Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

About: Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology is a education organization based out in Topi, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Quantum efficiency & Diode. The organization has 618 authors who have published 940 publications receiving 10674 citations.

Air electrodes and related degradation mechanisms in solid oxide electrolysis and reversible solid oxide cells

Abstract: This paper reviews the existing literature on the degradation behaviour of different air electrodes used for solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) and reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs). It begins with a brief introduction to solid oxide cells (SOCs). An overview and degradation behaviour of different fuel electrodes and electrolyte materials during the SOEC operation are then provided briefly. The major focus of the current review is to understand air electrode degradation in detail. Therefore, the existing proposed mechanisms for air electrode delamination, and various studies reporting the delamination issue during SOEC operation are intensively reviewed. An introduction to RSOCs and the degradation issues for different air electrodes during RSOC tests are then discussed. Finally, mitigation strategies for delamination; recommendations for future degradation studies and some suggestions to develop more active and stable air electrodes for future SOEC and RSOC applications are presented.

Carbon and Water Footprint accounts of Italy: A Multi-Region Input-Output approach

Abstract: This paper analyses the CO2 emissions and the water use embodied in international trade in Italy. It is well documented that consumption of goods places a considerable strain on the environment and this phenomenon is further exacerbated by imports for domestic usage, which entail exploitation of water and environment. In this respect, the analysis focuses on the determination of Italian carbon and water footprints, which are two indicators able to determine how the human activities affect the environment, through the Multiregional and multindustry Input-Output model based on the World-Input-Output Database. The results show that CO2 emissions and water use associated with Italian imports were greater than CO2 emissions and water use associated with Italian export, mainly because the exploitation of resources in Italy is higher in the consumption phase than in production processes.

An Efficient and Cost-Effective Hybrid MPPT Method for a Photovoltaic Flyback Microinverter

Abstract: This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) flyback inverter operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and controlled through an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective hybrid maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method. Although the proposed method can be applied to any grid-connected inverter topology, in this paper, it is applied on a modified flyback inverter circuit. Moreover, the proposed MPPT method is a two-stage scheme and hence, a hybrid solution, as it consists of a combination of fractional short-circuit current and hill climbing perturb and observe (P $\&$ O) method reformulated. The change in weather condition is accurately detected using the current limit technique such that the difference in short-circuit current and photovoltaic current is monitored continuously. It is demonstrated that the use of current limit enables the system to swiftly track the maximum power point (MPP) in abruptly changing environmental conditions. The proposed MPPT method needs only two sensors for current and voltage measurements and is, therefore, cost effective and reliable. The system is tested through simulations and real-time setup using dSPACE DS1104. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid MPPT compared with the P $\&$ O method under uniform and dynamic weather conditions.