Government of Canada

About: Government of Canada is a government organization based out in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monetary policy & Productivity. The organization has 796 authors who have published 886 publications receiving 21366 citations. The organization is also known as: federal government of Canada & Her Majesty's Government.

A preliminary investigation on effects of fluctuating flows on invertebrates of the Hawea River, a large regulated river in New Zealand

Abstract: An experiment with flow changing at 3, 9, and 18 m3 s‐1 h‐1 on consecutive days failed to produce any measurable effect on benthic invertebrates in the regulated Hawea River, New Zealand, but did result in increased numbers of drifting chironomid larvae, trichopteran larvae, and oligochaetes compared to days when flow was stable. Drift densities were at least as high on the day flow changed at 3 m3 s‐1 h‐1 (minimum flow 15 m3 s‐1, maximum flow 30 m3 s‐1) as on subsequent days when flow changed at 9 and 18 m3 s‐1 h‐1 (minimum flows both 15 m3 s‐1, maximum flows 60 and 105 m3 s‐1 respectively) indicating that rapid rates of change of flow may not necessarily cause more benthic invertebrates to enter the drift than slow rates of change. Fluctuating flows resulted in more animals entering the drift at a site 5 km below a control dam than at a site 0.8 km below the dam. Drift of non‐invertebrate organic matter (mainly periphyton) showed similar patterns to invertebrate drift. It is suggested that most...

Using temporal coherence to determine the response to climate change in Boreal Shield lakes.

Abstract: Climate change is expected to have important impacts on aquatic ecosystems. On the Boreal Shield, mean annual air temperatures are expected to increase 2 to 4 °C over the next 50 years. An important challenge is to predict how changes in climate and climate variability will impact natural systems so that sustainable management policies can be implemented. To predict responses to complex ecosystem changes associated with climate change, we used long-term biotic databases to evaluate how important elements of the biota in Boreal Shield lakes have responded to past fluctuations in climate. Our long-term records span a two decade period where there have been unusually cold years and unusually warm years. We used coherence analyses to test for regionally operating controls on climate, water temperature, pH, and plankton richness and abundance in three regions across Ontario: the Experimental Lakes Area, Sudbury, and Dorset. Inter-annual variation in air temperature was similar among regions, but there was a weak relationship among regions for precipitation. While air temperature was closely related to lake surface temperatures in each of the regions, there were weak relationships between lake surface temperature and richness or abundance of the plankton. However, inter-annual changes in lake chemistry (i.e., pH) were correlated with some biotic variables. In some lakes in Sudbury and Dorset, pH was dependent on extreme events. For example, El Nino related droughts resulted in acidification pulses in some lakes that influenced phytoplankton and zooplankton richness. These results suggest that there can be strong heterogeneity in lake ecosystem responses within and across regions.

The persistent gap: New Evidence on the Canadian Gender Wage Gap

Abstract: This article uses data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) to investigate the extent to which factors not previously explored in the Canadian context account for wage differences between men and women. Like other studies using standard decomposition techniques and controlling for a variety of productivity-related characteristics, the results demonstrate that men still enjoy a wage advantage over women: women's average hourly wage rate is about 84% - 89% of the men's average. Unlike other studies, controls for work experience and job-related responsibilities are used. Gender differences in full-year, full-time work experience explain at most, 12% of the gender wage gap. Gender differences in the opportunity to supervise and to perform certain tasks account for about 5% of the gender wage gap. Yet despite the long list of productivity related factors, a substantial portion of the gender wage gap cannot be explained. Many studies rely on measures such as age or potential experience (age minus number of years of schooling minus six) as a proxy for actual labour market. Neither of these measures account for complete withdrawals from the labour market nor for restrictions on the number of hours worked per week or on the number of weeks worked per year due to family-related responsibilities. The results show that proxies for experience yield larger adjusted gender wage gaps than when actual experience is used.

Determinants of Financial Stress and Recovery During the Great Recession

Abstract: In this paper, we explore the link between stress in the domestic financial sector and the capital flight faced by countries in the 2008-9 global crisis. Both the timing of emergence of internal financial stress in developing economies, and the size of the peak-trough declines in the stock price indices was comparable to that in high income countries, indicating that there was no decoupling, even before Lehman Brothers' demise. Deleveraging of OECD positions seemed to dominate the patterns of capital flows during the crisis. While high income countries on average saw net capital inflows and net portfolio inflows during the crisis quarters, compared to net outflows for developing economies, the indicators of banking sector stress were higher for high income economies on average than for developing economies. Internal and external distress during crisis was closely interlinked with common underlying causes of both the severity of stress during the crisis and the recovery. External vulnerabilities were important in both phases, and higher international reserves did not insulate countries from stress.

Evaluation of Endocrine Indices of Growth in Individual Postsmolt Coho Salmon

Abstract: Plasma levels of the hormones insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were assessed as indices of growth for individual juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Smolts were tagged in April, introduced to seawater in May, and reared at two different feeding levels. Fish lengths and weights were obtained in June, August, September, and November. Plasma samples were obtained in September and November. There was a consistent, robust relation (over both feeding rates and sampling dates) between plasma IGF-I and the instantaneous growth in length of individual fish when growth was measured over a 6-week period. There was no consistent association between plasma insulin level and growth, size, or condition factor. Plasma IGF-I levels were also measured in postsmolt coho salmon captured in September from the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound and were found to be similar to those in laboratory fish.