Showing papers by "Heidelberg University published in 1985"
TL;DR: A sensitive and specific radio-immunoassay for atrial natriuretic factor and its stimulation on volume loading is described and its effects on salt loading and blood volume are described.
Abstract: The cardiocytes of mammalian cardiac atria contain granules very similar to those in endocrine cells1,2. The number of these atrial granules is related directly to salt loading and blood volume3. Furthermore, crude extracts of rat atria and granule preparations have powerful natriuretic and diuretic effects4,5. These effects are mediated by peptides identified previously as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). The peptides are derived from a common precursor, whose structure has been elucidated recently6–15. Although there is indirect evidence from morphological studies that at least some of these peptides may be released into the blood and function as hormones, their presence in the blood has not yet been demonstrated. Here we describe a sensitive and specific radio-immunoassay for ANF and its stimulation on volume loading.
1,237 citations
TL;DR: The dependence of macroscopic systems upon their environment under the assumption that quantum theory is universally valid is studied in this paper, where scattering of photons and molecules turns out to be essential even in intergalactic space in restricting the observable properties by locally destroying the corresponding phase relations.
Abstract: The dependence of macroscopic systems upon their environment is studied under the assumption that quantum theory is universally valid. In particular scattering of photons and molecules turns out to be essential even in intergalactic space in restricting the observable properties by locally destroying the corresponding phase relations. The remaining coherence determines the ‘classical’ properties of the macroscopic systems. In this way local classical properties have their origin in the nonlocal character of quantum states.
1,204 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the formfactors of the hadronic current in terms of relativistic bound state wave functions for which they take the solutions of a relativistically harmonic oscillator potential were derived.
Abstract: Exclusive semileptonic decays of heavy mesons provide interesting information on systems consisting of quarks of unequal mass. We express the formfactors of the hadronic current in terms of relativistic bound state wave functions for which we take the solutions of a relativistic harmonic oscillator potential. The wave function overlap is determined by the quark mass dependent longitudinal momentum distribution and differs from results based on non relativistic wave functions. The semileptonic widths and lepton spectra are calculated using in addition nearest pole dominance for the momentum transfer dependence of the formfactors. We compare our results with recent experimental data. The formfactor calculation also allows an estimate of special nonleptonic transitions. From the CLEO results on\(\bar B^0 \to \pi ^ + \pi ^ -\) and\(\bar B^0 \to D^{* + } + \pi ^ -\) we find for the corresponding Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element ratio the limit |V ub /V cb |≲0.3.
721 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the alpha subunit of the inhibitory guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase may be a physiological substrate for protein kinase C and that the function of the component in transducing inhibitory hormonal signals to adenYLate Cyclase is altered by its phosphorylation.
Abstract: Human platelet membrane proteins were phosphorylated by exogenous, partially purified Ca2+-activated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). The phosphorylation of one of the major substrates for protein kinase C (Mr = 41 000) was specifically suppressed by the beta subunit of the inhibitory guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory component (Gi, Ni) of adenylate cyclase. The free alpha subunit of Gi (Mr = 41 000) also served as an excellent substrate for the kinase (greater than 0.5 mol phosphate incorporated per mol of subunit), but the Gi oligomer (alpha X beta X gamma) did not. Treatment of cyc- S49 lymphoma cells, which are deficient in Gs/Ns (the stimulatory component) but contain functional Gi/Ni, with the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, a potent activator of protein kinase C, did not alter stimulation of adenylate cyclase catalytic activity by forskolin, whereas the Gi/Ni-mediated inhibition of the cyclase by the hormone, somatostatin, was impaired in these membranes. The results suggest that the alpha subunit of the inhibitory guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase may be a physiological substrate for protein kinase C and that the function of the component in transducing inhibitory hormonal signals to adenylate cyclase is altered by its phosphorylation.
691 citations
TL;DR: Polyclonal antibodies are prepared to a prominent member of the L2/HNK-1 family and it is reported that these antibodies, designated J1 antibodies, react with astrocytes and oligodendroCytes and interfere with neurone–astrocyte adhesion, but not with neur one–neurone or astroCyte–astrospecific adhesion.
Abstract: The neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM share a common carbohydrate epitope that is recognized by the monoclonal antibodies L2 and HNK-1. The L2/HNK-1 epitope is also present on the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) which is thought to mediate surface interactions between the axon and myelinating cell. Other, as yet unidentified, cell-surface glycoproteins are recognized by the two antibodies and are believed to belong to a family of neural cell adhesion molecules. To test this hypothesis, we have prepared polyclonal antibodies to a prominent member of the L2/HNK-1 family, the 160K (relative molecular mass (Mr)160,000) glycoprotein. Here we report that these antibodies, designated J1 antibodies, react with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and interfere with neurone-astrocyte adhesion, but not with neurone-neurone or astrocyte-astrocyte adhesion. This result suggests the involvement of the J1 antigen in cell-cell interactions.
580 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that LI antigen promotes neurone–neurone adhesion and the L2 carbohydrate epitope shared between the two adhesion molecules seems to be involved in neurones and glia, and acts in a more than additive manner in N-CAM-mediated neurone-neur one adhesion.
Abstract: The cell adhesion molecules L1, N-CAM and Ng-CAM have been implicated in cell-cell interactions among developing neural cells. L1 and N-CAM are structurally and functionally distinct molecular entities and act synergistically in mediating Ca2+-independent adhesion between re-aggregating early postnatal cerebellar cells. N-CAM has been reported to be neurone-specific in the chicken and to mediate fasciculation of neurites and of nerve-muscle interactions. L1, which in the central nervous system has been found only on post-mitotic neurones, mediates migration of granule cell neurones in the mouse cerebellar cortex. In view of the molecules' distinct effects on cell interactions, we wondered whether different neural cell types are involved in the actions of each molecule. Here we report that L1 antigen promotes neurone-neurone adhesion. N-CAM, which is expressed on both neurones and glia, mediates neurone-neurone, neurone-astrocyte and astrocyte-astrocyte adhesion. The L2 carbohydrate epitope shared between the two adhesion molecules seems to be involved in neurone-astrocyte and astrocyte-astrocyte adhesion and acts in a more than additive manner in N-CAM-mediated neurone-neurone adhesion.
506 citations
TL;DR: The building block of cytokeratin IFs is a heterotypic tetramer, consisting of two type I and two type II polypeptides arranged in pairs of laterally aligned coiled coils, thought to be generally applicable to IFs.
Abstract: Cytokeratins are a large multigene family comprising two polypeptide types, i.e. acidic (type I) and basic (type II) ones, which are distinguished on the basis of immunological, peptide mapping, mRNA hybridization, and primary amino acid sequence data. The acidic (type I) cytokeratins can be subdivided into at least two different subtypes on the basis of their carboxy-terminal sequences. Considerable interspecies conservation of sequences exists, even extending to the 3'-non-coding mRNA regions. Different pairs of type I and II cytokeratins show different resistance to dissociation in urea. Sequence differences of the type I cytokeratins containing functional domains may be an explanation of the observed preference of co-expression with certain type II cytokeratins. The distribution of the different type I and II cytokeratins in normal epithelia and in carcinomas is differentiation related and can be used for cell typing and identification. The cell type-specific expression of cytokeratin polypeptides is recognized at both the protein and the mRNA level. The building block of cytokeratin IFs is a heterotypic tetramer, consisting of two type I and two type II polypeptides arranged in pairs of laterally aligned coiled coils. This principle of tetrameric organization is thought to be generally applicable to IFs.
430 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that phosphorylation of a protein within, or close to, the Ca channel by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is the mechanism of β-adrenergic stimulation is supported.
Abstract: Dose-response relations for the increase in the amplitude of Ca current (I
Ca) on external application of isoprenaline (ISP) and internally applied cyclic AMP (cAMP) or catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (C subunit) were established in single ventricular cells of the guinea pig. An intracellular dialysis technique was used. The threshold concentration was for ISP 10−9 M, for cAMP 3 μM (pipette concentration to which 10−5 M 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine was added) and for C subunit around 0.4 μM (pipette concentration). The concentrations for the half-maximal effect were 3.7×10−8 M (ISP), 5.0 μM (cAMP) and 0.95 μM (C subunit) and for the maximum effect 10−6 M (ISP), 15–20 μM (cAMP) and 3–4 μM (C subunit). For all three agents the maximum increase in the Ca current density was similar (a factor of 3–4), suggesting that they converge on the same site of the Ca channel. Accordingly, the effects of cAMP and C subunit onI
Ca were non-additive to those of ISP. From these data the relationship both between concentrations of ISP and cAMP and between those of cAMP and active C subunit in terms of their effects onI
Ca could be estimated and were compared with those obtained in broken cell preparations. A competitive inhibitor of phosphorylation, 5′-adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (5 mM), greatly reduced the effects of ISP and C subunit onI
Ca. Cell dialysis with 3 mM adenosine-5′-(γ-thio)-triphosphate, which produces a dephosphorylationresistant phosphorylation, markedly potentiated the effects of ISP and cAMP onI
Ca. The results support the hypothesis that phosphorylation of a protein within, or close to, the Ca channel by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is the mechanism of β-adrenergic stimulation.
345 citations
TL;DR: Seven biopsies from different carcinomas of the tongue were analyzed for human papilloma virus (HPV) sequences by Southern blot analysis, and positive tumors revealed high copy numbers of the respective DNA.
Abstract: Seven biopsies from different carcinomas of the tongue were analyzed for human papilloma virus (HPV) sequences by Southern blot analysis. After hybridization with various types of human papilloma viruses, 3 tumors were found to be positive. Whereas DNA from one tumor hybridized with HPV 2 DNA under conditions of high stringency, the 2 other positive biopsies contained HPV 16 DNA. All positive tumors revealed high copy numbers of the respective DNA. The cleavage pattern of the HPV-2-positive tumor differed from the established HPV 2 prototypes. Minor differences from the HPV 16 prototype were also noted in one of the HPV-16-positive tongue carcinomas.
285 citations
01 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach based on a partition function is given in this work which combines the Kretschmer-Wiebe association model with an equation of state developed by Flory et al. for nonpolar molecules of chainlike structure.
Abstract: Quasichemical models and association theories have successfully been applied in literature to describe the excess Gibbs energy GE and the excess enthalpy HE of alkanol/alkane mixtures. These theories, however, are unable to predict the excess volume VE because of the restriction to the rigid lattice model. A derivation of a new approach based on a partition function is given in this work which combines the Kretschmer-Wiebe association model with an equation of state developed by Flory et al. for nonpolar molecules of chainlike structure. The combined model contains two adjustable mixing parameters. It leads to a simultaneous description of GE, HE, and VE which is in good agreement with experimental GE and HE data of alkanol/alkane mixtures tested for mixtures of ethanol, propanol, hexanol, octanol, decanol, and dodecanol + hexane and nonane respectively. Experimental data of VE of the different alkanol/alkane systems ranging from strong positive over S-shaped to negative concentration dependence are described correctly in qualitative respect. In some cases even quantitative agreement can be obtained.
284 citations
TL;DR: An expanded extracellular fluid volume seems to be a major stimulus for the rise in ANP in children with end-stage renal disease, and the findings suggest that ANP may be important in volume homoeostasis.
TL;DR: The results confirm that the normal EEG can be treated as an intraindividually rather stable trait, that artifacts play a minor role in this respect and that 20 sec of activity are sufficient to reduce adequately the variability inherent in the EEG.
TL;DR: It is reported that down-regulation of stable myc and p53 RNA during irreversible differentiation of F9 cells occurs at the post-transcriptional level.
Abstract: Teratocarcinoma cells provide us with a model system for the study of differentiation and development1–3. One of the best characterized cell lines, the embryonal carcinoma stem cell line F9, differentiates after treatment with retinoic acid (RA) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP into parietal endoderm4. This differentiation process is accompanied by the induction of several genes, for example, those encoding collagen IV, plasminogen activator and intermediate filaments like laminin4–6. In contrast, a marked reduction of stable messenger RNA has been observed for the gene encoding p53 and for c-myc7,8. Both cellular oncogenes seem to be involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation and neoplastic transformation8–12. For growth-arrested 3T3 fibroblasts, growth-factor-induced changes of myc RNA are controlled at the level of transcription13. In contrast, F9 cells provide a differentiation system in which cells are able to change from a tumorigenic state into non-dividing, non-tumorigenic endodermal cells5. The latter process enabled us to study the regulation of myc and p53 genes in the same cells at different stages of growth, tumorigenicity and differentiation. Here we report that down-regulation of stable myc and p53 RNA during irreversible differentiation of F9 cells occurs at the post-transcriptional level. Using an in vitro nuclear transcription assay14, we found that the polymerase II density on both genes remains constant during differentiation. In agreement with this interpretation, we detected myc RNA as stable transcripts in differentiated F9 cells after treatment of the cells with cyclo-heximide. The post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling p53 and myc stability follow different kinetics. Whereas the down-regulation of myc seems to be an early event of F9 differentiation occurring within the first 24 h, the post-transcriptional regulation of p53 occurs at a later stage (two to three days), possibly as a consequence of cell cycle changes.
TL;DR: In this article, an existence result based on the energy estimate and some complementary properties are proved for the corresponding variational formulation of the magnetostrictive effect is proved for a variational approach.
Abstract: According to the classical theory of Weiβ, on a microscopic scale a ferromagnetic body is magnetically saturated (|M| =M
0: constant) and is composed by uniformly magnetized regions separated by thin transition layers. At equilibrium this corresponds to the minimization of the magnetic energy functional
under the above constraint; this problem has at least one solutionM of classH
1, which in general is not unique. The evolution is governed by Landau-Lifshitz’ equations
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{{\partial M}}{{\partial t}} = \lambda _1 M \times H^e = \lambda _2 M \times \left( {M \times H^e } \right) \left( {\lambda _1 ,\lambda _2 : constant; \lambda _2 > 0} \right) \hfill \\ H^e = - \frac{{\partial e_{mag} \left( M \right)}}{{\partial M}} \left( {e_{mag} : density of magnetic energy} \right) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
; these are coupled with Maxwell’s equations. An existence result based on the energy estimate and some complementary properties are proved for the corresponding variational formulation. Finally the magnetostrictive effect is included.
TL;DR: Differentiated glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in homogeneous cultures of early postnatal rat cerebral hemispheres respond by membrane depolarization to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and aspartate with a threshold concentration of approximately 10(-5) M.
Abstract: Differentiated glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in homogeneous cultures of early postnatal rat cerebral hemispheres respond by membrane depolarization to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and aspartate with a threshold concentration of approximately 10(-5) M. The GABA-induced depolarization is antagonized by two blockers of the neuronal GABAA receptor, picrotoxin and bicuculline, but is not affected by the uptake blockers beta-alanine or nipecotic acid. An agonist of the GABAA receptor, muscimol, produces a dose-response curve similar to that of GABA, whereas the agonist of the GABAB receptor, baclofen, did not alter the membrane potential. When repetitive pulses of GABA are given to one cell, its responsiveness depends on the time interval between pulses. Within 30 sec after termination of the first pulse the cell remains unresponsive to the second pulse. With increased time intervals between the pulses, reactivity toward GABA recovers. Five minutes after the first pulse the cell regains 75% of its initial depolarization peak. Aspartate results in a depolarization similar in size and time course to that induced by glutamate. The glutamate agonists, quisqualate and ibotenate, and kainate are less potent than glutamate. N-Methyl-D-aspartate has no effect on the membrane potential of astrocytes. The pharmacological features of the glutamate response are therefore similar to those of the receptor mediating neuronal glutamate transport.
TL;DR: Tension-induced molecular rearrangements in wet native fibres of rat-tail tendons and human finger flexor tendons are registered with the help of time-resolved diffraction spectra using synchrotron radiation to support the interpretation that these effects are reversible when unloading the fibre.
TL;DR: Narrow positron peaks are observed in five supercritical collision systems with combined nuclear charge 180< or =Z/sub u/ < or =188 and their production appears to occur in a narrow projectile energy interval near the Coulomb barrier.
Abstract: Narrow positron peaks are observed in five supercritical collision systems with combined nuclear charge $180l~{Z}_{u}l~188$. The peaks do not originate from nuclear internal pair conversion and their production appears to occur in a narrow projectile-energy interval near the Coulomb barrier. The line shapes are consistent with emission by a source moving with the c.m. velocity. Particularly notable is an apparent independence of the peak energies on ${Z}_{u}$. These observations are discussed in the context of the spontaneous decay of the QED vacuum and other new potential sources of line positron spectra.
TL;DR: The data obtained suggest than protein kinase C activated by the phorbol ester interferes with the platelet adenylate cyclase system, leading to a specific alteration of the Ni-protein-mediated signal transduction to the adenyatecyclase system.
Abstract: The influence of the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a direct avtivator of the Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C), was studied on regulation of human platelet adenylate cyclase. Intact platelets were pretreated with the phorbol ester and, thereafter, membranes were prepared and the regulation of the hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase in these membranes was studied. The following data were obtained: The TPA treatment applied had apparently no effect on the activity of the catalytic moiety of the platelet adenylate cyclase nor on the stimulatory Ns protein nor on stimulatory hormone receptors (prostaglandin E1) and the mutual interactions of these components of the stimulatory hormone-sensitive pathway. However, the TPA treatment of intact platelets largely impaired the GTP-dependent, hormone-sensitive inhibitory pathway to the adenylate cyclase, involving inhibitiory Ni protein. The pretreatment led to a large reduction or loss of adenylate cyclase inhibition by GTP itself and by the inhibitory agonists, epinephrine and thrombin, inhibiting the untreated enzyme via separate receptors by an Ni-mediated process. In contrast, platelet adenylate cyclase inhibition not involving the Ni protein was not affected by the TPA treatment. The observed effects of TPA were very rapid in onset and were not shared by a derivative of TPA which did not activate protein kinase C. The data obtained suggest than protein kinase C activated by the phorbol ester interferes with the platelet adenylate cyclase system, leading to a specific alteration of the Ni-protein-mediated signal transduction to the adenylate cyclase.
TL;DR: Computerized analysis renders a reliable and clinically useful diagnostic subclassification of diffuse parenchymal disease into echopattern changes prevalent in chronic hepatitis, cirrhosislfibrosis, fatty infiltration and a mixed state of cirrhotic disease with fatty infiltration which cannot be achieved by conventional liver ultrasound.
Abstract: The use of a diagnostic system for ultrasonic liver tissue characterization based on computerized B-mode image analysis is clinically tested and compared with the results of conventional realtime and static grey scale liver ultrasound as independently assessed by three experienced observers. The diagnostic classes, normal, diffuse parenchymal and malignant disease, are clearly differentiated by computerized image analysis which is superior to subjective evaluation of liver echograms. Computerized analysis also renders a reliable and clinically useful diagnostic subclassification of diffuse parenchymal disease into echopattern changes prevalent in chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis/fibrosis, fatty infiltration and a mixed state of cirrhosis/fibrosis with fatty infiltration which cannot be achieved by conventional liver ultrasound.
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of the heavy fragment nuclei (A ≥ 10.5 GeV/u) are analyzed in the framework of models for spallation, fission and multifragmentation.
TL;DR: The expression of the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM and of their shared carbohydrate epitope L2/HNK-1 was studied during the development and after the transection of mouse sciatic nerves to recapitulating normal development, but on a more protracted time scale.
TL;DR: For two models of infectious diseases, thresholds are identified, and it is proved that above the threshold there is a unique endemic equilibrium which is locally asymptotically stable.
Abstract: For two models of infectious diseases, thresholds are identified, and it is proved that above the threshold there is a unique endemic equilibrium which is locally asymptotically stable. Both models are for diseases for which infection confers immunity, and both have the population divided into subpopulations. One model is a system of ordinary differential equations and includes immunization. The other is a system of integrodifferential equations and includes class-age infectivity.
TL;DR: A novel murine homoeo box-containing gene is expressed in embryonal carcinoma stem cells and Transcripts of the sequences that flank the homoea box of this gene are found in these cells before and after induced differentiation, whereas a specific transcript that seems to contain the homOEo sequence is only present after differentiation.
Abstract: The presence of homoeo box sequences in the genomes of vertebrates has suggested that these metazoans possess the equivalent of the homoeotic genes that have a key role in regulating the development of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. We report here that a novel murine homoeo box-containing gene is expressed in embryonal carcinoma stem cells. Transcripts of the sequences that flank the homoeo box of this gene are found in these cells before and after induced differentiation, whereas a specific transcript that seems to contain the homoeo sequence is only present after differentiation.
TL;DR: Some of the effects of NT which were previously considered to be of an endocrine or paracrine nature - such as contraction of the guinea-pig ileum - are interpreted as effects ofNT of neuronal origin.
TL;DR: The auditory and vocal motor systems of adult zebra finches were investigated immunocytochemically for the distribution of the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin, for the activity of the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase, and for the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose.
Abstract: The auditory and vocal motor systems of adult zebra finches were investigated 1) immunocytochemically for the distribution of the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin, 2) for the activity of the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase, and 3) for the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose. All auditory nuclei (field L, nucleus ovoidalis, ansa lenticularis, nucleus spiriformis lateralis, nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis-pars dorsalis, nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus) and vocal motor nuclei (nucleus magnocellularis of the anterior neostriatum, area X, nucleus interfacialis, hyperstriatum ventrale-pars caudalis, nucleus robustus archistriatalis, nucleus intercollicularis) showed high levels of parvalbumin and cytochrome oxidase. Auditory nuclei in addition showed high spontaneous 2-deoxyglucose uptake, while the vocal motor nuclei either remained at background intensity (nucleus magnocellularis of the anterior neostriatum, hyperstriatum ventrale-pars caudalis, nucleus interfacialis and nucleus intercollicularis) or even below background levels (area X, nucleus robustus archistriatalis). Cytochrome oxidase activity supposedly reflects the energy demand of various aspects of metabolism, while 2-deoxyglucose uptake is primarily related to the demands of electrical activity and the Na+-K+ pump. Consequently, it is argued (i) that the congruently high cytochrome oxidase activity and 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the auditory system are due to the high spontaneous electrical activity of neurons, and (ii) that high cytochrome oxidase activity in vocal motor nuclei is related to other than electrical events since 2-deoxyglucose uptake is low. There is evidence of Ca2 + potentials in some parvalbumin-positive neuron types. Ca2+ potentials must lead to Ca2+ flooding of the cytoplasm which could be buffered by parvalbumin thus preventing interference with Ca2+ dependent metabolic reactions or shuttling the ion to sites of such reactions. The unique morphological plasticity reported from the parvalbumin-positive vocal motor nuclei may put a strain on microtubular transport which is Ca2+ dependent. This leads to the idea that parvalbumin reflects local buffering and redistribution mechanisms for Ca2+, and that cytochrome oxidase indicates the underlying energy demand.
TL;DR: The afferent connections of the primate's temporopolar cortex were investigated with the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique and labeled cells in a number of cortical, thalamic, and brainstem regions and in a few further telencephalic and diencephalic regions.
Abstract: The afferent connections of the primate's temporopolar cortex were investigated with the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique. Old World and New World monkeys received small unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase. These labeled cells in a number of cortical, thalamic, and brainstem regions and in a few further telencephalic and diencephalic regions. Cortically, the neighboring areas of the inferior and superior temporal gyrus and the insula contained a considerable number of labeled cells. Furthermore, a substantial projection arose from the orbitofrontal and the frontopolar cortex. The cingulate gyrus contained only very few labeled cells. Interhemispherically, corticocortical connections arose mainly from temporal lobe areas. Labeled cells were seen in various regions of the basal forebrain and cells labeled only faintly in the lateral and basal accessory nuclei of the amygdala. The claustrum contained labeled neurons only in one rhesus monkey. On the diencephalic level, the caudal medial portion of the medial pulvinar was the principal thalamic source of afferents to the temporopolar cortex. Furthermore, labeled cells were found in the neighboring, caudal part of the mediodorsal nucleus, within and along the nucleus limitans, in the medial geniculate nucleus, and in several nuclei of the nonspecific system. The fields of Forel, the zona incerta, and lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamic areas contained a few labeled cells. Within the brainstem of the rhesus monkeys those regions projecting diffusely to the cortex contained a few labeled neurons. Furthermore, these brains had some labeled cells in the regions of the nuclei medialis annuli aqueductus, tractus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini, and trochlearis. Although among the three species differences in the cortical and thalamic projection patterns were observed, the regions projecting most densely to the temporal pole were similar in principle. This statement holds in particular for cortical and thalamic sites. However, the greatest number of labeled cells was found in the rhesus monkey, a fact that cannot be attributed solely to the size of the horseradish peroxidase injections and the size of the brain, but that appears rather to represent a true species difference. From our results we conclude that the temporopolar cortex constitutes a cortical area necessary for effective affectional-sensory integration.
TL;DR: The quasi-compactness of the Perron-Frobenius operator of piecewise monotonic transformations with Holder-continuous inverse was shown in this article, where the inverse of the derivative is bounded p-variation.
Abstract: We prove the quasi-compactness of the Perron-Frobenius operator of piecewise monotonic transformations when the inverse of the derivative is Holder-continuous or, more generally, of bounded p-variation.
TL;DR: The transfer of EOG activity into the EEG is investigated for eyes open (EO) eyes closed (EC), relying on spontaneously produced EOGActivity, and blinks were prominent with EO and eye movements with EC.
TL;DR: It is concluded that these preterm infants have a distinct variety of hypokalemic tubular disorders rather than a variant of Bartter syndrome, because renal and systemic hyperprostaglandinism ranks high in the pathogenic chain of events, and the suppression of PGE2 hyperactivity is associated with significant improvement in the development and probably in the prognosis of the affected children.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed mechanism for rate-controlling combustion of alkanes and alkenes is proposed, which can be used to explain non-Zeldovich NO formation or formation of soot precursors.
Abstract: Alkanes are initially attacked by H, O, and OH radicals generated in the oxyhydrogen reaction. The alkyl radical formed in this way decomposes to smaller alkyl radicals by fast thermal elimination of alkenes. Only the relatively slow thermal decomposition of the smallest alkyl radicals, CH3 and C2H5, competes with recombination and with oxidation reactions by O atoms and O2. This part of the mechanism is rate-controlling in the combustion of alkanes (and alkenes) and must be described by a detailed mechanism consiting of elementary reactions. Alkyl radical decomposition and the reactions leading to C1-and C2-fragments are too fast to be rate-limiting and can therefore be described by simplified reaction schemes disregarding alkyl isomeric structures. Simulations of flames of higher alkanes (up to octane) using these simplifying assumptions show agreement with the experimental material available. The mechanism derived by these considerations can then be used to explain of phenomena (like non-Zeldovich NO formation or formation of soot precursors), which can be interpreted from a detailed knowledge of the C1/C2-chemistry.