Government College

About: Government College is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Ring (chemistry). The organization has 4481 authors who have published 5986 publications receiving 57398 citations.

Explicit Equations for Pipe-Flow Problems

Abstract: Direct solutions of pipe flow problems are not possible because of the implicit form of Colebrook-White equation which expresses the hydraulic resistancee of commercial pipes. The three basic and major problems encountered in hydraulic engineering practice are the determination of pipe diameter, the discharge and the head loss. The solution of these problems on conventional lines involves many trials and tedious computations. Some research workers have proposed graphical solutions which have their own inherent limitations. Reported herein are explicit and accurate equations for pipe diameter and head loss and a closed form solution for the discharge through the pipe, based on Colebrook-White equation. These explicit equations can also be utilized with advantage in optimization studies of pipelines and water distribution systems.

Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: Hydrochemistry of groundwater in Chithar Basin, Tamil Nadu, India was used to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, HCO 3 − , CO 3 2− , SO 4 2− , NO−3, F−, B− and SiO2 were determined. Concentrations of the chemical constituents in groundwater vary spatially and temporarily. Interpretation of analytical data shows that mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, Ca–Cl and Na–Cl are the dominant hydrochemical facies in the study area. Alkali earths (Ca2+, Mg2+) and strong acids (Cl−, SO 4 2− ) are slightly dominating over alkalis (Na+, K+) and weak acids (HCO 3 − , CO 3 2− ). The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na+ ≥ Ca2+ ≥ Mg2+ > K+ = Cl− > HCO 3 − > SO 4 2− > NO 3 − > CO 3 2− . Groundwater in the area is generally hard, fresh to brackish, high to very high saline and low alkaline in nature. High total hardness and TDS in a few places identify the unsuitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. Such areas require special care to provide adequate drainage and introduce alternative salt tolerance cropping. Fluoride and boron are within the permissible limits for human consumption and crops as per the international standards.

Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple precipitation method with zinc sulfate and sodium hydroxide as starting materials. The synthesized sample was calcined at different temperatures for 2 h. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. SEM images show various morphological changes of ZnO obtained by the above method. The average crystallite sizes of the samples were calculated from the full width at half maximum of XRD peaks by using Debye-Scherrer's formula and were found to be in the nanorange. EDS shows that the above route produced highly pure ZnO nanostructures. PIXE technique was used for trace elemental analysis of ZnO. The optical band gaps of various ZnO powders were calculated from UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopic studies.