Government of Canada

About: Government of Canada is a government organization based out in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monetary policy & Debt. The organization has 796 authors who have published 886 publications receiving 21366 citations. The organization is also known as: federal government of Canada & Her Majesty's Government.

Tax Credits and Small Firm R&D Spending

Abstract: In 2004, Canada changed the eligibility rules for its Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SRED) tax credit, which provides tax incentives for R&D conducted by small private firms. Difference in difference estimates show a seventeen percent increase in total R&D among eligible firms. The impact was larger for firms that took the tax credits as refunds because they had no current tax liability. Contract R&D expenditures were more elastic than the R&D wage bill. The response was also greater for firms that invested in R&D capital before the policy change.

Market Expansion and Productivity Growth: Do New Domestic Markets Matter as Much as New International Markets?

Abstract: This paper asks how market expansion contributes to productivity growth. It investigates whether entry to both new international markets and new domestic markets is associated with greater productivity growth. It also examines whether exit from export markets is necessarily associated with deteriorating performance or whether it too can lead to success if associated with movements to new markets. Finally, the paper drills down into the strategic stance of firms that move to new markets to examine the strategic differences that set them apart from their compatriots that do not find themselves able to adapt.

Drought Tolerance Thresholds in Cattail (Typha latifolia): A Test Using Controlled Hydrologic Treatments

Abstract: Decades of anthropogenic flooding to create wetlands in spring for breeding waterfowl in the Canadian Prairies have produced undesirable successional shifts from open wetlands dominated by endemic Eleocharis palustris L. (spikerush), to habitats dominated by relatively closed communities of Typha latifolia L. (cattail). Using 2 greenhouse experiments, we examined the potential of specific drying regimes to cross moisture thresholds and achieve T. latifolia control while maintaining E. palustris. We assessed the morphologic (leaf density, shoot ratio, biomass) and biochemical (root carbohydrate) responses of transplanted T. latifolia and E. palustris to different soil hydrologic treatments, including continuous flooding (CF), field capacity (FC) moisture, and 5 different drying stress (DS) treatments ranging from 4 to 12 weeks in duration, including recovery during re-inundation. Our results suggest that both plant species are susceptible to low soil moisture, as exemplified by reduced growth and survival. Although T. latifolia recovery during reflooding declined with incremental severity of moisture stress, T. latifolia was more tolerant to drought than E. palustris, with soil moisture below 5% required to induce complete root mortality. We conclude that only very low soil moisture will achieve T. latifolia control, under which E. palustris will have to re-establish from seed.

The Importance of Entry to Canadian Manufacturing with an Appendix on Measurement Issues

Abstract: Understanding the importance of the dynamic entry process in the Canadian economy involves measuring size of entry. The main purpose of this paper is to summarize the information that we have on the amount of entry in Canada. The paper also fulfills another purpose. Some studies have focused on cross-country comparisons (Geroski and Schwalbach, 1991: OECD, 2001). Interpretation of the results of these studies is difficult unless methodological issues regarding how entry is measured are addressed. Without an understanding of the extent to which different databases produce different results, international comparisons are difficult to evaluate. Cross-country comparisons that are derived from extremely different data sources may be misleading because of the lack of comparability. Since there is more than one reliable database that can be used to estimate entry in Canada, this paper asks how measured entry rates vary across different Canadian databases. By examining the difference in entry rates produced by these databases, we provide an estimate of the range or confidence interval that should be used in evaluating whether there are real differences in measured entry rates across countries. We also offer guidance as to the questions that should be asked about the databases used by researchers who conduct international studies. Finally, we make suggestions as to areas of comparison on which international studies should focus.

Influence of surface films on the fate of deltamethrin following aerial application to prairie ponds

Abstract: The dissipation of the insecticide deltamethrin was studied in natural prairie ponds (0 3–1 3 ha, 1–1 5 m depth) following aerial application Four ponds were treated at normal field rates (7 5 g/ha) with deltamethrin, two in June 1986 and two others in June 198− Parts per billion concentrations of deltamethrin were observed in the surface microlaver (0 12 mm, sampled with a glass plate) in all treatments during the first 8 to 12 h after application Levels of deltamethrin were about 1000-fold lower in subsurface water (10–20 cm depth) Pseudo first order half-lives of deltamethrin in the surface film varied from 0 6 to 5 h and were influenced by macrophvte density and amount of sprav deposit Half-lives of deltamethrin in subsurface waters were less variable, averaging 14 h Deltamethrin was not detected in sediments (0–2 5 cm depth containers, detection limit 10 ng/g dry weight) following sprav application in either year The stereoisomer (α R, 1R/α S 1S-cis-) was detected in subsurface water along with a cyclopropvl acid derivative (DBCA) and phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) Concentrations of DBCA and PBA 10 to 100 fold higher than that of the parent compound persisted in subsurface water for 18 to 25 d after spray deposition The surface film influenced the overall fate of deltamethrin by reducing diffusive transport to subsurface waters and increasing the amount of the insecticide available for volatilization and degradation