Government of Canada

About: Government of Canada is a government organization based out in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monetary policy & Debt. The organization has 796 authors who have published 886 publications receiving 21366 citations. The organization is also known as: federal government of Canada & Her Majesty's Government.

Post-Entry Struggle for Life and Pre-Exit Shadow of Death from a Financial Perspective

Abstract: The success or failure of small, young, and private firms depends highly on the evolution of their financial position. This paper considers the post-entry/pre-exit adjustment process of firms with focus on financial dynamics (debt-to-asset ratio). Empirically examining financial relationships has been difficult, due to a lack of data on the small, young, and private firms. With age, the post-entry struggle for life sees entrants become relatively larger and reduce their leverage, while their average growth rates fall. Further, entrants begin life more productive than the typical firm within an industry, but this disparity quickly reverses. Pre-exit dynamics see firm growth and relative firm size fall, while relative leverage and labour productivity rise. Increasing leverage hints at a shadow of death. Selection and survivor effects contribute to post-entry dynamics, while turnover and transition effects contribute to pre-exit dynamics.

Drugs of Abuse Screening and Confirmation With Lower Cutoff Values

Abstract: Although Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has no recommended protocol for analysis of diluted urine where creatinine concentration is below a threshold value, Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) has a protocol for analysis of urine where creatinine concentration is below the threshold value. Even if the creatinine concentration is below the threshold creatinine concentration in urine, CSC protocol allows analysis of such specimen using regular cutoff concentrations of drugs in urine. If initial screening is negative, then these diluted specimens are reanalyzed using lower cutoff concentrations of individual drugs as proposed in the protocol for analysis of diluted specimens. Although percentages of diluted specimens are in general below 5%, analysis of diluted specimens using lower cutoff values aid in detecting illicit drugs in some of the diluted specimens which would have otherwise been missed.

Animal Spirits, Heterogeneous Expectations and the Emergence of Booms and Busts

Abstract: We introduce a simple equilibrium model of a market for loans, where households lend to firms based on heterogeneous expectations about their loan default probability. Agents select among heterogeneous expectation rules, based upon their relative performance. A small fraction of pessimistic traders already has a large aggregate effect, leading to a crisis characterized by high contract rates for loans and low output. Our stylized model illustrates how animal spirits and heterogeneous expectations amplify boom and bust cycles and how endogenous coordination on pessimistic expectations amplifies crises and slows down recovery.

International and Canadian Space Activities

Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to provide background information related to the importance and ubiquity of space as well as to highlight the ongoing and intensifying trend of commercialisation. The chapter weaves parallel narratives related to space activities from a general, global perspective as well as from a Canadian perspective. In particular, the chapter focuses on the significant historical developments that have led to the current manifestation of the Canadian space program as well as some of the various players who are maintaining the Canadian presence in space. Given the highly evolutive character of space activities, the discussions and references in this chapter are current to March 2020.

Connecting Rural Canadians: A Review of Policy, Measurement and Outcomes

Abstract: The rate of Internet diffusion in Canada has been quite rapid compared to other innovations such as electricity and telephony. Internet diffusion however, has not been homogenous and depends on many factors. Previous research has identified unevenness both geographically and among different segments of the population.A logistic regression model of 2005 Canadian Internet Use Survey (CIUS) data found that an individual residing in a rural or small town location had lower odds of Internet use, controlling for other factors such as age, income and education. And these lower odds of use in smaller communities were the same irrespective of proximity to larger urban centres, implying a hierarchical diffusion pattern. This same regression model was then applied to the 2007 CIUS data in order to determine how the factors associated with Internet use had changed. While the difference in odds of Internet use between urban and rural residents remained statistically significant, it had become smaller.This paper examines the changing importance of factors associated with accessing the Internet since 2005, with an emphasis on geographic location and broadband penetration. The first section will review public policy initiatives of the Canadian government and measurement efforts by Statistics Canada. The next section examines previous research illustrating urban and rural differences in online access and uses. Bolstering rural Internet use by providing on-ramps to the so called information highway was the policy objective of the federal Community Access Program. As the emphasis has shifted to increasing broadband connectivity, closing the rural digital divide remained a policy objective of the federal Connecting Rural Canadians program. The final section presents results from the 2009 CIUS to illustrate how the survey can inform federal broadband policy and then describes how the CIUS was redesigned to provide better measures of household Internet connectivity.