Showing papers by "Griffith University published in 1995"
TL;DR: The model supports building quality into software, definition of language-specific coding standards, systematically classifying quality defects, and the development of automated code auditors for detecting defects in software.
Abstract: A model for software product quality is defined, it has been formulated by associating a set of quality-carrying properties with each of the structural forms that are used to define the statements and statement components of a programming language. These quality-carrying properties are in turn linked to the high-level quality attributes of the International Standard for Software Product Evaluation ISO-9126. The model supports building quality into software, definition of language-specific coding standards, systematically classifying quality defects, and the development of automated code auditors for detecting defects in software. >
507 citations
TL;DR: Calculations of gene flow between geographic regions predict panmixis for species with larval durations exceeding 1 mo, which suggests that fish larvae may use their greater mobility to retard, rather than enhance, dispersal due to hydrodynamic advection.
Abstract: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is a continental archipelagic system of 5000 reefs and shoals stretching >2000 km along the east Australia coast. The interconnectivity of these reefs should determine the choice of biological management units, which for most biota will reflect the dispersal of their eggs and/or larvae. A comparative approach using population genetics was used to ask whether the along-shore dispersal of coral reef fishes is influenced by the duration of this mobile phase. Seven species of coral reef fish, selected from three families to provide a range of taxonomic diversity and pelagic larval durations, were tested for genetic homogeneity between two regions of the GBR separated by 1000 km. A spectrum of potential dispersal capabilities was analyzed from that of Acanthochromis polyacanthus, a damselfish with brood care that uniquely lacks pelagic larvae, to that of Ctenochaetus striatus, a surgeonfish with large, specialized larvae that spend several months in the plankton. A total of 19 enzyme systems and general proteins were examined from multiple populations in each region to provide a base of 32 loci for these comparisons. With one exception, species sampled from different coral reefs within regions showed statistically significant heterogeneities across multiple loci, indicative of chaotic genetic patchiness among the samples. The exception was an anemonefish, Amphiprion melanopus, that had to be collected from large areas on each reef because of its low densities. The homogeneity of allele frequencies at local scales for this species suggests that the genetic patchiness observed in others may be a within-reef phenomenon that was manifested at the reef scale by our pseudoreplicated sampling strategy. After pooling local variability, all but two species showed significant regional differ- ences. The exceptions were the pair (Ctenochaetus striatus, Pterocaesio chrysozona) with the longest larval durations. Acanthochromis polyacanthus showed increased variation at this larger scale, consistent with a major stock division between the two regions. The logarithm of genetic variation between northern and southern populations (measured by Weir and Cockerham's Fst)was correlated with mean larval duration by an inverse linear relationship that explained 85% of the variance in the global data set. Comparison with an outgroup (Amphiprion melanopus from the Chesterfield Reefs, 1000 km east in the Coral Sea) confirmed the genetic cohesion of mainland populations for the species with shortest larval duration and shows that our empirical relationship applies only within the context of the highly connected GBR. On this basis, calculations of gene flow (Nem, the number of effective migrants per generation) between geographic regions predict panmixis for species with larval durations exceeding 1 mo. Many common species have shorter dispersal times, from which classical "isolation-by-distance" models predict differentiation between northern and southern pop- ulations at genetic equilibrium. Given that modern populations on the GBR are <10000 yr old, however, there has not been sufficient time for such differences to evolve in situ and we consider alternative scenarios for the observed heterogeneities. Comparisons with invertebrate taxa sampled over the same spatial scales imply lower gene flows in fish despite longer pelagic durations. This suggests that fish larvae may use their greater mobility to retard, rather than enhance, dispersal due to hydrodynamic advection.
359 citations
TL;DR: The increase in %C and %N in both shrimp and seagrass after acid washing suggests that the changes in isotope ratios are due to loss of molecules comparatively low in C and N.
Abstract: We investigated the effects of acid washing on the carbon and nitrogen composition and stable isotope ratios of C and N in shrimp (Metapenaeus spp.) and seagrass (Enhalus acoroides). Acid washing did not affect the mean 6’ 3C ratios for juvenile Metapenaeus moyebi and resulted in only an ecologically insignificant change (0.3%0) in mean P3C ratios for larger Metapenaeus bennettae. In contrast, acid washing increased the mean 615N signatures of shrimp tissue (- 3G) and decreased that of seagrass (N 1.89&) to a degree that may confound the interpretation of food webs. The increase in %C and %N in both shrimp and seagrass after acid washing suggests that the changes in isotope ratios are due to loss of molecules comparatively low in C and N. Treating samples by acid washing also resulted in an increase in the variation among individuals for both 615N and 613C, which would lead to a loss of statistical power for testing differences between species, sites, or seasons.
353 citations
02 Aug 1995
TL;DR: Nimrod is a tool for performing parametrised simulations over networks of loosely coupled workstations using a simple graphical user interface which allows the user to view the simulation in terms of their problem domain.
Abstract: This paper discusses Nimrod, a tool for performing parametrised simulations over networks of loosely coupled workstations. Using Nimrod the user interactively generates a parametrised experiment. Nimrod then controls the distribution of jobs to machines and the collection of results. A simple graphical user interface which is built for each application allows the user to view the simulation in terms of their problem domain. The current version of Nimrod is implemented above OSF DCE and runs on DEC Alpha and IBM RS6000 workstations (including a 22 node SP2). Two different case studies are discussed as an illustration of the utility of the system.
309 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the funnel hypothesis was proposed to explain the variation in toxicity of equitoxic multicomponent mixtures of nonspecific toxicants (narcotics) in terms of the volumes associated with solute-solute and solute solvent interactions.
180 citations
21 May 1995
TL;DR: A practical investigation of the possibility of developing simple, low cost, autonomous robots to perform leak location in a simplified laboratory environment is described and experimental results are presented.
Abstract: Tracing leaks of airborne radioactive, poisonous or flammable materials is a potentially dangerous activity that could be undertaken by robotic systems. This paper describes a practical investigation of the possibility of developing simple, low cost, autonomous robots to perform this task. It is envisaged that these robots would be used in large numbers. This would improve reliability through redundancy and provide large area coverage from a wide distribution of robots. Failure of a single unit would not jeopardise the overall sensing operation. Sensing and control techniques developed to perform leak location in a simplified laboratory environment are described and experimental results are presented.
177 citations
TL;DR: In this article, auditors' responses to hypothetical audit conflict scenarios were used to test hypotheses that moral reasoning development and belief in a just world influence resistance to client management power, based on a mixed factorial ANOVA design, results confirmed that auditor independence is interactively determined.
Abstract: In two studies, practising auditors' responses to hypothetical audit conflict scenarios were used to test hypotheses that moral reasoning development and belief in a just world influence resistance to client management power. Based on a mixed factorial ANOVA design, results confirmed that auditor independence is interactively determined. Three styles of auditor decision-making emerged: “autonomous”, “accommodating” and “pragmatic”. Autonomous auditors were responsive to personal beliefs, such that those with strong just world beliefs were more likely to resist client management power. Pragmatic auditors were responsive to client management power, irrespective of beliefs. Accommodating auditors responded both to personal beliefs and client management power; they comprised the least resistant group, especially when they believed in an unjust world.
171 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of the charge separation model as the source of electromagnetic radiation received from the fracture of brittle materials is demonstrated, and an analytical expression and a finite difference method enable the calculation of currents flowing around the tip of a crack.
155 citations
TL;DR: The theory of syllogistic reasoning proposed by Johnson-Laird (1983, 1986) is shown to be inadequate and an alternative theory is put forward and Protocols of people attempting to solve syllogism problems and explaining to another person how they reached their conclusions were obtained.
142 citations
TL;DR: The potential of the ethnodrama process to provide emancipatory opportunities and insights for both health informants and health professionals is described in relation to two ethnographic performance projects involving persons with schizophrenia and persons who are alcohol dependent.
Abstract: This article discusses the reflexive and educational use of theater constructed from verbatim ethnographic account work undertaken in health settings. In particular, the potential of the ethnodrama process to provide emancipatory opportunities and insights for both health informants and health professionals is described in relation to two ethnographic performance projects involving persons with schizophrenia and persons who are alcohol dependent.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of cartoon trade characters on product recognition and attitude on a sample of children 3 to 6 years of age was tested. High levels of product and trade character...
Abstract: The author reviews and tests the effect of cartoon trade characters on product recognition and attitude on a sample of children three to six years of age. High levels of product and trade character...
TL;DR: Workplace learning is now commonly used as a setting for acquiring vocational knowledge as discussed by the authors, however, questions about the effectiveness of workplace learning processes need to be addressed These questions are central to the evaluation and improvement of learning arrangements which aim to develop vocational skills.
Abstract: The workplace is now commonly used as a setting for acquiring vocational knowledge This situated approach to learning offers access to authentic vocational activities and the guidance of more expert others However, questions about the effectiveness of workplace learning processes need to be addressed These questions are central to the evaluation and improvement of learning arrangements which aim to develop vocational skills Draws on the findings of three recent studies of workplace learning conducted in Queensland, Australia, in order to address questions about the efficacy of workplace learning Uses these studies to understand further potential and limitations of these learning arrangements
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that tourism is a culture industry in the sense that it markets cultural products to tourists as cultural experiences, and that the cultural consequences of major changes to destination communities as a result of tourist development are ignored.
Abstract: This article poses the question: are there cultural limits to tourism? It argues that tourism is a culture industry in the sense that it markets cultural products to tourists as cultural experiences. The three elements of tourism as culture are: the cultural foundations of tourism products, the sophistication of tourists’ perceptions and experiences of tourist cultures, and the cultural consequences of tourism development on resident communities. Yet these aspects are usually treated in a tokenistic way in favour of economic and environmental considerations, ignoring the cultural consequences of major changes to destination communities as a result of tourist development. This article proposes that the changes and consequences of tourism on the culture of destinations and on the culture of tourists should be central to debates about sustainable tourism development. The article proposes a number of conditions or indicators to identify the matrix of impacts of tourism from which acceptable and unacceptable l...
TL;DR: The Environmental and Development Education Project for Teacher Education (EDEDPE) as mentioned in this paper ) is a workshop for pre-service teacher education courses on environmental and development education with a focus on sustainable development.
Abstract: summary The social, economic, political and ecological imperatives of sustainable development outlined in ’Our Common Future, Agenda 21’ and ’Caring for the Earth’ have established a renewed agenda for environmental education which links it very closely with development education. Teacher educators in Australia have responded to the need to link environmental and development education and to raise the level of attention usually devoted to them in teacher education programmes. The ’Environmental and Development Education Project for Teacher Education’ has been the result. The project has involved 20 educators, drawn from 11 universities, government departments and NGOs across Australia, in writing and trialing a set of 18 3‐hour workshop modules on environmental and development education for use in pre‐service teacher education courses. These modules, published in the project manual, ’Teaching for a Sustainable World’, illustrate how environmental education and development education are related and provide...
TL;DR: Long-term potentiation-inducing stimulation of the perforant path was followed in dentate gyrus granule cells by a dramatic increase of mRNA and protein for Krox20, a zinc-finger-containing transcription factor, suggesting that the Krox 20 protein has a greater stability and may play a key role in the stabilization of long- term potentiation.
TL;DR: With these approximations an efficient algorithm, consisting of a single iteration of a rapidly converging iteration scheme, gives estimates of W(x) accurate to at least 16 significant digits (15 digits if double precision is used).
Abstract: Approximations for real values of W(x), where W is defined by solutions of W exp(W) = x, are presented. All of the approximations have maximum absolute (|W|>1) or relative (|W|
TL;DR: In this paper, the theoretical framework used in interpreting data on runoff and soil loss from field experiments to yield information on soil erodibility is described, which has been employed in the form of computer programs in the field experiments.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a mathematical model to estimate dust lost from the region and provided estimates of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) that are within a factor of 3 of observations.
Abstract: On 1 December 1987 a dust storm driven by a strong cold front entrained soil from 100m000 to 200m000 km z of the Simpson Desert, Channel Country and semi-arid woodlands of Western Queensland for eighteen hours. Between 6.3 and 5.5 million t of soil with average particle sizes of 6.75 to 10.5 μm were lost from the dust source, 3.4 to 1.9 million t was lost off the Australian continent, and from this some 3 to 1.7 million t might have traversed the Tasman sea towards New Zealand. A mathematical model is used to estimate dust lost from the region. This approach provides estimates of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) that are within a factor of 3 of observations. From statistics of the frequencies of dust storms 3.8 to 6.8 million t of dust per year is estimated to fall into the South Pacific and contribute to marine sediments. These are the largest estimates of soil loss by wind in Australia and support quantitatively earlier hypotheses of the significance of dust process in the evolution of the Australian landscape.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that FNR can co‐activate when located upstream at around −91 bp in combination with either FNR or CRP downstream, and suggest that both bound upstream and downstream activators interact with RNA polymerase to promote transcription, and that co‐dependence is determined by the nature of the activator plus the promoter context.
Abstract: Previous work with semi-synthetic promoters containing a single CRP binding site centred at 41.5 bp from the transcription start site has demonstrated enhanced transcription (synergism) when a second binding site, for CRP or FNR, is placed upstream at around −91 bp. The ansB promoter in Escherichia coli is co-activated in a co-dependent manner by one dimer each of CRP and FNR protein whose binding sites are at around −91 and −41 bp, respectively, from the transcription start site. Similarly, the homologous ansB promoter in Salmonella is co-activated by two dimers of CRP which function synergistically. The binding sites at the E. coli promoter have been changed by mutation to provide a number of active promoter derivatives carrying other combinations of FNR and CRP binding sites. The co-dependent versus synergistic interaction of these activators and their requirement for known activating regions have been examined. The results demonstrate that FNR can co-activate when located upstream at around −91 bp in combination with either FNR or CRP downstream. When FNR occupies the downstream site the promoter is co-dependent on an upstream activator, but not when CRP occupies this site. Activating region 1 in CRP (defined by substitutions at residue H159) and its putative equivalent in FNR (defined by substitutions at S73) are mainly required in the upstream activator; the putative equivalent in FNR of activating region 3 of CRP (defined by substitutions at G85 and K52, respectively) is mainly required in the dimer which binds downstream. Activating region 1 of FNR is required only in the downstream subunit of the upstream activator in a promoter which is co-dependent on two FNR dimers. These data suggest that both bound upstream and downstream activators interact with RNA polymerase to promote transcription, and that co-dependence is determined by the nature of the activator plus the promoter context.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a book called "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Wisdom for Sustainable Development", which is an extension of the book "Wisdom for sustainable development" by Nancy M. Williams and Graham Baines.
Abstract: Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Edited by Nancy M. Williams and Graham Baines, 1993. Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University. Reviewed by John Cordell, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia.
TL;DR: Fish assemblages were sampled at 22 sites within the Mulgrave and South Johnstone Rivers of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, north Queensland in this paper, and a gradual downstream change in fish assemblage structure, correlated with gradual change in habitat, substrate and type of in-stream cover, was observed in both rivers.
Abstract: Fish assemblages were sampled at 22 sites within the Mulgrave and South Johnstone Rivers of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, north Queensland. Flow regimes of these rivers are highly predictable, by Australian standards, due to low annual and seasonal variability. A gradual downstream change in fish assemblage structure, correlated with gradual change in habitat, substrate and type of in-stream cover, was observed in the Mulgrave River but not the South Johnstone. A reduced species richness was observed in the South Johnstone relative to the Mulgrave probably due to the effect of two high gradient sections located in the former river and a more diverse array of habitat types present in the latter. Both rivers contained more species than other tropical Australian rivers of greater size. Possible reasons for this included the constant and predictable flow regime and the greater diversity of habitats found in rivers of the Wet Tropics compared to other tropical Australian rivers.
TL;DR: In this article, the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of depression is investigated and the evidence needed to support the explanation advanced by cognitive theory is lacking, and the authors critically review the available empirical evidence.
Abstract: The efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of depression is now established. However, explanations for the efficacy of CBT are mixed. The evidence needed to support the explanation advanced by cognitive theory is lacking. This paper critically reviews the available empirical evidence. Forty-four outcome or process studies of therapy with depression are reviewed and 21 of these are subjected to a meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between change in cognitions and change in level of depression during different kinds of therapy. Our analysis shows that: (1) change in cognitive style occurs in all four categories of treatment: CBT, Drug Therapy, Other-Psychological Therapy, and Waiting List; (2) there was a significant difference between Waiting List and all the active treatments in change in cognitions, but not between active treatments; (3) the degree of change in cognitive style is significantly related to change in depression as measured by the Beck Depression I...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified the various components contributing to atmospheric particulate matter in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, during the period from the end of April and the months of July-August in 1992, covering the autumn period which is typically the period of high asthma incidence in Brisbane.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated 579 hotel service providers and 326 customers to provide empirical data on roles of service providers, topics of conversation, perceived control, forms of address, and gender differences.
Abstract: Communication in the service encounter is an important determinant of a smooth and effective interaction between hotel service staff and customers. This study investigated 579 hotel service providers and 326 customers to provide empirical data on roles of service providers, topics of conversation, perceived control, forms of address, and gender differences. Factor analysis and MANOVA were performed to identify dimensionality and compare service providers and customers. The results demonstrated communication comprises two roles within the service encounter: task and process. Further, conversation within the service encounter was found to comprise role related, personal, and "small talk" topics. Significant effects were found for service providers and customers on most items with service providers consistently rating items more highly than customers. In addition, sex of subject was significant with females rating the items more highly than their male counterparts. The study assists in understanding the dyna...
TL;DR: The results indicated that small juvenile tiger prawns would suffer higher rates of predation in short, thin seagrass and unvegetated habitats, and this would lead to a decrease in abundance in these habitats.
TL;DR: A field experiment was conducted on a hillslope to test three soil conservation-oriented alley cropping treatments, and to compare them with farmer's practice in terms of their effects on soil erosion and runoff.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical interaction of thiourea with a copper electrode in sulphuric acid solution was investigated using Fourier transform Raman and in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy.
01 Mar 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, a density functional formalism for time-dependent systems comparable to the theory of Hohenberg, Kohn and Sham is presented, where the timedependent density can be obtained (in principle exactly) from a set of timedependent single-particle (Kohn-Sham) equations.
Abstract: A density functional formalism for time-dependent systems comparable to the theory of Hohenberg, Kohn and Sham is presented. In this approach, the time-dependent density can be obtained (in principle exactly) from a set of time-dependent single-particle (Kohn-Sham) equations. In order to apply the time-dependent Kohn-Sham scheme in practical calculations, an effective time-dependent single-particle potential is needed. Given an expression for the quantum mechanical action A [Φ 1 ... Φ N ] of an N-electron system as a functional of N time-dependent orbitals, we present a method of constructing the variationally best local time-dependent single-particle potential which, when inserted in a time-dependent single-particle Schrodinger equation yields orbitals {Φ j } that make A [Φ 1 ... Φ N ] stationary. We also propose a simplification of this scheme leading to a time-dependent generalization of the static optimized effective potential recently introduced by Krieger, Li and Iafrate [Phys. Lett, A 146, 256 (1990)]. Applications of this scheme to the case of a beryllium atom in a strong laser pulse are presented
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on a study of the psychosocial adjustment to age-related macular degeneration of 30 elderly persons by comparing the responses of subjects with this condition to those from age- and sex-matched controls on four different scales: life satisfaction, daily hassles, social support, and self-esteem.
Abstract: This article reports on a study of the psychosocial adjustment to age-related macular degeneration of 30 elderly persons by comparing the responses of subjects with this condition to those from age- and sex-matched controls on four psychosocial scales: life satisfaction, daily hassles, social support, and self-esteem. The subjects with the condition reported significantly poorer life satisfaction and greater stress, perhaps as a result of poor social support.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that EIA is evolving as a planning tool and will continue to do so, and that, in time, we will be able to go beyond EIA as a separate stand alone process.