Showing papers by "Hokkaido University published in 2019"
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Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research1, Geological Survey of Canada2, University of Lisbon3, George Washington University4, University of Alaska Fairbanks5, University of Ottawa6, Laval University7, Humboldt State University8, University of Fribourg9, University of Potsdam10, University of Oslo11, Technical University of Denmark12, Norwegian Meteorological Institute13, Hokkaido University14, Lund University15, Free University of Berlin16, University of Lausanne17, Rhodes University18, University of Barcelona19, University of Alcalá20, Stockholm University21
TL;DR: Climate change strongly impacts regions in high latitudes and altitudes that store high amounts of carbon in yet frozen ground, and the authors show that the consequence of these changes is global warming of permafrost at depths greater than 10 m in the Northern Hemisphere, in mountains, and in Antarctica.
Abstract: Permafrost warming has the potential to amplify global climate change, because when frozen sediments thaw it unlocks soil organic carbon. Yet to date, no globally consistent assessment of permafrost temperature change has been compiled. Here we use a global data set of permafrost temperature time series from the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost to evaluate temperature change across permafrost regions for the period since the International Polar Year (2007–2009). During the reference decade between 2007 and 2016, ground temperature near the depth of zero annual amplitude in the continuous permafrost zone increased by 0.39 ± 0.15 °C. Over the same period, discontinuous permafrost warmed by 0.20 ± 0.10 °C. Permafrost in mountains warmed by 0.19 ± 0.05 °C and in Antarctica by 0.37 ± 0.10 °C. Globally, permafrost temperature increased by 0.29 ± 0.12 °C. The observed trend follows the Arctic amplification of air temperature increase in the Northern Hemisphere. In the discontinuous zone, however, ground warming occurred due to increased snow thickness while air temperature remained statistically unchanged.
906 citations
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the latest SCR reaction mechanisms and emerging poison-resistant mechanisms in the beginning and subsequently gives a comprehensive overview of newly developed SCR catalysts, including metal oxide catalysts ranging from VOx, MnOx, CeO2, and Fe2O3 to CuO based catalysts.
Abstract: Selective catalytic reduction with NH3 (NH3-SCR) is the most efficient technology to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from coal-fired industries, diesel engines, etc. Although V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2 and CHA structured zeolite catalysts have been utilized in commercial applications, the increasing requirements for broad working temperature window, strong SO2/alkali/heavy metal-resistance, and high hydrothermal stability have stimulated the development of new-type NH3-SCR catalysts. This review summarizes the latest SCR reaction mechanisms and emerging poison-resistant mechanisms in the beginning and subsequently gives a comprehensive overview of newly developed SCR catalysts, including metal oxide catalysts ranging from VOx, MnOx, CeO2, and Fe2O3 to CuO based catalysts; acidic compound catalysts containing vanadate, phosphate and sulfate catalysts; ion exchanged zeolite catalysts such as Fe, Cu, Mn, etc. exchanged zeolite catalysts; monolith catalysts including extruded, washcoated, and metal-mesh/foam-based monolith catalysts. The challenges and opportunities for each type of catalysts are proposed while the effective strategies are summarized for enhancing the acidity/redox circle and poison-resistance through modification, creating novel nanostructures, exposing specific crystalline planes, constructing protective/sacrificial sites, etc. Some suggestions are given about future research directions that efforts should be made in. Hopefully, this review can bridge the gap between newly developed catalysts and practical requirements to realize their commercial applications in the near future.
800 citations
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University of California, Los Angeles1, University of Duisburg-Essen2, Technische Universität München3, University of California, San Francisco4, Hokkaido University5, St. Vincent's Health System6, Aalborg University7, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich8, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center9, University of Zurich10
TL;DR: Using blinded reads and independent lesion validation, this single-arm prospective trial establishes high PPV for 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET, detection rate and interreader agreement for localization of recurrent prostate cancer.
Abstract: Importance:
In retrospective studies, 68Ga-PSMA-11 positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging improves detection of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer compared with conventional imaging.
Objective:
To assess 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET accuracy in a prospective multicenter trial.
Design, Setting, and Participants:
In this single-arm prospective trial conducted at University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Los Angeles, 635 patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer after prostatectomy (n = 262, 41%), radiation therapy (n = 169, 27%), or both (n = 204, 32%) underwent 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET. Presence of prostate cancer was recorded by 3 blinded readers on a per-patient and per-region base. Lesions were validated by histopathologic analysis and a composite reference standard.
Main Outcomes and Measures:
Endpoints were positive predictive value (PPV), detection rate, interreader reproducibility, and safety.
Results:
A total of 635 men were enrolled with a median age of 69 years (range, 44-95 years). On a per-patient basis, PPV was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.75-0.90) by histopathologic validation (primary endpoint, n = 87) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.88-0.95) by the composite reference standard (n = 217). 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET localized recurrent prostate cancer in 475 of 635 (75%) patients; detection rates significantly increased with prostate-specific antigen (PSA): 38% for <0.5 ng/mL (n = 136), 57% for 0.5 to <1.0 ng/mL (n = 79), 84% for 1.0 to <2.0 ng/mL (n = 89), 86% for 2.0 to <5.0 ng/mL (n = 158), and 97% for ≥5.0 ng/mL (n = 173, P < .001). Interreader reproducibility was substantial (Fleiss κ, 0.65-0.78). There were no serious adverse events associated with 68Ga-PSMA-11 administration. PET-directed focal therapy alone led to a PSA drop of 50% or more in 31 of 39 (80%) patients.
Conclusions and Relevance:
Using blinded reads and independent lesion validation, we establish high PPV for 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET, detection rate and interreader agreement for localization of recurrent prostate cancer.
Trial Registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT02940262 and NCT03353740.
438 citations
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TL;DR: A strategy for developing “self-growing” polymeric materials that respond to repetitive mechanical stress through an effective mechanochemical transduction is proposed and may pave the way for the development of self-growing gel materials for applications such as soft robots and intelligent devices.
Abstract: Living tissues, such as muscle, autonomously grow and remodel themselves to adapt to their surrounding mechanical environment through metabolic processes. By contrast, typical synthetic materials cannot grow and reconstruct their structures once formed. We propose a strategy for developing “self-growing” polymeric materials that respond to repetitive mechanical stress through an effective mechanochemical transduction. Robust double-network hydrogels provided with a sustained monomer supply undergo self-growth, and the materials are substantially strengthened under repetitive loading through a structural destruction-reconstruction process. This strategy also endows the hydrogels with tailored functions at desired positions by mechanical stamping. This work may pave the way for the development of self-growing gel materials for applications such as soft robots and intelligent devices.
426 citations
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Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences1, Earth System Research Laboratory2, Texas A&M University3, Met Office4, University of Melbourne5, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research6, University of East Anglia7, Rovira i Virgili University8, National Research Council9, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton10, National Center for Atmospheric Research11, Spanish National Research Council12, Australian National University13, University of Reading14, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory15, Hokkaido University16, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research17, University of Giessen18, University of Milan19, University of South Carolina20, University of Toronto21, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń22, University of Southern Queensland23, University of Cape Town24, McGill University25, Deutscher Wetterdienst26, University of Lisbon27, Environment Canada28, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory29, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean30
TL;DR: The 20CRv2c dataset as mentioned in this paper is the first ensemble of sub-daily global atmospheric conditions spanning over 100 years, which provides a best estimate of the weather at any given place and time as well as an estimate of its confidence and uncertainty.
Abstract: Historical reanalyses that span more than a century are needed for a wide range of studies, from understanding large‐scale climate trends to diagnosing the impacts of individual historical extreme weather events. The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) Project is an effort to fill this need. It is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and is facilitated by collaboration with the international Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth initiative. 20CR is the first ensemble of sub‐daily global atmospheric conditions spanning over 100 years. This provides a best estimate of the weather at any given place and time as well as an estimate of its confidence and uncertainty. While extremely useful, version 2c of this dataset (20CRv2c) has several significant issues, including inaccurate estimates of confidence and a global sea level pressure bias in the mid‐19th century. These and other issues can reduce its effectiveness for studies at many spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, the 20CR system underwent a series of developments to generate a significant new version of the reanalysis. The version 3 system (NOAA‐CIRES‐DOE 20CRv3) uses upgraded data assimilation methods including an adaptive inflation algorithm; has a newer, higher‐resolution forecast model that specifies dry air mass; and assimilates a larger set of pressure observations. These changes have improved the ensemble‐based estimates of confidence, removed spin‐up effects in the precipitation fields, and diminished the sea‐level pressure bias. Other improvements include more accurate representations of storm intensity, smaller errors, and large‐scale reductions in model bias. The 20CRv3 system is comprehensively reviewed, focusing on the aspects that have ameliorated issues in 20CRv2c. Despite the many improvements, some challenges remain, including a systematic bias in tropical precipitation and time‐varying biases in southern high‐latitude pressure fields.
409 citations
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Kyushu University1, Akita University2, University of Tokyo3, University of Toyama4, Hiroshima University5, Tohoku University6, Nara Medical University7, Osaka University8, Nippon Medical School9, Saga University10, Nihon University11, Kitasato University12, Hyogo College of Medicine13, Nagoya University14, Jichi Medical University15, Yamaguchi University16, Tottori University17, Jikei University School of Medicine18, Hokkaido University19, University of Chicago20, Juntendo University21, Saitama Medical University22, Kyoto University23, Keio University24, Yokohama City University Medical Center25, Kanazawa University26, Tokyo Medical University27
TL;DR: This English language document is a revised digest version of Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure (JCS 2017/JHFS 2017) reported at the Japanese Circulation Society Joint Working Groups performed in 2017.
Abstract: J-STAGE Advance Publication released online September 10, 2019 Mailing address: Scientific Committee of the Japanese Circulation Society, 18F Imperial Hotel Tower, 1-1-1 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011, Japan. E-mail: meeting@j-circ.or.jp This English language document is a revised digest version of Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure (JCS 2017/JHFS 2017) reported at the Japanese Circulation Society Joint Working Groups performed in 2017 (Website: http://www.j-circ.or.jp/guideline/pdf/JCS2017_tsutsui_d.pdf). Joint Working Groups: The Japanese Circulation Society; the Japanese Heart Failure Society; the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery; the Japanese Society of Hypertension; the Japanese Society of Echocardiography; the Japanese Society for Cardiovascular Surgery; the Japanese College of Cardiology; the Japanese Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation; the Japan Society of Ultrasonics in Medicine; the Japan Diabetes Society; the Japanese Heart Rhythm Society; “the Study Group on Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy” supported by the Health and Labor Sciences Research Grant on Intractable Diseases; and “the Study Group on the Multi-center Observational Study of Dilatedphase Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy”, supported by the “Practical Research Project for Rare/ intractable Diseases by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development”. ISSN-1346-9843 All rights are reserved to the Japanese Circulation Society. For permissions, please e-mail: cj@j-circ.or.jp JCS 2017/JHFS 2017 Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure ― Digest Version ―
390 citations
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TL;DR: In this review, recent advances in AMD prevention techniques like oxygen barriers, utilization of bactericides, co-disposal and blending, and passivation of sulfide minerals are discussed and recycling of mine tailings as construction and geopolymer materials to reduce the amounts of wastes for disposal are introduced.
384 citations
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TL;DR: A copper oxide high-temperature superconductor magnet generates a direct-current magnetic field of 45.5 tesla—the highest value reported so far—using a design that enables operation at high current densities, validates predictions11 for high-field copper oxide super Conductor magnets by achieving a field twice as high as those generated by low-tem temperature superconducting magnets.
Abstract: Strong magnetic fields are required in many fields, such as medicine (magnetic resonance imaging), pharmacy (nuclear magnetic resonance), particle accelerators (such as the Large Hadron Collider) and fusion devices (for example, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, ITER), as well as for other diverse scientific and industrial uses. For almost two decades, 45 tesla has been the highest achievable direct-current (d.c.) magnetic field; however, such a field requires the use of a 31-megawatt, 33.6-tesla resistive magnet inside 11.4-tesla low-temperature superconductor coils1, and such high-power resistive magnets are available in only a few facilities worldwide2. By contrast, superconducting magnets are widespread owing to their low power requirements. Here we report a high-temperature superconductor coil that generates a magnetic field of 14.4 tesla inside a 31.1-tesla resistive background magnet to obtain a d.c. magnetic field of 45.5 tesla—the highest field achieved so far, to our knowledge. The magnet uses a conductor tape coated with REBCO (REBa2Cu3Ox, where RE = Y, Gd) on a 30-micrometre-thick substrate3, making the coil highly compact and capable of operating at the very high winding current density of 1,260 amperes per square millimetre. Operation at such a current density is possible only because the magnet is wound without insulation4, which allows rapid and safe quenching from the superconducting to the normal state5–10. The 45.5-tesla test magnet validates predictions11 for high-field copper oxide superconductor magnets by achieving a field twice as high as those generated by low-temperature superconducting magnets. A copper oxide high-temperature superconductor magnet generates a direct-current magnetic field of 45.5 tesla—the highest value reported so far—using a design that enables operation at high current densities.
370 citations
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TL;DR: The IL-6 family of cytokines in autoimmune diseases is reviewed from the viewpoints of their structure, signaling, and biological features and possible mechanisms of their functional pleiotropy are discussed.
303 citations
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TL;DR: H-bonding patterns and molecular structures that have been used to achieve thermal and chemical durability, a large surface area, and functions, such as selective gas sorption and separation, can provide design principles for constructing HOFs with permanent porosity.
Abstract: Designing organic components that can be used to construct porous materials enables the preparation of tailored functionalized materials. Research into porous materials has seen a resurgence in the past decade as a result of finding of self-standing porous molecular crystals (PMCs). Particularly, a number of crystalline systems with permanent porosity that are formed by self-assembly through hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) have been developed. Such systems are called hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs). Herein we systematically describe H-bonding patterns (supramolecular synthons) and molecular structures (tectons) that have been used to achieve thermal and chemical durability, a large surface area, and functions, such as selective gas sorption and separation, which can provide design principles for constructing HOFs with permanent porosity.
299 citations
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Jagiellonian University Medical College1, Semmelweis University2, Eötvös Loránd University3, Nova Southeastern University4, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven5, Charles University in Prague6, Helsinki University Central Hospital7, Autonomous University of Barcelona8, University of Oviedo9, King's College London10, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens11, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health12, Uppsala University Hospital13, University of Mannheim14, University of Bonn15, University College Dublin16, Hokkaido University17, St George's Hospital18, University of Huddersfield19, Trinity College, Dublin20, Oslo University Hospital21, Lund University22, Sapienza University of Rome23, University of Paris24, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts25, Stanford University26, Barnet Hospital27, University of Cambridge28, Karolinska Institutet29
TL;DR: This Updated European Consensus Statement aims to support clinicians with research evidence and clinical experience from 63 experts of European and other countries in which ADHD in adults is recognized and treated, to increase awareness and knowledge of adult ADHD in and outside Europe.
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TL;DR: It is reported that, on cold exposure, brown adipose tissue (BAT) actively utilizes BCAA in the mitochondria for thermogenesis and promotes systemic BCAA clearance in mice and humans and suggests that BAT serves as a key metabolic filter that controls BCAA cleared via SLC25A44, thereby contributing to the improvement of metabolic health.
Abstract: Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; valine, leucine and isoleucine) supplementation is often beneficial to energy expenditure; however, increased circulating levels of BCAA are linked to obesity and diabetes. The mechanisms of this paradox remain unclear. Here we report that, on cold exposure, brown adipose tissue (BAT) actively utilizes BCAA in the mitochondria for thermogenesis and promotes systemic BCAA clearance in mice and humans. In turn, a BAT-specific defect in BCAA catabolism attenuates systemic BCAA clearance, BAT fuel oxidation and thermogenesis, leading to diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, active BCAA catabolism in BAT is mediated by SLC25A44, which transports BCAAs into mitochondria. Our results suggest that BAT serves as a key metabolic filter that controls BCAA clearance via SLC25A44, thereby contributing to the improvement of metabolic health.
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TL;DR: It is shown that cortical neurons and mast cells exhibit little or low GSDMD expression and undergo apoptosis after oxygen glucose deprivation and nigericin stimulation, respectively, in a caspase-1- and Bid-dependent manner.
Abstract: Caspase-1 activated in inflammasomes triggers a programmed necrosis called pyroptosis, which is mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD). However, GSDMD-deficient cells are still susceptible to caspase-1-mediated cell death. Therefore, here, we investigate the mechanism of caspase-1-initiated cell death in GSDMD-deficient cells. Inflammasome stimuli induce apoptosis accompanied by caspase-3 activation in GSDMD-deficient macrophages, which largely relies on caspase-1. Chemical dimerization of caspase-1 induces pyroptosis in GSDMD-sufficient cells, but apoptosis in GSDMD-deficient cells. Caspase-1-induced apoptosis involves the Bid-caspase-9-caspase-3 axis, which can be followed by GSDME-dependent secondary necrosis/pyroptosis. However, Bid ablation does not completely abolish the cell death, suggesting the existence of an additional mechanism. Furthermore, cortical neurons and mast cells exhibit little or low GSDMD expression and undergo apoptosis after oxygen glucose deprivation and nigericin stimulation, respectively, in a caspase-1- and Bid-dependent manner. This study clarifies the molecular mechanism and biological roles of caspase-1-induced apoptosis in GSDMD-low/null cell types.
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TL;DR: A massive species diversity is uncovered and a novel subclade in environmental samples collected worldwide is revealed and the classification of species in the genus Leptospira is redefined.
Abstract: The causative agents of leptospirosis are responsible for an emerging zoonotic disease worldwide. One of the major routes of transmission for leptospirosis is the natural environment contaminated with the urine of a wide range of reservoir animals. Soils and surface waters also host a high diversity of non-pathogenic Leptospira and species for which the virulence status is not clearly established. The genus Leptospira is currently divided into 35 species classified into three phylogenetic clusters, which supposedly correlate with the virulence of the bacteria. In this study, a total of 90 Leptospira strains isolated from different environments worldwide including Japan, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Algeria, mainland France, and the island of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean were sequenced. A comparison of average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of genomes of the 90 isolates and representative genomes of known species revealed 30 new Leptospira species. These data also supported the existence of two clades and 4 subclades. To avoid classification that strongly implies assumption on the virulence status of the lineages, we called them P1, P2, S1, S2. One of these subclades has not yet been described and is composed of Leptospira idonii and 4 novel species that are phylogenetically related to the saprophytes. We then investigated genome diversity and evolutionary relationships among members of the genus Leptospira by studying the pangenome and core gene sets. Our data enable the identification of genome features, genes and domains that are important for each subclade, thereby laying the foundation for refining the classification of this complex bacterial genus. We also shed light on atypical genomic features of a group of species that includes the species often associated with human infection, suggesting a specific and ongoing evolution of this group of species that will require more attention. In conclusion, we have uncovered a massive species diversity and revealed a novel subclade in environmental samples collected worldwide and we have redefined the classification of species in the genus. The implication of several new potentially infectious Leptospira species for human and animal health remains to be determined but our data also provide new insights into the emergence of virulence in the pathogenic species.
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Washington University in St. Louis1, Technical University of Madrid2, Beijing Institute of Genomics3, Georgia State University4, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases5, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation6, Columbia University7, University of Texas Medical Branch8, Friedrich Loeffler Institute9, National Institutes of Health10, Instituto Biológico11, Albert Einstein College of Medicine12, Erasmus University Rotterdam13, University of Queensland14, University of Marburg15, Humboldt University of Berlin16, Robert Koch Institute17, International Atomic Energy Agency18, University of Pittsburgh19, University of Warwick20, World Health Organization21, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária22, Boston University23, Public Health England24, Kyoto University25, Murdoch University26, Huazhong Agricultural University27, University of São Paulo28, Laval University29, Okayama University30, United States Geological Survey31, United States Department of Agriculture32, Northwestern University33, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai34, Institut de recherche pour le développement35, Ohio State University36, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven37, South Dakota State University38, Novosibirsk State University39, University of Medicine and Health Sciences40, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna41, University of Bergen42, Texas A&M University43, Queen's University Belfast44, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention45, University of Sydney46, University of Oxford47, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory48, Queensland University of Technology49, Colorado State University50, Hokkaido University51, Pasteur Institute52, National University of Singapore53, North Carolina State University54, Universidade Federal de Viçosa55, Fudan University56, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention57
TL;DR: The updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales is presented as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Abstract: In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera and the creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1, United States Department of Agriculture2, University of Naples Federico II3, University of Ljubljana4, Mississippi State University5, University of Texas Medical Branch6, Friedrich Loeffler Institute7, Colorado State University8, Columbia University9, University of California, Irvine10, University of the Free State11, Xinjiang University12, Aix-Marseille University13, International Rice Research Institute14, Scripps Research Institute15, Public Health Agency of Canada16, Mayo Clinic17, Hacettepe University18, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases19, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention20, Kansas State University21, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine22, Paris Diderot University23, University of Queensland24, University of Helsinki25, University of Zurich26, Public Health England27, Seoul National University28, Charité29, Slovak Academy of Sciences30, Karolinska Institutet31, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven32, University of Washington33, Wuhan University of Science and Technology34, University of Louisville35, University of São Paulo36, University of Bari37, Hokkaido University38, University of Hamburg39, Public Health Agency of Sweden40, Washington State University41, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki42, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation43, University of Brasília44, National University of La Plata45, Pasteur Institute46, University of Maryland, Baltimore47, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization48, University of Glasgow49, University of Tokyo50, University of Oxford51, Korea University52, National Research Council53, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University54, North Carolina State University55, Universidade Federal de Viçosa56, Fudan University57, National Institutes of Health58
TL;DR: The updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is presented.
Abstract: In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Bunyavirales was amended by creation of two new families, four new subfamilies, 11 new genera and 77 new species, merging of two species, and deletion of one species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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Autonomous University of Barcelona1, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis2, Stanford University3, Tsinghua University4, Macquarie University5, Imperial College London6, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory7, University of California, Berkeley8, University of Vienna9, University of Antwerp10, University of California, Los Angeles11, California Institute of Technology12, University of Minnesota13, University of Sydney14, Northern Arizona University15, Spanish National Research Council16, Leiden University17, James Cook University18, University of Idaho19, Chinese Academy of Sciences20, Peking University21, AgResearch22, University of Tasmania23, United States Department of Agriculture24, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology25, University College Dublin26, University of Giessen27, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute28, Maastricht University29, Utrecht University30, Wageningen University and Research Centre31, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology32, Hokkaido University33, Agricultural Research Service34
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a data-driven global quantification of the eCO(2) effect on biomass based on 138 eCO2 (eCO 2 ) experiments, showing that CO2 levels expected by 2100 can potentially enhance plant biomass by 12 +/- 3% above current values.
Abstract: Elevated CO2 (eCO(2)) experiments provide critical information to quantify the effects of rising CO2 on vegetation 1-6 . Many eCO(2) experiments suggest that nutrient limitations modulate the local magnitude of the eCO(2) effect on plant biomass(1,3,5), but the global extent of these limitations has not been empirically quantified, complicating projections of the capacity of plants to take up CO27,9. Here, we present a data-driven global quantification of the eCO(2) effect on biomass based on 138 eCO(2) experiments. The strength of CO2 fertilization is primarily driven by nitrogen (N) in similar to 65% of global vegetation and by phosphorus (P) in similar to 25% of global vegetation, with N- or P-limitation modulated by mycorrhizal association. Our approach suggests that CO2 levels expected by 2100 can potentially enhance plant biomass by 12 +/- 3% above current values, equivalent to 59 +/- 13 PgC. The globalscale response to eCO(2) we derive from experiments is similar to past changes in greenness(9) and bio-mass(10) with rising CO2, suggesting that CO2 will continue to stimulate plant biomass in the future despite the constraining effect of soil nutrients. Our research reconciles conflicting evidence on CO2 fertilization across scales and provides an empirical estimate of the biomass sensitivity to eCO(2) that may help to constrain climate projections.
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TL;DR: Advances in the understanding of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis are described and promising new treatments that target B cells, T cells and cytokines are generated; potential novel approaches targeting additional cells or molecules are also discussed.
Abstract: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) affects systemic small vessels and is accompanied by the presence of ANCAs in the serum. This disease entity includes microscopic polyangiitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and drug-induced AAV. Similar to other autoimmune diseases, AAV develops in patients with a predisposing genetic background who have been exposed to causative environmental factors. The mechanism by which ANCAs cause vasculitis involves ANCA-mediated excessive activation of neutrophils that subsequently release inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species and lytic enzymes. In addition, this excessive activation of neutrophils by ANCAs induces formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Although NETs are essential elements in innate immunity, excessive NET formation is harmful to small vessels. Moreover, NETs are involved not only in ANCA-mediated vascular injury but also in the production of ANCAs themselves. Therefore, a vicious cycle of NET formation and ANCA production is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of AAV. In addition to this role of NETs in AAV, some other important discoveries have been made in the past few years. Incorporating these new insights into our understanding of the pathogenesis of AAV is needed to fully understand and ultimately overcome this disease.
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper examined multi-decadal lake area changes in China during 1960s-2015, using historical topographic maps and >3831 Landsat satellite images, including lakes as fine as ≥ 1 km2 in size.
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TL;DR: It is reported that agitation of piezoelectric materials via ball milling reduces aryl diazonium salts and this mechanoredox system can be applied to arylation and borylation reactions under mechanochemical conditions.
Abstract: Over the past decade, photoredox catalysis has harnessed light energy to accelerate bond-forming reactions. We postulated that a complementary method for the redox-activation of small organic molecules in response to applied mechanical energy could be developed through the piezoelectric effect. Here, we report that agitation of piezoelectric materials via ball milling reduces aryl diazonium salts. This mechanoredox system can be applied to arylation and borylation reactions under mechanochemical conditions.
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TL;DR: Control measures, particularly a disease-free source of fish, biosecurity of the farm, improved water quality, and other preventive measures (e.g., vaccination) might be able to control the infection.
Abstract: Current growth in aquaculture production is parallel with the increasing number of disease outbreaks, which negatively affect the production, profitability, and sustainability of the global aquaculture industry. Vibriosis is among the most common diseases leading to massive mortality of cultured shrimp, fish, and shellfish in Asia. High incidence of vibriosis can occur in hatchery and grow-out facilities, but juveniles are more susceptible to the disease. Various factors, particularly the source of fish, environmental factors (including water quality and farm management), and the virulence factors of Vibrio, influence the occurrence of the disease. Affected fish show weariness, with necrosis of skin and appendages, leading to body malformation, slow growth, internal organ liquefaction, blindness, muscle opacity, and mortality. A combination of control measures, particularly a disease-free source of fish, biosecurity of the farm, improved water quality, and other preventive measures (e.g., vaccination) might be able to control the infection. Although some control measures are expensive and less practical, vaccination is effective, relatively cheap, and easily implemented. In this review, the latest knowledge on the pathogenesis and control of vibriosis, including vaccination, is discussed.
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TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the deregulation of pathways involved in T cell-mediated allorecognition is a distinctive feature and driver of AML relapses after allo-HCT, which can be rapidly translated into personalized therapies.
Abstract: Transplantation of hematopoietic cells from a healthy individual (allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT)) demonstrates that adoptive immunotherapy can cure blood cancers: still, post-transplantation relapses remain frequent. To explain their drivers, we analyzed the genomic and gene expression profiles of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts purified from patients at serial time-points during their disease history. We identified a transcriptional signature specific for post-transplantation relapses and highly enriched in immune-related processes, including T cell costimulation and antigen presentation. In two independent patient cohorts we confirmed the deregulation of multiple costimulatory ligands on AML blasts at post-transplantation relapse (PD-L1, B7-H3, CD80, PVRL2), mirrored by concomitant changes in circulating donor T cells. Likewise, we documented the frequent loss of surface expression of HLA-DR, -DQ and -DP on leukemia cells, due to downregulation of the HLA class II regulator CIITA. We show that loss of HLA class II expression and upregulation of inhibitory checkpoint molecules represent alternative modalities to abolish AML recognition from donor-derived T cells, and can be counteracted by interferon-γ or checkpoint blockade, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the deregulation of pathways involved in T cell-mediated allorecognition is a distinctive feature and driver of AML relapses after allo-HCT, which can be rapidly translated into personalized therapies.
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TL;DR: Graphitic carbon nitride g-C3N4 was reviewed on its structure, synthesis, texture control, modification and applications, associating with the comparative discussion to carbon materials as mentioned in this paper.
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TL;DR: Nivolumab combined with SOX/CapeOX was well tolerated and demonstrated encouraging efficacy for unresectable advanced or recurrent HER2-negative G/GEJ cancer.
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19 Feb 2019
TL;DR: In this article, a review of liquid-phase syntheses for the preparation of sulfide-based solid electrolytes and composites of electrolyte and electrodes is presented, and the charge-discharge performances of the all-solid-state lithium batteries using these components are compared.
Abstract: Solid sulfide electrolytes are key materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries because of their high lithium-ion conductivity and deformability, which enable the lithium-ion path to be connected between the material’s grain boundaries under pressure near room temperature. However, sulfur species are moisture-sensitive and exhibit high vapour pressures; therefore, syntheses of sulfide electrolytes need to be carefully designed. Liquid-phase reactions can be performed at low temperatures in controlled atmospheres, opening up the prospect of scalable processes for the preparation of sulfide electrolytes. Here, we review liquid-phase syntheses for the preparation of sulfide-based solid electrolytes and composites of electrolytes and electrodes, and we compare the charge–discharge performances of the all-solid-state lithium batteries using these components. The high lithium-ion conductivity and deformability of solid sulfide electrolytes make them key materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries. Liquid-phase reactions are valid and scalable approaches for the preparation of sulfide-based solid electrolytes that overcome the issues of moisture sensitivity and high vapour pressures of sulfur species.
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TL;DR: A review of solar-energy-mediated catalytic methane conversion is presented in this article, focusing on the photo-mediated activation of the C-H bond and providing guidelines for the design of highly efficient catalysts.
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TL;DR: Monitoring contamination levels, enactment of control measures including remediation, and consideration of sociopolitical implications are vital to provide safer food globally.
Abstract: Contamination by chemicals from the environment is a major global food safety issue, posing a serious threat to human health. These chemicals belong to many groups, including metals/metalloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), radioactive elements, electronic waste, plastics, and nanoparticles. Some of these occur naturally in the environment, whilst others are produced from anthropogenic sources. They may contaminate our food—crops, livestock, and seafood—and drinking water and exert adverse effects on our health. It is important to perform assessments of the associated potential risks. Monitoring contamination levels, enactment of control measures including remediation, and consideration of sociopolitical implications are vital to provide safer food globally.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the role of oxygen vacancies on the surface of Bi2MoO6 was investigated for CO2 photoconversion to CH4 with high selectivity up to 96.7% under visible-light.
Abstract: Search for suitable photocatalysts with ultrahigh selective generation of CH4 from CO2 is a great challenge in artificial photocatalysis. Herein, effective CO2 photoconversion to CH4 with high selectivity up to 96.7% is achieved over oxygen-deficient Bi2MoO6 under visible-light. Various characterizations and DFT calculations indicated that well-designed oxygen vacancies (OVs) on the {001} surface of Bi2MoO6 can not only enhance light harvesting and e−-/h+ separation, but favor CO2 adsorption in a special bidentate carbonate mode, which thermodynamically supports the further hydrogenation of intermediate *CO to generate CH4. Based on the in-situ infrared spectroscopy analysis, the CO2 adsorption modes and reaction intermediates of two pathways over Bi2MoO6 with or without OVs were figured out. The reasonable photocatalytic mechanism for highly selective conversion to CH4 was also proposed. This work provides new insights to the role of OVs in selective CO2 photoconversion, and paves ways to design efficient CH4 evolution systems.
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TL;DR: It is found that ZnO and cocatalyst could concertedly activate CH4 and O2 into methyl radical and mildly oxidative intermediate in water, which are two key precursor intermediates for generating oxygenated liquid products in direct CH4 oxidation.
Abstract: Direct conversion of methane into methanol and other liquid oxygenates still confronts considerable challenges in activating the first C-H bond of methane and inhibiting overoxidation. Here, we report that ZnO loaded with appropriate cocatalysts (Pt, Pd, Au, or Ag) enables direct oxidation of methane to methanol and formaldehyde in water using only molecular oxygen as the oxidant under mild light irradiation at room temperature. Up to 250 micromoles of liquid oxygenates with ∼95% selectivity is achieved for 2 h over 10 mg of ZnO loaded with 0.1 wt % of Au. Experiments with isotopically labeled oxygen and water reveal that molecular O2, rather than water, is the source of oxygen for direct CH4 oxidation. We find that ZnO and cocatalyst could concertedly activate CH4 and O2 into methyl radical and mildly oxidative intermediate (hydroperoxyl radical) in water, which are two key precursor intermediates for generating oxygenated liquid products in direct CH4 oxidation. Our study underlines two equally significant aspects for realizing direct and selective photooxidation of CH4 to liquid oxygenates, i.e., efficient C-H bond activation of CH4 and controllable activation of O2.
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TL;DR: A selective light absorber was used to construct a photothermal system to generate a high temperature under weak solar irradiation, and this temperature is three times higher than that in traditional photothermal catalysis systems, demonstrating that this system can serve as a platform for directly harnessing dispersed solar energy to convert CO2 to valuable chemicals.
Abstract: Ambient sunlight-driven CO2 methanation cannot be realized due to the temperature being less than 80 °C upon irradiation with dispersed solar energy. In this work, a selective light absorber was used to construct a photothermal system to generate a high temperature (up to 288 °C) under weak solar irradiation (1 kW m−2), and this temperature is three times higher than that in traditional photothermal catalysis systems. Moreover, ultrathin amorphous Y2O3 nanosheets with confined single nickel atoms (SA Ni/Y2O3) were synthesized, and they exhibited superior CO2 methanation activity. As a result, 80% CO2 conversion efficiency and a CH4 production rate of 7.5 L m−2 h−1 were achieved through SA Ni/Y2O3 under solar irradiation (from 0.52 to 0.7 kW m−2) when assisted by a selective light absorber, demonstrating that this system can serve as a platform for directly harnessing dispersed solar energy to convert CO2 to valuable chemicals. While light-driven CO2 methanation provides a renewable means to upgrade waste emissions, the sunlight is insufficient to drive high temperature CO2 methanation. Here, authors prepare single-atom Ni on Y2O3 with a selective light absorber for ambient-sunlight-driven photothermal CO2 methanation.