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Showing papers by "HEC Paris published in 1996"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that the international correlation of individual foreign stock markets with the U.S. stock market has generally increased slightly over the past 37 years, but it has not increased during the past 10 years.
Abstract: International correlations for stocks and bonds fluctuate widely over time. As previous studies have found, volatility appears to be contagious across markets. In addition, international correlation increases in periods of high market volatility. Although the correlation of individual foreign stock markets with the U.S. stock market has generally increased slightly over the past 37 years, it has not increased during the past 10 years. Similarly, the international correlation of bond markets increased in the early 1980s, but it has had no discernible trend in the past 10 years. The fairly low levels of international correlation among stocks or bonds suggests that national factors still strongly affect local asset prices. The link between correlation and market volatility is bad news for global money managers because when the domestic market is subject to a strong negative shock is when the benefits of international risk diversification are needed most.

485 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that a large number of persons access the luxury product domain only in certain situations and argue that such behavior can be analyzed in terms of the functions played by the products.
Abstract: A large number of persons ("Excursionists") access the luxury product domain only in certain situations. In this paper, we argue that such behavior can be analyzed in terms of the functions played by the products. Each luxury product can fulfill a certain set of functions. Each situation calls for certain functions to be fulfilled. Therefore each luxury product is more appropriate in certain situations than in others. Four situations are designed on the basis of two dichotomies (social vs individual, planned vs impulse). Respondents indicate their behavior in these situations for three products (scarfs, perfumes, diamond rings). A correspondence analysis assesses the strength of the adequacy of each product to each situation.

106 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used new institutional economics to support strategic analysis in industries, where the production of goods and services requires the pooling of the assets of several firms, and the type of assets owned by these firms has an impact on their bargaining power; this consequently influences the firms' ability to be involved in specific organizational arrangements.
Abstract: This paper uses new institutional economics to support strategic analysis in industries, where the production of goods and services requires the pooling of the assets of several firms. The type of assets owned by these firms has an impact on their bargaining power; this consequently influences the firms‘ ability to be involved in specific organizational arrangements. With the objective of conceiving optimal strategies for firms involved in these agreements, our study seeks to bring to light the relationships between the nature of organizational arrangements, the role of the firms in these arrangements and their competitive position in the industry in which the cooperation is formed. This analysis uncovers three principal forms of organizational arrangements: core firm with a network of subcontractors, homogeneous alliance and complementary alliance. With the support of various statistical methods, this framework is applied to the telecommunications industry

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A typologie realizee sur un echantillon international permet d'identifier quatre groupes, caracterises par l'elitisme (le luxe classique), la democratisation (leuxe ouvert), the distance (leluxe lointain), and l'aversion (leuxe rejete) as mentioned in this paper.

31 citations


Jean-Noël Kapferer1
01 May 1996
TL;DR: In many cases, very similar packaging is used, causing consumers to believe that the products come from the same manufacturer as discussed by the authors, which can cause consumers to become confused about the different between the brand-name product and the own-label product.
Abstract: Brand-name products have a particular attraction for consumers, being associated with quality and being instantly recognisable. It is therefore tempting for manufacturers of competing products to attempt to divert some of the power of the brand-name towards their own product, causing consumers to become confused about the different between the brand-name product and the own-label product. In many cases, very similar packaging is used, causing consumers to believe that the products come from the same manufacturer.

16 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: This paper analyzed corporate risk choice when firms and their managers have private information regarding firm quality and showed that even risk-neutral managers will choose risk strategically to influence market perceptions, and that good firms prefer those with lower variance which reveal more information, whereas bad firms prefer higher variance equilibria.
Abstract: This paper analyses corporate risk choice when firms and their managers have private information regarding firm quality. Managers representing themselves or shareholders have a short time horizon and wish to boost the firm's reputation in the market. Investors observe the firm's current earnings to assess firm quality. Each firm has an opportunity locus for trading off risk and expected return. We show that even risk-neutral managers will choose risk strategically to influence market perceptions. Our model employs the following sequence: (1) a manager learns the firm's type (good or bad), which determines its opportunity locus relating to risk and expected return; (2) the manager selects a level of risk; (3) a period payoff is reaped; (4) potential purchasers of the firm draw inferences from the period payoff; and (5) the firm is sold in a competitive auction. If firms' choices of risk are observed by the market, pooling behavior results. Among the pooling equilibria, we show that good firms prefer those with lower variance, which reveal more information, whereas bad firms prefer higher variance equilibria. If risk level choices can only be partially observed, as we expect, and if the market has no strong prior belief about whether firms are good or bad, then good firms will hedge and bad firms will gamble. The latter seek to masquerade as good firms; good firms in turn seek to distinguish themselves. If the markets prior beliefs are highly unfavorable (favorable), both types gamble (hedge) hoping to alter (avoid refuting) these beliefs. Our empirical evidence confirms our theoretical results when risk choices are not fully observed. Firms with higher returns on assets have less variable performance.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Marie-Hélène Delmond1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a study on the effect of externalisation on the performance of developpements d'applications informatiques in 12 entreprises francaises and comportant deux volets.
Abstract: Limitee au depart a quelques entreprises et aux activites d'exploitation, l'idee de l'externalisation des activites informatiques s'est propagee et concerne maintenant egalement les activites d'etude. Nous avons souhaite faire le point dans cette recherche sur le phenomene d'externalisation des developpements d'applications informatiques, en nous appuyant sur trois champs theoriques issus de domaines differents, repondant chacun a une approche differente du probleme et a un questionnement particulier : approche strategique (theorie de la ressource), approche industrielle, approche transactionnelle. Nous presentons ici les resultats d'une etude empirique ayant porte sur 12 entreprises francaises et comportant deux volets. Une analyse quantitative, retracant les choix d'externalisation effectues sur 60 projets de developpement et les facteurs explicatifs de ces choix ; une analyse qualitative, dans laquelle sont identifies les preoccupations strategiques, industrielles et transactionnelles de ces differentes organisations et l'impact sur les choix d'externalisation.

7 citations


Dissertation
Laurence Capron1
01 Jul 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the different mecanismes of creation of valeur andudiees, and propose a theory of the ressource of an enterprise.
Abstract: La presente these vise a examiner les differents mecanismes de creation de valeur au sein d'une fusion horizontale. Les sources de creation de valeur etudiees proviennent des trois approches theoriques suivantes : 1) une approche micro-economique classique fondee sur la notion d'economie d'echelle, 2) une perspective issue de l'economie industrielle reposant sur la notion de pouvoir de marche, et 3) une approche plus recente centree sur les ressources de l'entreprise. Les resultats de la recherche valident l'interet de considerer la theorie de la ressource comme une explication des fusions horizontales et confirment egalement le bien-fonde des limites theoriques emises a l'egard des approches traditionnelles reposant sur les notions d'economie d'echelle et de pouvoir de marche

5 citations


Posted Content
Alessandro Citanna1
TL;DR: In this paper, the generic existence of financial innovation which decreases equilibrium price volatility (as well as innovation which increases it) is obtained under conditions of sufficient market incompleteness. And the existence is robust in the asset payoff space.
Abstract: In a three-period finite competitive exchange economy with incomplete financial markets and retrading, we show the generic existence of financial innovation which decreases equilibrium price volatility (as well as innovation which increases it). The existence is obtained under conditions of sufficient market incompleteness. The financial innovation may consist of an asset which is only traded at time zero, or retraded, and with payoffs only at the terminal date. The existence is shown to be robust in the asset payoff space.

4 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an audit of the situation of l'entreprise in regard to the responsabilite penale, and evaluate different moyens de gestion des risques and de prevention possibles.
Abstract: La responsabilite penale des cadres et dirigeants d'entreprise. Audit de la situation de l'entreprise au regard de la responsabilite penale. Evaluation des differents moyens de gestion des risques et de prevention possibles. Deux directions : comment se premunir contre les causes d'infractions de nature a provoquer une aggravation et une diffusion de la responsabilite penale ; quels systemes d'information et de controle mettre en place pour prevenir les risques de mise en cause de la responsabilite.

2 citations


Posted Content
Marie-Hélène Delmond1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a study on the effect of externalisation on the performance of developpements d'applications informatiques in 12 entreprises francaises and comportant deux volets.
Abstract: Limitee au depart a quelques entreprises et aux activites d'exploitation, l'idee de l'externalisation des activites informatiques s'est propagee et concerne maintenant egalement les activites d'etude. Nous avons souhaite faire le point dans cette recherche sur le phenomene d'externalisation des developpements d'applications informatiques, en nous appuyant sur trois champs theoriques issus de domaines differents, repondant chacun a une approche differente du probleme et a un questionnement particulier : approche strategique (theorie de la ressource), approche industrielle, approche transactionnelle. Nous presentons ici les resultats d'une etude empirique ayant porte sur 12 entreprises francaises et comportant deux volets. Une analyse quantitative, retracant les choix d'externalisation effectues sur 60 projets de developpement et les facteurs explicatifs de ces choix ; une analyse qualitative, dans laquelle sont identifies les preoccupations strategiques, industrielles et transactionnelles de ces differentes organisations et l'impact sur les choix d'externalisation.

Dissertation
Julien Levy1
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defend l'idee that the litterature sur l'orientation vers le marche a peut-etre trop simplifie la mesure de ce construit, ce qui a conduit a des conclusions discutables sur ce qu'est l' orientation vers l' marche and la facon de la mettre en oeuvre.
Abstract: L'existence d'un bon departement marketing n'implique pas que l'entreprise, en tant qu'organisation, ecoute reellement ses clients et demontre sa capacite a les satisfaire mieux que ses concurrents. En se referant aux origines du "concept de marketing", qui developpait une comprehension organisationnelle et non departementale du marketing, la recherche academique a cherche ces dernieres annees a donner une meilleure definition de l'orientation vers le marche, de sa mesure, de ses antecedents et consequences, et a valide empiriquement differentes hypotheses. Ce travail se situe dans le prolongement de la litterature sur l'orientation vers le marche et tire profit des apports de la litterature sur les services et sur le comportement organisationnel. Il a pour objectif (1) d'adapter la mesure de l'orientation vers le marche a des entreprises de service, (2) de mieux prendre en compte la complexite organisationnelle inherente au concept, (3) de mieux comprendre les relations entre l'orientation vers le marche et des facteurs de ressources humaines, et (4) d'etudier la relation entre l'orientation vers le marche et la satisfaction des clients. Cette recherche defend l'idee que la litterature sur l'orientation vers le marche a peut-etre trop simplifie la mesure de ce construit, ce qui a conduit a des conclusions discutables sur ce qu'est l'orientation vers le marche et la facon de la mettre en oeuvre. Sur la base de developpements theoriques et d'une etude qualitative et quantitative, ce travail tend a montrer que l'orientation vers le marche, plutot que d'etre une caracteristique objective et structurelle de l'organisation, peut etre interpretee comme un .climat de travail, qui varie a l'interieur de l'organisation (plus precisement a l'interieur d'une meme S.B.U.), et en fonction des caracteristiques des repondants. De plus, ce climat est fortement associe a des pratiques de ressources humaines, dont l'influence a sans doute ete meconnue jusqu'ici. L'effet de l'orientation vers le marche sur la satisfaction des clients n'apparait pour sa part etre qu'indirect

Dissertation
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a definition operationnelle elargie du concept de systeme de controle is adoptee, integrant des domaines traditionnellement reserves a la gestion des ressources humaines.
Abstract: La these cherche a repondre a deux questions : (1) dans quelle mesure les systemes de controle en place dans les filiales d'entreprises multinationales sont-ils a la fois unifies a ceux de leur entreprise mere et adaptes aux contraintes de l'environnement local ? (2) quels facteurs influencent-ils l'unification des systemes de controle au sein des entreprises multinationales et l'adaptation locale de ces systemes dans les filiales ? Une definition operationnelle elargie du concept de systeme de controle est adoptee, integrant des domaines traditionnellement reserves a la gestion des ressources humaines. L'etude empirique se fonde sur l'analyse des perceptions des dirigeants de 50 filiales, situees a Singapour, d'entreprises americaines, europeennes et japonaises. Elle combine des techniques qualitatives et quantitatives. 3 groupes de filiales sont mis en evidence : les filiales dont les systemes de controle sont unifies a ceux de leur entreprise mere, les filiales dont les systemes sont fortement influences par les pratiques locales et les filiales dont les dirigeants insistent sur la mise en œuvre selective et progressive des politiques "parentales". Parmi les facteurs d'influence identifies, apparaissent de maniere forte la normalisation des systemes au sein de l'entreprise multinationale, la perception d'une importante distance culturelle entre les expatries et les locaux et la socialisation des employes locaux. Se detachent egalement de tres nets profils nationaux.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual model of the forward exchange market, with special attention given to understanding how various transacting parties interact and, in so doing, determine the Forward Exchange Rate, is presented.
Abstract: The forward exchange market provides firms exposed to foreign exchange risks with a versatile hedging tool, namely, the forward exchange contract. In recent years, the dramatic increase in exchange rate volatility has led to the creation of new hedging instruments such as currency futures, currency options, and currency swaps, which are increasingly used as adjuncts to old-fashioned forward contracts: they are analyzed in chapter 3. This chapter offers a conceptual model of the forward exchange market, with special attention given to understanding how various transacting parties interact and, in so doing, determine the forward exchange rate.