seventy-eight African American, Asian American, Latino/a, and White undergraduates responded to a questionnaire assessing perceptions and experiences of the campus cultural climate. Results revealed significant differences between racial and ethnic groups on multiple dimensions of the campus cultural climate. African American students consistently reported significantly more racial—ethnic conflict on campus; pressure to conform to stereotypes; and less equitable treatment by faculty, staff, and teaching assistants. White students' responses reflected limited perceptions of racial—ethnic tensions and a university climate characterized by respect for diversity. Counseling implications are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, a longitudinal analysis of satisfaction and performance for a national chain of fast-food restaurants is conducted, where a total of 342,308 consumer responses, 3,009 employee responses, and 12 months of restaurant performance measures are analyzed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between perceived crowding and shopping satisfaction in a retail store and found that the relationship is mediated by emotional reactions that are experienced while shopping.
TL;DR: Findings confirmed prior evidence regarding the importance of ratios, teacher training, and group size for high quality classroom processes, but demonstrated the more significant contribution of teacher wages and parent fees.
TL;DR: The authors empirically compared three emotion measures most frequently used in marketing to determine which best captures the various emotions shoppers experience in a shopping environment and found that the broad range of emotions felt in the shopping context vary considerably across different retail environments.
TL;DR: It is concluded that experience plays an important, yet indeterminate role in implementation success; learning is accomplished through both formal training and participation in practice; organizational knowledge barriers may be overcome by learning from other organizations; and that learning new technologies is a dynamic process characterized by relatively narrow windows of opportunity.
TL;DR: It is reported that this cross-modal projection and its representation in auditory cortex can mediate visual behaviour and gratings of different spatial frequencies can be discriminated by the rewired pathway, although the grating acuity is lower than that of the normal visual pathway.
Abstract: An unresolved issue in cortical development concerns the relative contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the functional specification of different cortical areas. Ferrets in which retinal projections are redirected neonatally to the auditory thalamus have visually responsive cells in auditory thalamus and cortex, form a retinotopic map in auditory cortex and have visual receptive field properties in auditory cortex that are typical of cells in visual cortex. Here we report that this cross-modal projection and its representation in auditory cortex can mediate visual behaviour. When light stimuli are presented in the portion of the visual field that is 'seen' only by this projection, 'rewired' ferrets respond as though they perceive the stimuli to be visual rather than auditory. Thus the perceptual modality of a neocortical region is instructed to a significant extent by its extrinsic inputs. In addition, gratings of different spatial frequencies can be discriminated by the rewired pathway, although the grating acuity is lower than that of the normal visual pathway.
TL;DR: In this paper, a longitudinal study examines the effectiveness of the approach to diversity issues used in an urban university during the final year of a teacher preparation program and the effects of the treatment on teacher beliefs in two case studies at the end of the program and also looks at residual effects three years later.
TL;DR: This study used an ABAB design to determine if a peer buddy approach in which all students were trained to interact in dyads would increase non-adult-directed interactions and data collected on the students with autism indicate that thepeer buddy approach significantly increased their appropriate social interactions.
Abstract: Many students with autism are being served in inclusive settings. Early intervention programs, traditionally home-based, are beginning to create center-based options which incorporate typically developing peers. One of the arguments for the use of inclusive programs is that students with autism will benefit from their exposure to and interactions with typical peers. Unfortunately, research suggests that in inclusive settings, typical peers and peers with autism do not always interact without prompting from an adult. This study used an ABAB design to determine if a peer buddy approach in which all students were trained to interact in dyads would increase non-adult-directed interactions. Data collected on the students with autism indicate that the peer buddy approach significantly increased their appropriate social interactions. Follow-up data on one of the students indicates generalization of appropriate social interactions to a new classroom.
TL;DR: A postmodern deconstruction technique is used to discover a deferred concept: amethodical systems development, which contributes a deeper understanding of the concept of methodical information systems development.
TL;DR: In this paper, consumer attitudes toward the act of helping others and toward charitable organizations are developed and tested for dimensionality and internal consistency using advocated procedures, and the resulting measures are important to academicians, policymakers, and practitioners in the development of theory, public policy, and marketing strategy.
Abstract: Charitable organizations are under increasing financial pressure to attract and retain private donors. However, scales measuring consumer attitudes toward giving to charity have yielded ambiguous results in the past. Scales to measure consumer attitudes toward the act of helping others and toward charitable organizations are developed and tested for dimensionality and internal consistency using advocated procedures. The resulting measures are important to academicians, policymakers, and practitioners in the development of theory, public policy, and marketing strategy.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate whether venture capitalists add value to the going public process by improving the survival profile of IPO issuers, and they find that the involvement of venture capitalists improves the survival profiles of IPO firms.
Abstract: The role of venture capital in the creation of the public corporation is now widely recognized. This study investigates whether venture capitalists add value to the going public process by improving the survival profile of IPO issuers. The survival of IPO issuers is not only likely to depend on managerial actions but also on the effectiveness of key market participants such as investment bankers and analysts. The form and function of the venture capital industry allows venture capitalists to influence the actions of managers, investment bankers, and analysts, and attract institutional interest. Conducting survival analyses using the Cox hazard methodology, we find that the involvement of venture capitalists improves the survival profile of IPO firms. Several other variables that are potentially influenced by VC involvement like R&D allocations, analyst following, investment banker prestige, and success on road shows are also positively related to the survival time of IPO issuers.
TL;DR: Wireless and mobile networks have provided the flexibility required for an increasingly mobile workforce and the technological maturity and the tremendous competition among service providers is indicated.
Abstract: W ith the increasing use of small portable computers, wireless networks, and satellites, a trend to support computing on the move has emerged—this trend is known as mobile computing or nomadic computing [3]. Also referred to as anytime/anywhere computing, mobile computing has several interesting and important applications for business (such as instant claim processing and e-commerce), telecommunications and personal communications, national defense (tracking troop movements), emergency and disaster management, real-time control systems, remote operation of appliances, and in accessing the Internet. Since a user may not maintain a fixed position in such environments, the mobile and wireless networking support allowing mobile users to communicate with other users (fixed or mobile) becomes crucial. A possible scenario may involve several different networks that can support or can be modified to support mobile users. When dealing with different wireless networks, a universal mobile device should be able to select the network (LAN, the Internet, PCS, or satellite) that best meets user requirements. Wireless and mobile networks have provided the flexibility required for an increasingly mobile workforce. As shown in Figure 1(a), the worldwide number of cellular, GSM, and PCS subscribers increased from 140 million in 1996 to over 300 million in 1999 and is expected to grow to 650 million by 2001 (see www.gsmdata.com). In the U.S., capital investment increased from $6.3 billion in 1990 to $66.8 billion in 1999 and service revenues were up from $4.5 billion to $38.7 billion in 1999 (see www.wow-com.com) as shown in Figure 1(b). During the same period, the average local monthly bill diminished from $80 to $39 as shown in Figure 1(c), indicating the technological maturity and the tremendous competition among service providers. Many general remarks can be made about wireless systems. First, the channel capacity typically available in wireless systems is much lower than what is Upkar Varshney and Ron Vetter
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative study of sixteen faculty of color at aprivate research university suggests that service, though significantly presenting obstacles to the promotion and retention of faculty of colour, actually may set the stage for a critical agency that resists and redefines academic structuresthat hinder faculty success.
Abstract: Based on a qualitative study of sixteen faculty of color at aprivate research university, this article argues that service,though significantly presenting obstacles to the promotion andretention of faculty of color, actually may set the stage fora critical agency that resists and redefines academic structuresthat hinder faculty success. The construct of `service,' therefore,presents the opportunity for theorizing the interplay of humanagency and social structures. The article suggests that facultymay seek to redefine oppressive structures through service, thus,exercising an agency that emerges from the very structures thatconstrain it. Faculty of color, in particular, may engage inservice to promote the success of racial minorities in the academyand elsewhere. Thus, service, especially that which seeks tofurther social justice, contributes to the redefinition of theacademy and society at large.