Showing papers by "Helsinki University of Technology published in 2009"
02 Mar 2009
TL;DR: This paper presents the Opportunistic Networking Environment (ONE) simulator specifically designed for evaluating DTN routing and application protocols, and shows sample simulations to demonstrate the simulator's flexible support for DTN protocol evaluation.
Abstract: Delay-tolerant Networking (DTN) enables communication in sparse mobile ad-hoc networks and other challenged environments where traditional networking fails and new routing and application protocols are required. Past experience with DTN routing and application protocols has shown that their performance is highly dependent on the underlying mobility and node characteristics. Evaluating DTN protocols across many scenarios requires suitable simulation tools. This paper presents the Opportunistic Networking Environment (ONE) simulator specifically designed for evaluating DTN routing and application protocols. It allows users to create scenarios based upon different synthetic movement models and real-world traces and offers a framework for implementing routing and application protocols (already including six well-known routing protocols). Interactive visualization and post-processing tools support evaluating experiments and an emulation mode allows the ONE simulator to become part of a real-world DTN testbed. We show sample simulations to demonstrate the simulator's flexible support for DTN protocol evaluation.
2,075 citations
TL;DR: A simple relationship linking global sea-level variations on time scales of decades to centuries to global mean temperature is proposed and tested on synthetic data from a global climate model for the past millennium and the next century.
Abstract: We propose a simple relationship linking global sea-level variations on time scales of decades to centuries to global mean temperature. This relationship is tested on synthetic data from a global climate model for the past millennium and the next century. When applied to observed data of sea level and temperature for 1880–2000, and taking into account known anthropogenic hydrologic contributions to sea level, the correlation is >0.99, explaining 98% of the variance. For future global temperature scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report, the relationship projects a sea-level rise ranging from 75 to 190 cm for the period 1990–2100.
1,156 citations
TL;DR: The barriers for impurity-atom migration are calculated and they agree well with available experimental data, and the experimental realization of such systems in the context of spintronics and nanocatalysis is discussed.
Abstract: We present a density-functional-theory study of transition-metal atoms (Sc--Zn, Pt, and Au) embedded in single and double vacancies (SV and DV) in a graphene sheet. We show that for most metals, the bonding is strong and the metal-vacancy complexes exhibit interesting magnetic behavior. In particular, an Fe atom on a SV is not magnetic, while the Fe@DV complex has a high magnetic moment. Surprisingly, Au and Cu atoms at SV are magnetic. Both bond strengths and magnetic moments can be understood within a simple local-orbital picture, involving carbon $s{p}^{2}$ hybrids and the metal $spd$ orbitals. We further calculate the barriers for impurity-atom migration, and they agree well with available experimental data. We discuss the experimental realization of such systems in the context of spintronics and nanocatalysis.
965 citations
TL;DR: A design science approach is proposed to bridge practice to theory, not vice versa, theory to practice, to make novel theoretical insights and practical relevance complementary in operations management research.
Abstract: Despite ambitious efforts in various fields of research over multiple decades, the goal of making academic research relevant to the practitioner remains elusive: theoretical and academic research interests do not seem to coincide with the interests of managerial practice. This challenge is more fundamental than knowledge transfer, it is one of diverging knowledge interests and means of knowledge production. In this article, we look at this fundamental challenge through the lens of design science, which is an approach aimed primarily at discovery and problem solving as opposed to accumulation of theoretical knowledge. We explore in particular the ways in which problem-solving research and theory-oriented academic research can complement one another. In operations management (OM) research, recognizing and building on this complementarity is especially crucial, because problem-solving–oriented research produces the very artifacts (e.g., technologies) that empirical OM research subsequently evaluates in an attempt to build explanatory theory. It is indeed the practitioner—not the academic scientist—who engages in basic research in OM. This idiosyncrasy prompts the question: how can we enhance the cross-fertilization between academic research and research practice to make novel theoretical insights and practical relevance complementary? This article proposes a design science approach to bridge practice to theory rather than theory to practice.
528 citations
TL;DR: The biophysical effects of cholesterol on the lipid bilayer are discussed, in particular the ordering and condensing effects, concentrating on the molecular level or inter-atomic interactions perspective, starting from two-component systems and proceeding to many-component ones e.g., modeling lipid rafts.
526 citations
TL;DR: Any comprehensive brain imaging study of the neuronal basis of social cognition requires appreciation of the situated and embodied nature of human cognition, motivating simultaneous monitoring of brain and bodily functions within a socially relevant environment.
Abstract: Modern neuroimaging provides a common platform for neuroscience and related disciplines to explore the human brain, mind, and behavior. We base our review on the social shaping of the human mind an...
525 citations
TL;DR: This article considers the application of variational Bayesian methods to joint recursive estimation of the dynamic state and the time-varying measurement noise parameters in linear state space models and proposes an adaptive Kalman filtering method based on forming a separable variational approximation to the joint posterior distribution of states and noise parameters.
Abstract: This article considers the application of variational Bayesian methods to joint recursive estimation of the dynamic state and the time-varying measurement noise parameters in linear state space models. The proposed adaptive Kalman filtering method is based on forming a separable variational approximation to the joint posterior distribution of states and noise parameters on each time step separately. The result is a recursive algorithm, where on each step the state is estimated with Kalman filter and the sufficient statistics of the noise variances are estimated with a fixed-point iteration. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated with simulated data.
508 citations
TL;DR: The technical foundations in the areas of automatic identification and embedded processing, distributed information storage and processing, and agent-based systems are discussed, as well as the achievable practical goals in the contexts of manufacturing, supply chains, asset management, and product life cycle management.
492 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of the noble metal catalysts, especially the Rh-containing catalysts was similar or better than that of the conventional sulfided CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst.
488 citations
26 Apr 2009
TL;DR: This work proposes a practical and efficient scheme for generating local awareness of the interference between the cellular and D2D terminals at the base station, which then exploits the multiuser diversity inherent in the cellular network to minimize the interference.
Abstract: Future cellular networks such as IMT-Advanced are expected to allow underlaying direct Device-to-Device (D2D) communication for spectrally efficient support of eg rich multimedia local services Enabling D2D links in a cellular network presents a challenge in radio resource management due to the potentially severe interference it may cause to the cellular network We propose a practical and efficient scheme for generating local awareness of the interference between the cellular and D2D terminals at the base station, which then exploits the multiuser diversity inherent in the cellular network to minimize the interference System simulations demonstrate that substantial gains in cellular and D2D performance can be obtained using the proposed scheme
463 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors calculated variability Doppler boosting factors, Lorentz factors, and viewing angles for a large sample of sources by using total flux density observations at 22 and 37 GHz and VLBI data.
Abstract: Aims. We have calculated variability Doppler boosting factors, Lorentz factors, and viewing angles for a large sample of sources by using total flux density observations at 22 and 37 GHz and VLBI data. Methods. We decomposed the flux curves into exponential flares and determined the variability brightness temperatures of the fastest flares. By assuming the same intrinsic brightness temperature for each source, we calculated the Doppler boosting factors for 87 sources. In addition we used new apparent jet speed data to calculate the Lorentz factors and viewing angles for 67 sources. Results. We find that all quasars in our sample are Doppler-boosted and that the Doppler boosting factors of BL Lacertae objects are lower than of quasars. The new Lorentz factors are about twice as high as in earlier studies, which is mainly due to higher apparent speeds in our analyses. The jets of BL Lacertae objects are slower than of quasars. There are some extreme sources with very high derived Lorentz factors of the order of a hundred. These high Lorentz factors could be real. It is also possible that the sources exhibit such rapid flares that the fast variations have remained undetected in monitoring programmes, or else the sources have a complicated jet structure that is not amenable to our simple analysis. Almost all the sources are seen in a small viewing angle of less than 20 degrees. Our results follow the predictions of basic unification schemes for AGN.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical analysis supplemented with findings from two empirical case studies is presented to contribute to the discussion about the nature of service innovations and their emergence is only beginning, and the theories examined are multi-disciplinary including general service theories, general innovation theories and theories linked to new service development and innovation management.
Abstract: Along with the ‘servicisation’ of society, innovation in services has become a topical issue. However, analytical and detailed discussion about the nature of service innovations and their emergence is only beginning. This article aims to contribute to this discussion through a theoretical analysis supplemented with findings from two empirical case studies. The theories examined are multi-disciplinary including general service theories, general innovation theories and theories linked to new service development and innovation management. The empirical studies have been carried out in Finland in the fields of real estate and construction services and of knowledge-intensive business services.
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TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework that aims to capture interdisciplinarity in the wider sense of knowledge integration, by exploring the concepts of diversity and coherence, is proposed.
Abstract: The multidimensional character and inherent conflict with categorisation of interdisciplinarity makes its mapping and evaluation a challenging task. We propose a conceptual framework that aims to capture interdisciplinarity in the wider sense of knowledge integration, by exploring the concepts of diversity and coherence. Disciplinary diversity indicators are developed to describe the heterogeneity of a bibliometric set viewed from predefined categories, i.e. using a top-down approach that locates the set on the global map of science. Network coherence indicators are constructed to measure the intensity of similarity relations within a bibliometric set, i.e. using a bottom-up approach, which reveals the structural consistency of the publications network. We carry out case studies on individual articles in bionanoscience to illustrate how these two perspectives identify different aspects of interdisciplinarity: disciplinary diversity indicates the large-scale breadth of the knowledge base of a publication; network coherence reflects the novelty of its knowledge integration. We suggest that the combination of these two approaches may be useful for comparative studies of emergent scientific and technological fields, where new and controversial categorisations are accompanied by equally contested claims of novelty and interdisciplinarity.
14 Jun 2009
TL;DR: The results show that cellular service can be effectively guaranteed while having a comparable sum rate with a none power control case in most of the cell area.
Abstract: We address resource sharing of the cellular network and a device-to-device (D2D) underlay communication assuming that the cellular network has control over the transmit power and the radio resources of D2D links. We show that by proper power control, the interference between two services can be coordinated to benefit the overall performance. In addition, we consider a scenario with prioritized cellular communication and an upper limit on the maximum transmission rate of all links. We derive the optimum power allocation for the considered resource sharing modes. The results show that cellular service can be effectively guaranteed while having a comparable sum rate with a none power control case in most of the cell area.
06 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the framework of permutation-based p-values for assessing the behavior of the classification error and study two simple permutation tests: the first test estimates the null distribution by permuting the labels in the data; this has been used extensively in classification problems in computational biology and the second test produces permutations of the features within classes, inspired by restricted randomization techniques traditionally used in statistics.
Abstract: We explore the framework of permutation-based p-values for assessing the behavior of the classification error. In this paper we study two simple permutation tests. The first test estimates the null distribution by permuting the labels in the data; this has been used extensively in classification problems in computational biology. The second test produces permutations of the features within classes, inspired by restricted randomization techniques traditionally used in statistics. We study the properties of these tests and present an extensive empirical evaluation on real and synthetic data. Our analysis shows that studying the classification error via permutation tests is effective; in particular, the restricted permutation test clearly reveals whether the classifier exploits the interdependency between the features in the data.
TL;DR: Simulation experiments are provided that show the benefits of the proposed cyclostationary approach compared to energy detection, the importance of collaboration among spatially displaced secondary users for overcoming shadowing and fading effects, as well as the reliable performance of the suggested algorithms even in very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes and under strict communication rate constraints for collaboration overhead.
Abstract: This paper proposes an energy efficient collaborative cyclostationary spectrum sensing approach for cognitive radio systems. An existing statistical hypothesis test for the presence of cyclostationarity is extended to multiple cyclic frequencies and its asymptotic distributions are established. Collaborative test statistics are proposed for the fusion of local test statistics of the secondary users, and a censoring technique in which only informative test statistics are transmitted to the fusion center (FC) during the collaborative detection is further proposed for improving energy efficiency in mobile applications. Moreover, a technique for numerical approximation of the asymptotic distribution of the censored FC test statistic is proposed. The proposed tests are nonparametric in the sense that no assumptions on data or noise distributions are required. In addition, the tests allow dichotomizing between the desired signal and interference. Simulation experiments are provided that show the benefits of the proposed cyclostationary approach compared to energy detection, the importance of collaboration among spatially displaced secondary users for overcoming shadowing and fading effects, as well as the reliable performance of the proposed algorithms even in very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes and under strict communication rate constraints for collaboration overhead.
TL;DR: The photophysical characteristics and electrochemiluminescence of the Ag clusters give them remarkable advantages over larger nanoparticles in applications such as molecular sensing.
Abstract: Colorful clusters: Silver nanoclusters consisting of only a few atoms exhibit large chemical-environment-responsive shifts of their optical absorption and emission bands, that is, large solvatochromism (see picture). The photophysical characteristics and electrochemiluminescence of the Ag clusters give them remarkable advantages over larger nanoparticles in applications such as molecular sensing.
TL;DR: Small incidence angle X-ray diffraction revealed that the nanocrystal and MFC films exhibited a cellulose I crystal structure and that the films prepared from N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide, LiCl/DMAc solutions, using the Langmuir-Schaefer technique, possessed a cellulOSE II structure.
Abstract: A systematic study of the degree of molecular ordering and swelling of different nanocellulose model films has been conducted. Crystalline cellulose II surfaces were prepared by spin-coating of the precursor cellulose solutions onto oxidized silicon wafers before regeneration in water or by using the Langmuir−Schaefer (LS) technique. Amorphous cellulose films were also prepared by spin-coating of a precursor cellulose solution onto oxidized silicon wafers. Crystalline cellulose I surfaces were prepared by spin-coating wafers with aqueous suspensions of sulfate-stabilized cellulose I nanocrystals and low-charged microfibrillated cellulose (LC-MFC). In addition, a dispersion of high-charged MFC was used for the buildup of polyelectrolyte multilayers with polyetheyleneimine on silica with the aid of the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. These preparation methods produced smooth thin films on the nanometer scale suitable for X-ray diffraction and swelling measurements. The surface morphology and thickness of th...
TL;DR: The results of millimeter-wave 60-GHz frequency range propagation channel measurements that are performed in various indoor environments for continuous-route and direction-of-arrival (DOA) measurement campaigns are presented and diffraction is found to be a significant propagation mechanism in NLOS propagation environments.
Abstract: This paper presents and analyzes the results of millimeter-wave 60-GHz frequency range propagation channel measurements that are performed in various indoor environments for continuous-route and direction-of-arrival (DOA) measurement campaigns. The statistical parameters of the propagation channel, such as the number of paths, the RMS delay spread, the path loss, and the shadowing, are inspected. Moreover, the interdependencies of different characteristics of the multipath channel are also investigated. A linear relationship between the number of paths and the delay spread is found, negative cross correlation between the shadow fading and the delay spread can be established, and an upper bound exponential model of the delay spread and the path loss is developed to estimate the worst case of the RMS delay spread at given path loss. Based on the DOA measurements that are carried out in a room [line of sight (LOS)] and in a corridor with both LOS and nonline-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios, radio-wave propagation mechanisms are studied. It is found that considering the direct wave and the first-order reflected waves from smooth surfaces is sufficient in the LOS cases. Transmission loss is very high; however, diffraction is found to be a significant propagation mechanism in NLOS propagation environments. The results can be used for the design of 60-GHz radio systems in short-range wireless applications.
26 Apr 2009
TL;DR: This work considers the shared channel of the two systems as an interference channel and formulate the statistics of the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of all users, and shows that the SINR of the D2D users is comparable to that of the cellular user in most of the cell area.
Abstract: We address device-to-device (D2D) communication as a potential resource reuse technique underlaying the cellular network. We consider the shared channel of the two systems as an interference channel and formulate the statistics of the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of all users. The potential performance of D2D communication is evaluated by considering a scenario where only limited interference coordination between the cellular and the D2D communication is possible. We apply a simple power control method to the D2D communication which constrains the SINR degradation of the cellular link to a certain level. Results show that the SINR statistics of the D2D users is comparable to that of the cellular user in most of the cell area. Scheduling gain is possible by properly assigning either of the downlink (DL) or the uplink (UL) resources to the D2D communication.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that tSSS is a robust and efficient method for removing a wide range of different types of interference signals in neuromagnetic multichannel measurements.
Abstract: Magnetic interference signals often hamper analysis of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measurements. Artifact sources in the proximity of the sensors cause strong and spatially complex signals that are particularly challenging for the existing interference-suppression methods. Here we demonstrate the performance of the temporally extended signal space separation method (tSSS) in removing strong interference caused by external and nearby sources on auditory-evoked magnetic fields-the sources of which are well established. The MEG signals were contaminated by normal environmental interference, by artificially produced additional external interference, and by nearby artifacts produced by a piece of magnetized wire in the subject's lip. After tSSS processing, even the single-trial auditory responses had a good-enough signal-to-noise ratio for detailed waveform and source analysis. Waveforms and source locations of the tSSS-reconstructed data were in good agreement with the responses from the control condition without extra interference. Our results demonstrate that tSSS is a robust and efficient method for removing a wide range of different types of interference signals in neuromagnetic multichannel measurements.
TL;DR: In this paper, two manufacturing firms entering condition-based maintenance business reveals the complex nature of establishing integrated solutions and existing literature on integrate solutions, and analyzes two companies entering condition based maintenance business.
Abstract: Purpose – This paper analyzes two manufacturing firms entering condition based maintenance business reveals the complex nature of establishing integrated solutions. Existing literature on integrate ...
Copenhagen University Hospital1, University of Kiel2, University College London3, UCL Institute of Neurology4, University of Milan5, University of Oxford6, Fukushima Medical University7, Medical University of South Carolina8, University of Brescia9, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center10, Boston Children's Hospital11, Birkbeck, University of London12, Helsinki University of Technology13, Helsinki University Central Hospital14, Sapienza University of Rome15, Toronto Western Hospital16, Charité17, Goethe University Frankfurt18, University of Göttingen19, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital20, University of Nottingham21
TL;DR: How TMS can be combined with various neuroimaging techniques to investigate human brain function is reviewed and the use of specific brain mapping techniques in conjunction with TMS is discussed.
TL;DR: This paper introduces a simple and computationally efficient spectrum sensing scheme for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based primary user signal using its autocorrelation coefficient and shows that the log likelihood ratio test (LLRT) statistic is the maximum likelihood estimate of the autoc orrelation coefficient in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime.
Abstract: This paper introduces a simple and computationally efficient spectrum sensing scheme for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based primary user signal using its autocorrelation coefficient. Further, it is shown that the log likelihood ratio test (LLRT) statistic is the maximum likelihood estimate of the autocorrelation coefficient in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Performance of the local detector is studied for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multipath channels using theoretical analysis. Obtained results are verified in simulation. The performance of the local detector in the face of shadowing is studied by simulations. A sequential detection (SD) scheme where many secondary users cooperate to detect the same primary user is proposed. User cooperation provides diversity gains as well as facilitates using simpler local detectors. The sequential detection reduces the delay and the amount of data needed in identification of the underutilized spectrum. The decision statistics from individual detectors are combined at the fusion center (FC). The statistical properties of the decision statistics are established. The performance of the scheme is studied through theory and validated by simulations. A comparison of the SD scheme with the Neyman-Pearson fixed sample size (FSS) test for the same false alarm and missed detection probabilities is also carried out.
TL;DR: This review of current related issues in multiscale modeling of soft and biological matter focuses on solvent-free modeling which offers a different route to coarse graining by integrating out the degrees of freedom associated with solvent.
Abstract: In this review, we focus on four current related issues in multiscale modeling of soft and biological matter. First, we discuss how to use structural information from detailed models (or experiments) to construct coarse-grained ones in a hierarchical and systematic way. This is discussed in the context of the so-called Henderson theorem and the inverse Monte Carlo method of Lyubartsev and Laaksonen. In the second part, we take a different look at coarse graining by analyzing conformations of molecules. This is done by the application of self-organizing maps, i.e., a neural network type approach. Such an approach can be used to guide the selection of the relevant degrees of freedom. Then, we discuss technical issues related to the popular dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method. Importantly, the potentials derived using the inverse Monte Carlo method can be used together with the DPD thermostat. In the final part we focus on solvent-free modeling which offers a different route to coarse graining by integrating out the degrees of freedom associated with solvent.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impacts of energy policies on industry growth in renewable energy were investigated and the results indicated that there are increased industrial opportunities in renewable energies to be captured not only by large countries or through large public resources, but also smaller countries can gain success through clever policies and optimal managing of the commercialization process.
TL;DR: The safety of the marine traffic in the GOF area is analysed and grounding is the dominating accident type in these waters and typically about 11 groundings take place annually, of which about one is a tanker grounding.
TL;DR: In this article, a planar electromagnetic absorber with a high-impedance surface comprising an array of patches over a grounded lossy dielectric slab perforated with metallic vias is presented.
Abstract: A design for planar electromagnetic absorbers is presented. The performance of this absorber is maintained over a wide incidence angles and for both TE and TM polarization. The absorber is composed of a high-impedance surface comprising an array of patches over a grounded lossy dielectric slab perforated with metallic vias (wire medium). The main contribution of the paper is to demonstrate and practically use the presence of an additional resonance when the plasma frequency of the wire medium in the dielectric substrate is close to the original resonance of the high-impedance surface. The presence of the vias between FSS and the ground plane is discussed both for the case of a high-permittivity absorber and for a low permittivity one, through the derivation of simple and efficient analytical expressions, specifically derived for the problem at hand. We show that the presence of the vias influences the oblique incidence TM absorption, and when properly designed, the insertion of the vias into the absorber structure results in a bandwidth enlargement and higher absorption performance.
TL;DR: Significant differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in smokers versus nonsmokers, but not in asbestos‐exposed patients versus nonexposed ones, and risk factors such as smoking status and asbestos exposure were identified.
Abstract: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive cancer arising from mesothelial cells, mainly due to former asbestos exposure. Little is known about the microRNA (miRNA) expression of MM. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs, which play an essential role in the regulation of gene expression. This study was carried out to analyze the miRNA expression profile of 17 MM samples using miRNA microarray. The analysis distinguished the overall miRNA expression profiles of tumor tissue and normal mesothelium. Differentially expressed miRNAs were found in tumor samples compared with normal sample. Twelve of them, let-7b*, miR-1228*, miR-195*, miR-30b*, miR-32*, miR-345, miR-483-3p, miR-584, miR-595, miR-615-3p, and miR-885-3p, were highly expressed whereas the remaining nine, let-7e*, miR-144*, miR-203, miR-340*, miR-34a*, miR423, miR-582, miR-7-1*, and miR-9, were unexpressed or had severely reduced expression levels. Target genes for these miRNAs include the most frequently affected genes in MM such as CDKN2A, NF2, JUN, HGF, and PDGFA. Many of the miRNAs were located in chromosomal areas known to be deleted or gained in MM such as 8q24, 1p36, and 14q32. Furthermore, we could identify specific miRNAs for each histopathological subtype of MM. Regarding risk factors such as smoking status and asbestos exposure, significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in smokers versus nonsmokers (miR-379, miR-301a, miR-299-3p, miR-455-3p, and miR-127-3p), but not in asbestos-exposed patients versus nonexposed ones. This could be related to the method of assessment of asbestos exposure as asbestos remains to be the main contributor to the development of MM. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TL;DR: In analogy to tunable-Q microcavities, it is shown that the Rabi splitting can be controlled by adjusting the interaction time between waveguided SPPs and R6G deposited on top of the waveguide.
Abstract: We report on strong coupling between surface-plasmon polaritons (SPP) and Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules, with double vacuum Rabi splitting energies up to 230 and 110 meV. In addition, we demonstrate the emission of all three energy branches of the strongly coupled SPP-exciton hybrid system, revealing features of system dynamics that are not visible in conventional reflectometry. Finally, in analogy to tunable-Q microcavities, we show that the Rabi splitting can be controlled by adjusting the interaction time between waveguided SPPs and R6G deposited on top of the waveguide. The interaction time can be controlled with sub-fs precision by adjusting the length of the R6G area with standard lithography methods.