Government of Canada

About: Government of Canada is a government organization based out in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monetary policy & Debt. The organization has 796 authors who have published 886 publications receiving 21366 citations. The organization is also known as: federal government of Canada & Her Majesty's Government.

Learning Wisdom through Collectivity: The Women Writing Women Collective.

Abstract: The Women Writing Women Collective was a collegial and collaborative response to the isolation that is often experienced by women scholars as they pursue their academic careers. For 5 years, a group of women gathered on a monthly basis to share their writing. In doing so, the group members provided a sounding board for each other as they engaged with writing and scholarship through reflective, reciprocal, and responsible critique and curiosity. As a writing collective, we began to recognize and deconstruct specific institutional constraints, practices, and theoretical stances that had influenced our perspectives and experiences of what it means to be women writing in the academy. Within this process of critical reflective practice, our scholarship, our writing, and our sense of community was strengthened. Within this article, we share our experiences of women writing and learning together

International Regulation of Space Activities

Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to provide a background to existing international space regulation in the form of its hard law and soft law instruments; doing so will demonstrate the various international obligations placed on States and discuss the various mechanisms by which specific issues are addressed internationally. The chapter begins with an exhortation of the five international space law treaties (beginning with the Outer Space Treaty and concluding with the Moon Agreement) as well as an examination of the International Telecommunication Union’s and International Space Station’s foundational instruments. The chapter then examines a select number of international soft law instruments (including principles, declarations and guidelines) related to space before offering insights into the future of international space regulation.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Military Profession

Abstract: Technological change has always affected the military profession. This chapter explores the impact of artificial intelligence, which seems poised to affect the military as a profession in profound ways. In particular, we review the construct of military professionalism, artificial intelligence, including its potential influence on the military, and offer a summary of the analytical framework developed by Snider and Watkins (2002). Finally, this review will also attempt to outline the directions for future research on AI and the military profession.

Limits on Cation Leaching of Weakly Podzolized Forest Soils: An Empirical Evaluation

Abstract: Chemical properties of two weakly podzolized sandy soils, one a Humo-Ferric Podzol, the other a less well-developed Dystric Brunisol, both from beneath mid-aged jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) Stands in northern Ontario, Canada, are given. In a 7 1/2-year-old column-lysimeter experiment (reported elsewhere), it had been noted that both soils, but the Podzol in particular, initially exhibited strong resistance to SO4 2− leaching. A hypothesis of anion immobilization by SO4 2− adsorption was advanced. Data to support the hypothesis are presented in the present paper on SO4 2− adsorption characteristics of the two soils. During the initial phase of SO4 2− loading to these soils, cation leaching is effectively blocked by selective removal of SO4 2− ions from the leaching solution and their adsorption chiefly into the Bf1 or Bm1 horizons, and the leaching solution is thereby robbed of counterions. Once SO4 2− adsorption capacity is reached, bases move freely with surplus SO4 2− ions, with the Chief limitation to removal being the upper limit imposed by the supply of exchangeable ions themselves. Evidence suggests that prolonged exposure to acid Solutions may result in increased weathering of silicate minerals of sufficient magnitude to compensate eventually for losses associated with the stripping of exchangeable reserves.

'The Darker Corners': The Incoherence of 2(b) Obscenity Jurisprudence after Butler

Abstract: The 1992 Supreme Court ruling of Butler proved to be politically soothing, as its prohibited categories of pornography correspond roughly with the views of most liberal Canadians. Scrutinized through a legal lens, however, Butler appears more problematic. Section 163(8) defines obscenity as a publication a "dominant feature of which is the undue exploitation of sex." Instead of striking down this section as impermissibly vague under the Charter, the Court engaged in judicial legislation in formulating the three categories. The Court then attempted to establish, based on frail social science evidence, links between harm, community tolerance and the newly created categories of pornography. Finally, the Court allowed the vague provisions to survive constitutional scrutiny by applying the most relaxed forms of the tests for sections 2(b) and 1. The author argues that Butler lays down a Constitutional test for obscenity based not on principles of actual harm, but on the judge's intuitive role as interpreter of an abstract community standard. This results in horizontally inconsistent and irrational judgement in the Courts below. Furthermore, Butler’s relaxed constitutional scrutiny has allowed lower Courts to uphold similarly vague laws criminalizing other activities "corrupting morals." The author concludes that while curbing pornography is a laudable goal, only through legitimate and thorough Constitutional review can legislative line-drawing be justified in a free and democratic society.