Institution
German Institute for Economic Research
Nonprofit•Berlin, Berlin, Germany•
About: German Institute for Economic Research is a nonprofit organization based out in Berlin, Berlin, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Unemployment. The organization has 929 authors who have published 4178 publications receiving 101379 citations.
Topics: Population, Unemployment, Wage, Panel data, Renewable energy
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this article, the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment were reported, showing that single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment disproportionately occur in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain.
Abstract: Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
1,102 citations
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TL;DR: The authors found that subjective, and often biased, perceptions have a crucial impact on new business creation across all countries in their sample and that the strongest cross-national covariate of an individual's entrepreneurial propensity is whether the person believes herself to have the sufficient skills, knowledge, and ability to start a business.
830 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a set of survey questions and a representative sample of roughly 22,000 individuals living in Germany were used to find evidence of heterogeneity across individuals, and show that willingness to take risks is negatively related to age and being female, and positively related to height and parental education.
Abstract: This paper presents new evidence on the distribution of risk attitudes in the population, using a novel set of survey questions and a representative sample of roughly 22,000 individuals living in Germany. Using a question that asks about willingness to take risks in general, on an 11-point scale, we find evidence of heterogeneity across individuals, and show that willingness to take risks is negatively related to age and being female, and positively related to height and parental education. We test the behavioral relevance of this survey measure by conducting a complementary field experiment, based on a representative sample of 450 subjects, and find that the general risk question is a good predictor of actual risk-taking behavior. We then use a more standard lottery question to measure risk preferences in our sample of 22,000, and find similar results regarding heterogeneity and determinants of risk preferences, compared to the general risk question. The lottery question also makes it possible to estimate the coefficient of relative risk aversion for each individual in the sample. Using five questions about willingness to take risks in specific domains - car driving, financial matters, sports and leisure, career, and health - the paper also studies the impact of context on risk attitudes, finding a strong but imperfect correlation across contexts. Using data on a collection of risky behaviors from different contexts, including traffic offences, portfolio choice, smoking, occupational choice, participation in sports, and migration, the paper compares the predictive power of all of the risk measures. Strikingly, the general risk question predicts all behaviors whereas the standard lottery measure does not. The best predictor for any specific behavior is typically the corresponding context-specific measure.
810 citations
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Aysu Okbay1, Bart M. L. Baselmans2, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve3, Patrick Turley4 +213 more•Institutions (65)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted genome-wide association studies of three phenotypes: subjective well-being (n = 298,420), depressive symptoms (n= 161,460), and neuroticism(n = 170,911).
Abstract: Very few genetic variants have been associated with depression and neuroticism, likely because of limitations on sample size in previous studies. Subjective well-being, a phenotype that is genetically correlated with both of these traits, has not yet been studied with genome-wide data. We conducted genome-wide association studies of three phenotypes: subjective well-being (n = 298,420), depressive symptoms (n = 161,460), and neuroticism (n = 170,911). We identify 3 variants associated with subjective well-being, 2 variants associated with depressive symptoms, and 11 variants associated with neuroticism, including 2 inversion polymorphisms. The two loci associated with depressive symptoms replicate in an independent depression sample. Joint analyses that exploit the high genetic correlations between the phenotypes (|ρ^| ≈ 0.8) strengthen the overall credibility of the findings and allow us to identify additional variants. Across our phenotypes, loci regulating expression in central nervous system and adrenal or pancreas tissues are strongly enriched for association.
796 citations
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TL;DR: In Chapter 8 the authors discussed additive models (AM) of the form E(Y|X) = c + \sum\limits_{alpha = 1}^d {g_alpha (x_\alpha )} .
Abstract: In Chapter 8 we discussed additive models (AM) of the form
$$ E(Y|X) = c + \sum\limits_{\alpha = 1}^d {g_\alpha (x_\alpha )} . $$
(1)
Note that we put EY = c and E(g α (X α ) = 0 for identification.
761 citations
Authors
Showing all 945 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Neil M. Ferguson | 96 | 537 | 48936 |
Reinhard Madlener | 86 | 477 | 19217 |
Johannes Siegrist | 85 | 403 | 30489 |
Roy Thurik | 82 | 405 | 31531 |
Friedrich Schneider | 82 | 554 | 27383 |
Günter P. Wagner | 78 | 338 | 23815 |
Armin Falk | 74 | 255 | 31490 |
Claudia Spies | 73 | 835 | 31797 |
Marcel Fratzscher | 72 | 253 | 15316 |
Richard E. Lucas | 67 | 172 | 43318 |
Holger Görg | 67 | 367 | 17161 |
Aldo Rustichini | 65 | 314 | 23535 |
Klaus F. Zimmermann | 63 | 460 | 14320 |
Stephan Klasen | 59 | 389 | 13743 |
Michael Fritsch | 59 | 388 | 14403 |