Government of Canada

About: Government of Canada is a government organization based out in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monetary policy & Productivity. The organization has 796 authors who have published 886 publications receiving 21366 citations. The organization is also known as: federal government of Canada & Her Majesty's Government.

Characterizing Very High Uncertainty Episodes

Abstract: This paper uses a two-step approach to characterize the evolution of US macroeconomic and financial variables during episodes of very high uncertainty. First, we identify episodes of very high uncertainty using a regime-switching model. Second, we assess the behaviour of macroeconomic and financial variables during these episodes of very high uncertainty. This methodology is analogous to the approach followed by Baele et al. (2013), who study episodes of flights to safety in financial markets. We find that very high uncertainty episodes are associated with a weaker growth performance and sharp declines in stock prices. However, we find that this relation is non-linear in that uncertainty does not seem to matter during periods characterized by medium or low uncertainty.

Effects on ionic composition of blood and tissues of Anodonta grandis grandis (bivalvia) of an addition of aluminum and acid to a lake

Abstract: To test the hypothesis that summer low pH, episodic events cause stress and mortality in aquatic organisms including mussels, alum (aluminum sulfate) was added near the point of inflow to Lake 114 in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario from 3 to 5 July 1984. Lake 114 was at pH 5.9 before the alum addition. The alum produced measured extremes of pH 4.5 and [Al] of 2,237 μg/L near the point of addition. This study examined the effects of the alum addition on ionic concentrations of blood and tissue (gills, adductor muscle, foot and visceral mass) of the floater mussel,Anodonta grandis grandis. Mussels were collected from a second lake, 377, and introduced into Lake 114 at five locations five days before the alum addition. In response to transfer from the oligotrophic, unmanipulated Lake 377 to acidified Lake 114 (pH 5.9), blood of mussels showed a marked elevation of [Ca++], decline in [Mg++] and a temporary increase in [Cl−] but no change in [Na+], [K+] or [SO4 =]. During the alum addition, in mussels near the point source of the alum addition, blood [Na+] and [Cl−] declined and [Ca++] became still more elevated. Mussels suffered no mortality associated with the alum addition and almost no mortality during 26 days in Lake 114. Gill increased in [Al], [Ca], [Mn], declined in [Na] and showed no change in [Cd] in mussels near the alum addition. Visceral mass and adductor muscle also had lower [Na] in mussels near the point of alum addition. We attribute the increase in blood [Ca++] to the dissolution of the Ca stores in the shell and/or mantle of mussels. This would provide protection to the mussels during short-term declines in pH such as spring or summer episodic events. Never-theless, chronic exposure to small decreases in pH by mussels, already near the limits for obtaining sufficient Ca++, might be intolerable. It follows that acidification to the pH of 5.9 of soft water lakes containing mussels would be expected to lead to the loss of A.g. grandis from these waters.

Estimating the Impact of Seat Belt Use on Traffic Fatalities: Empirical Evidence from Canada

Abstract: This study contributes to the literature by using provincial data in Canada between 1980 and 1996 to analyze the effect of seat belt use on traffic fatalities. Empirical estimates from first stage instrumental-variables regressions suggest that the enactment of mandatory seat belt laws is significantly associated with an increase in average seat belt use, while corresponding estimates from second stage regressions imply that a 1 percent increase in average seat belt use is correlated with a 0.17–0.21 percent drop in vehicle-occupant fatalities. These results suggest that roughly 17 percent of the observed decline in vehicle-occupant fatalities is attributable to the enactment of mandatory seat belt legislation and the corresponding increase in seat belt use.

Exchange Rate Pass-Through, Currency of Invoicing and Market Share

Abstract: Nous analysons l’effet de la structure de marche sur le choix du degre de transmission des variations du taux de change et la monnaie de facturation retenue dans les echanges internationaux. L’originalite de l’etude est l’interet porte aux deux cotes du marche, c’est-a-dire aux exportateurs et aux importateurs.

TTCN: the international notation for specifying tests of communications systems

Abstract: Over a period of about eight years the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed and standardized a testing methodology and framework for testing protocol implementations for conformance to OSI standards. As part of that work, a standardized test notation, the Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN), was developed and used for precise specification of abstract test suites. This paper explains and illustrates, using X.25 examples, the basic concepts of TTCN in the context of the standardized OSI conformance testing methodology and framework (ISO IS 9646). A brief description of the most recent work on enhancements to TTCN and examples of widely available TTCN tools are also presented.