Georgia State University

About: Georgia State University is a education organization based out in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 13988 authors who have published 35895 publications receiving 1164332 citations. The organization is also known as: GSU & Georgia State.

Managerial Incentives and Corporate Fraud: The Sources of Incentives Matter

Abstract: Operating and stock return results imply that managers that commit fraud likely anticipate large stock price declines if they do not misreport earnings. Stock price declines cause greater losses for managerial stockholdings than for option holdings because of differences in payoff convexity. Fraud firms have significantly greater incentives from unrestricted stockholdings than control firms do, and unrestricted stockholdings are the largest source of incentives at fraud firms. Collectively, these results emphasize the importance of the shape and vesting status of managerial incentive payoffs in providing incentives to commit fraud. Fraud firms also have characteristics that suggest a lower likelihood of fraud detection, which implies lower expected costs of fraud. Overall, the results are consistent with the economic theory of crime.

Government Employees Working Hard or Hardly Working

Abstract: Are government employees lazier than private-sector employees? Drawing from theories of work motivation and public service motivation, this article examines three public-private differences that might produce different levels of work effort in the two sectors. First, government and business may offer different extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Second, public and private workers may seek different rewards. Third, public and private workers may differ in per- sonal characteristics that predict work effort. Using 1989 and 1998 data from the General Social Survey, we find that government employees reported slightly higher work effort than those in the private sector. Public- and private-sec- tor workers differ in the value they place on extrinsic and intrinsic motivators, in the rewards their jobs offer, and in some personal characteristics. Government jobs offering interesting work and opportunities to help others, com- bined with the greater age of public employees, explain most of the sectoral differences in self-reported work effort.

Testosterone and Men's Marriages

Abstract: We examine the relationship of testosterone to tendencies to marry and divorce, and to the quality of marriage, of a large representative sample of men. The analysis shows that men producing more testosterone are less likely to marry and more likely to divorce. Once married they are more likely to leave home because of troubled marital relations, extramarital sex, hitting or throwing things at their spouses, and experiencing a lower quality of marital interaction. Sociological models that might be informed by thisfinding are examined, and its implications for subsequent research are discussed. Studies of the relation between testosterone and marital relations have focused on coital frequency but little else. For example, Morris et al. (1987) showed that female testosterone is related to increases in sexual intercourse. One exception to this focus of testosterone studies is a study by Julian and McKenry (1989) of 39 middle-aged men which showed that testosterone and marital happiness have a negative relationship. Despite the paucity of research, there are important reasons to examine the relation between testosterone and marriage in more detail. Because testosterone has consistent and moderately strong links with aggression (see Meyer-Bahlburg 1981 for summary), dominance (Gray, Jackson & McKinlay 1991), sensation seeking (Daitzman & Zuckerman 1980), depressed occupational achievement (Dabbs 1992), and antisocial behavior such as fighting, nontraffic arrests, and drug use (Dabbs & Morris 1990), it would appear that elevated testosterone has the potential to affect marriages adversely. The purpose of the investigation reported here is to examine the relation between * We are indebted to Paul Amato, Lynn White, Harriet Presser, Philip Morgan, and David Johnson for their comments on an early version of this manuscript. A draft of this article was presented at the Population Association of America meeting in May, 1992. This research was supported in part by grantMMH442525from theAntisocial and Violent Behavior Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, with core support from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant 1-HD28263. The data was originally gathered as part of the Vietnam military experience study, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Public Health Service, under a cooperative agreement with the Veterans Administration. Direct correspondence to Alan Booth, Sociology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA