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Showing papers by "Hong Kong University of Science and Technology published in 1997"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe four approaches to the employee-organization relationship, as defined from the employer's perspective, and find that employees performed better on core tasks, demonstrated more citizenship behavior, and expressed a higher level of affective commitment to an employer when they worked in an overinvestment (by the employer) or mutual investment relationship than when they working in a quasi-spot-contract or underinvestment relationship.
Abstract: This article describes four approaches to the employee-organization relationship, as defined from the employer's perspective. An empirical study of employees from ten companies found support for the basic hypothesis that employee responses differ under the four types of relationship. In general, employees performed better on core tasks, demonstrated more citizenship behavior, and expressed a higher level of affective commitment to an employer when they worked in an overinvestment (by the employer) or mutual investment relationship than when they worked in a quasi-spot-contract or underinvestment relationship. These results were obtained even after we controlled for several other variables that could affect employee performance and attitudes.

1,708 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals as mentioned in this paper, which is used by the JSTOR Open Access Program.
Abstract: Stable URL:http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0001-8392%28199709%2942%3A3%3C421%3AIFAACA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8Administrative Science Quarterly is currently published by Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtainedprior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/journals/cjohn.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. Formore information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.http://www.jstor.orgTue May 29 05:39:41 2007

999 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a method, based on nonparametric statistical techniques, to conduct ranking-type Delphi surveys, perform analysis, and report results and illustrates the use of the method in a manner affording comparison between it and previous practice.
Abstract: Information systems researchers have often turned to a variant of the Delphi survey technique to support their research of key issues in their field. Two particular weaknesses of past studies using this approach have been a lack of a definitive method for conducting the research and a lack of statistical support for the conclusions drawn by the researchers. In this paper, the author presents a method, based on nonparametric statistical techniques, to conduct ranking-type Delphi surveys, perform analysis, and report results. The author takes this one step further by illustrating an actual analysis of a Delphi survey. The analysis is compared to results that were presented without the benefit of the author's approach. This paper shows that use of the advocated approach can streamline and strengthen studies, improve the validity of results, and thus better serve the consumers of the research findings. Since the ranking-type Delphi is so popular among information systems researchers, a consistent method is needed to apply to their data collection, analysis, and reporting of results. This paper provides such a method in concise form and illustrates the use of the method in a manner affording comparison between it and previous practice.

992 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: A novel stochastic inversion transduction grammar formalism for bilingual language modeling of sentence-pairs, and the concept of bilingual parsing with a variety of parallel corpus analysis applications are introduced.
Abstract: We introduce (1) a novel stochastic inversion transduction grammar formalism for bilingual language modeling of sentence-pairs, and (2) the concept of bilingual parsing with a variety of parallel corpus analysis applications. Aside from the bilingual orientation, three major features distinguish the formalism from the finite-state transducers more traditionally found in computational linguistics: it skips directly to a context-free rather than finite-state base, it permits a minimal extra degree of ordering flexibility, and its probabilistic formulation admits an efficient maximum-likelihood bilingual parsing algorithm. A convenient normal form is shown to exist. Analysis of the formalism's expressiveness suggests that it is particularly well suited to modeling ordering shifts between languages, balancing needed flexibility against complexity constraints. We discuss a number of examples of how stochastic inversion transduction grammars bring bilingual constraints to bear upon problematic corpus analysis tasks such as segmentation, bracketing, phrasal alignment, and parsing.

987 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the contribution of each of the four dimensions in Thomas and Velthouse's (1990) multidimensional conceptualization of psychological empowerment in predicting three expected outcomes of empowerment: effectiveness, work satisfaction, and job-related strain.

933 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, room temperature free excition absorption and luminescence were observed in ZnO thin films grown on sapphire substrates by the laser molecular beam epitaxy technique.

925 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found evidence that when current earnings are poor and expected future earnings are good, managers "borrow" earnings from the future for use in the current period, whereas when current profits are "good", managers "save" current profits for possible use in future periods.

884 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this study highlight the importance of a strong theoretical base in developing such a valid model, and management should be cautious when using these models to assess the performance of their ICs.
Abstract: Structural equation modeling is a technique that has been widely used for instrument validation and model testing in research in marketing and organizational behavior. The technique has also been introduced to MIS researchers and used in several studies recently reported in the literature. This article offers an example of how the technique can be used for instrument validation and model testing. The illustration is made through a reexamination of a model for evaluating information center (IC) success. With the growth of end-user computing, the success of an IC is more important than ever. Obtaining a valid model for measuring IC success is thus crucial to organizations with ICs. The results of this study highlight the importance of a strong theoretical base in developing such a valid model, and management should be cautious when using these models to assess the performance of their ICs.

778 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the indigenous concept of guanxi and its applications in the Chinese context and developed an integrative framework that will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics underlying demographic and background similarities between people in Chinese context than by using either concept alone.
Abstract: This article explores the indigenous concept of guanxi and its applications in the Chinese context. Guanxi is defined as the existence of direct particularistic ties between two or more individuals. We relate this concept to the idea of relational demography, which has been used by U.S. scholars in recent years to explain and predict a variety of individual-, group-, and organizational-level outcomes in U.S. employment settings. By comparing and contrasting the idea of guanxi to relational demography, we aim to develop an integrative framework that will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics underlying demographic and background similarities between people in the Chinese context than by using either concept alone. We offer several illustrative hypotheses on how and when relational demography and guanxi will matter most in influencing work outcomes in Chinese organizations.

655 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: The authors discusses models with generalized balanced growth paths, which retain some of the key features of balanced growth, but are consistent with the observed labour reallocations dynamics, and show that the conventional explanation for the observed patterns of structural change is that the rate of technical progress has been higher in agriculture than in services.
Abstract: One of the most striking regularities of the growth process is the massive reallocation of labour from agriculture into industry and services Balanced growth models are commonly used in macroeconomics because they are consistent with the well-known Kaldor facts about economic growth Unfortunately, these models are inconsistent with the structural change dynamics that are a central feature of economic development This paper discusses models with generalized balanced growth paths These paths retain some of the key features of balanced growth, but are consistent with the observed labour reallocations dynamics The conventional explanation for the observed patterns of structural change is that the rate of technical progress has been higher in agriculture than in services We show that this pattern of technical progress is neither necessary nor sufficient to account for the observed dynamics of structural change The key to producing these reallocation dynamics are differences in the income elasticity of the demand for the goods produced by the different sectors

564 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a strip saturation model is developed for a finite crack perpendicular or parallel to the poling axis of an infinite poled piezoelectric ceramics medium with electrical polarization reaching a saturation limit along a line segment in front of the crack.
Abstract: Structural reliability concerns of various electromechanical devices call for a better understanding of the mechanisms of fracture in piezoelectric ceramics subjected to combined mechanical and electrical loading. For these materials, due to unexplained discrepancies between theory and experiments, even the basic criterion of fracture remains a point of controversy. A viewpoint adopted in this paper is to model piezoelectric ceramics as a class of mechanically brittle and electrically ductile solids. As a first step toward understanding the effects of electric yielding, a strip saturation model is developed for a finite crack perpendicular or parallel to the poling axis of an infinite poled piezoelectric ceramics medium with electrical polarization reaching a saturation limit along a line segment in front of the crack. This model may be considered as a generalization of the classical Dugdale model for plastic yielding near cracks in thin metal sheets. The essential features of the strip saturation model are analyzed via a simplified electroelasticity formulation. Two energy release rates emerge from this analysis. An “apparent” or global energy release rate appears when evaluating J-integral along a contour surrounding both the electrical yielding strip and the crack tip. Under small scale yielding conditions, this energy release rate is equal to that of a linear piezoelectric crack without electrical yielding. A “local” energy release rate is obtained by evaluating J along an infinitesimal contour near the crack tip. The local energy release rate gives predictions which seem to be in broad agreement with experimental observations. It is also interesting that the local energy release rate is independent of the strength and size of electrical yielding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of constructive algorithms for structure learning in feed-forward neural networks for regression problems can be found in this paper, where the authors formulate the whole problem as a state-space search, with special emphasis on the search strategy.
Abstract: In this survey paper, we review the constructive algorithms for structure learning in feedforward neural networks for regression problems. The basic idea is to start with a small network, then add hidden units and weights incrementally until a satisfactory solution is found. By formulating the whole problem as a state-space search, we first describe the general issues in constructive algorithms, with special emphasis on the search strategy. A taxonomy, based on the differences in the state transition mapping, the training algorithm, and the network architecture, is then presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test assertions that economic value added (EVA) is more highly associated with stock returns and firm values than accrual earnings, and evaluate which components of EVA, if any, contribute to these associations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors compared the expression of doubt and certainty in the examination scripts of 900 Cantonese speaking school leavers writing in English with those of 770 British learners of similar age and educational level, and found that these L2 writers differ significantly from the NSs in relying on a more limited range of items, offering stronger commitments, and exhibiting greater problems in conveying a precise degree of certainty.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual framework linking the hue, chroma, and value of the colors in an ad to consumers' feelings and attitudes is proposed and tested, and the results support the hypotheses that ads containing colors with a higher level of value lead to greater liking for the ad, and this effect is mediated by the greater feelings of relaxation elicited by the higher value color.
Abstract: In designing print ads, one of the decisions the advertiser must make is which colors to use as executional cues in the ad. Typically, color decisions are based on intuition and anecdotal evidence. To provide guidelines for these decisions, this research proposes and tests a conceptual framework linking the hue, chroma, and value of the colors in an ad to consumers' feelings and attitudes. In an experimental study, the three dimensions of color used in an ad are manipulated using a between-subjects design. The results support the hypotheses that ads containing colors with a higher level of value lead to greater liking for the ad, and this effect is mediated by the greater feelings of relaxation elicited by the higher value color. Feelings play an equally important role in the effect of chroma. Consistent with the hypotheses, higher levels of chroma elicit greater feelings of excitement, which in turn increase ad likeability. A follow-up study found that although managers often select higher value and higher chroma colors, in a large number of cases they do not. The findings of both studies are integrated in our discussion of the importance of value and chroma in increasing the range of options available to a manager faced with the selection of colors in an ad.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using several simplifications of the vector-space model for text retrieval queries, the authors seek the optimal balance between processing efficiency and retrieval effectiveness as expressed in relevant document rankings.
Abstract: Efficient and effective text retrieval techniques are critical in managing the increasing amount of textual information available in electronic form. Yet text retrieval is a daunting task because it is difficult to extract the semantics of natural language texts. Many problems must be resolved before natural language processing techniques can be effectively applied to a large collection of texts. Most existing text retrieval techniques rely on indexing keywords. Unfortunately, keywords or index terms alone cannot adequately capture the document contents, resulting in poor retrieval performance. Yet keyword indexing is widely used in commercial systems because it is still the most viable way by far to process large amounts of text. Using several simplifications of the vector-space model for text retrieval queries, the authors seek the optimal balance between processing efficiency and retrieval effectiveness as expressed in relevant document rankings.

Proceedings Article
25 Aug 1997
TL;DR: A heuristic algorithm is developed which can provide a feasible solution based on individual optimal query plans and map the materialized view design problem as O-l integer programming problem, whose solution can guarantee an optimal solution.
Abstract: Selecting views to materialize is one of the most important decisions in designing a data warehouse. In this paper, we present a framework for analyzing the issues in selecting views to materialize so as to achieve the best combination of good query performance and low view maintenance. We first develop a heuristic algorithm which can provide a feasible solution based on individual optimal query plans. We also map the materialized view design problem as O-l integer programming problem, whose solution can guarantee an optimal solution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a capacitively loaded planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) was proposed and studied, and it was found that the capacitive load reduced the resonance length of the PIFA from /spl lambda/4 to less than /spl ε/S.
Abstract: A capacitively loaded planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is proposed and studied. It is found that the capacitive load reduces the resonance length of the PIFA from /spl lambda//4 to less than /spl lambda//S. A design with a bandwidth of 178 MHz centered at 1.8 GHz is provided to demonstrate that compact antennas for mobile telephone handsets can be constructed using this approach. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used in the study and experimental verification is also provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It has been shown that the production of propionic acid is not always related to high hydrogen partial pressure, and when the operating pH was increased to 5.5, the yield of Propionic acid became significant.
Abstract: It has been found, in this study, that a new ethanol-type fermentation can be obtained in a continuous flow, high-rate acidogenic reactor receiving molasses as the feed. The operating pH must be maintained at about 4.5 to avoid onset of propionic fermentation. The acidogenic reactor had a VSS level of 20 g/L and its organic loading was as high as 80 to 90 kg COD/m(3) d. The operating ORP was around -250 mV. The ethanol-type fermentation was characterized by a simultaneous production of acetic acid and ethanol, while the yield of propionic was minimal even at a high organic loading rate of 80 to 90 kg COD/m(3) d, and also, the hydrogen partial pressure was as high as 50 kPa. Thus, this study has shown that the production of propionic acid is not always related to high hydrogen partial pressure. When the operating pH was increased to 5.5, the yield of propionic acid became significant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The strict stationarity of the augmented GARCH process is characterized and this process is shown to contain many existing parametric GARCH models that are commonly used for modeling stochastic volatility in the finance literature.

Posted Content
TL;DR: The authors discusses models with generalized balanced growth paths, which retain some of the key features of balanced growth but are consistent with the observed labor reallocations dynamics, which are a central feature of economic development.
Abstract: One of the most striking regularities of the growth process is the massive reallocation of labor from agriculture into industry and services. Balanced growth models are commonly used in macroeconomics because they are consistent with the well-known Kaldor facts about economic growth. These models are, however, inconsistent with the structural change dynamics that are a central feature of economic development. This paper discusses models with generalized balanced growth paths. These paths retain some of the key features of balanced growth but are consistent with the observed labor reallocations dynamics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the proposed algorithm is simple and efficient and requires about one half of the computation for the TSS while keeping the same regularity and good performance.
Abstract: The three-step search (TSS) algorithm for block-matching motion estimation, due to its simplicity, significant computational reduction, and good performance, has been widely used in real-time video applications. A new search algorithm is proposed for further reduction of computational complexity for motion estimation. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is simple and efficient and requires about one half of the computation for the TSS while keeping the same regularity and good performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, azo, anthraquinone, metal complex, and indigo were examined in white-rot fungal cultures and by fungal peroxidase-catalysed oxidation, and the results indicated that a highly efficient bioprocess using white rot fungi to remove color from industrial effluents should produce ligninase, H2O2, veratryl alcohol continuously and coordinately under acidic condition and controlled back-mixing flow of wastewater.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive model of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is described that includes the interference effects that produce speckle in images of dense heterogeneous tissue.
Abstract: A comprehensive model of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is described that includes the interference effects that produce speckle in images of dense heterogeneous tissue. It is based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel formulation of beam propagation in a turbulent atmosphere, adapted to the analysis of OCT. Incorporated in the model is a fractal description of the size distribution of scatterers in tissue. We demonstrate its application in the simulation of images of tissue volumes containing high-contrast targets embedded in a mixture of two sizes of particles. The simulated images show the degradation of image quality caused by speckle noise, along with the benefits of employing a light source with a short coherence time and an objective lens with a high numerical aperture. Based on model results, an estimate of the maximum probing depth is given in terms of the design variables of an OCT scanner and the optical properties of the tissue.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a network toll pattern is proposed to reduce network travel demand to a desirable level, where the demand between each origin-destination pair is described as a function of the generalized travel cost.
Abstract: Road pricing is now being advocated as an efficient means of managing traffic demand and of meeting other objectives, such as reducing the environmental impact of road traffic and improving public transport. This paper shows how a network toll pattern could be determined so as to reduce network travel demand to a desirable level. The demand between each origin-destination pair is described as a function of the generalized travel cost. When there is no toll charge, higher values of potential demand might cause congestion and queuing at bottleneck links of the road network. Queuing delay at saturated links may grow to choke off enough potential demand to reduce realized demand to the capacity of the network, thus leading to a queuing equilibrium where travel demand and travel cost match each other. In this paper, we first show how an elastic-demand network equilibrium model with queue could be used to determine this demand-supply equilibrium. We then seek a link toll pattern to remove the wasteful queuing delay, and/or restrain the realized demand to a desirable level to satisfy environment capacity constraints. We also show that the link toll pattern that could hold the traffic demand to a desirable level is not unique, a bi-level programming method is developed to select the best toll pattern among the feasible solutions based on pre-specified criteria.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new configuration of an optical coherence microscope for high-resolution imaging of biological tissues and other scattering materials is described, which employs multiple sources and detectors combined with high-numerical-aperture optics to suppress speckle fluctuations and enhance resolution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, generalized gradient approximations have been used to calculate the potential energy curves for six rare gas diatomic molecules and show a significant improvement over the local density approximation in the prediction of bond lengths and dissociation energies.
Abstract: Generalized gradient approximations have been used to calculate the potential energy curves for six rare gas diatomic molecules. Several generalized gradient approximations are found to provide a good description of binding in these diatomic molecules and show a significant improvement over the local density approximation in the prediction of bond lengths and dissociation energies. It is shown here that the behavior of an exchange functional in the region of small density and large density gradient plays a very important role in the ability of the functional to describe this type of van der Waals attraction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a pure ceramic ZnO target was ablated by the KrF laser pulses (248 nm, 10 Hz, 1 J/cm2) in an ultra high vacuum to deposit ZnOs on sapphire (0001) substrate.
Abstract: High quality ZnO thin film was grown by Laser MBE. A pure ceramic ZnO target was ablated by the KrF laser pulses (248 nm, 10 Hz, 1 J/cm2) in an ultra high vacuum to deposit ZnO film on sapphire (0001) substrate. The lateral grain size was about 50 nm for the sample with thickness of 55 nm. At room temperature, the peak of the exciton absorption and the photoluminescence have the same energy. Under high density excitation (355 nm, 35 ps, 10 Hz), an exciton–exciton collision process was observed as P2 and P lines where 2S exciton and ionized exciton remain. From the edge of the sample, a very rapid increase of the P line was observed with the increase of the excitation power. A fine structure that comes from the cavity mode was also observed. These facts suggest that the lasing of the exciton was observed at room temperature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared Bertrand and Cournot equilibria in a differentiated duopoly with R&D (research and development) competition and showed that Cournot competition induces more effort than Bertrand competition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Withholding antibiotic treatment at the onset of infection could be fatal and is not recommended, but the concomitant use of IL-6 and C-reactive protein or TNFα should allow antimicrobial treatment to be discontinued at 48 hours without waiting for microbiological results, provided that the infants are in good clinical condition.
Abstract: AIMS—To evaluate the commonly used markers—namely IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, C-reactive protein and E-selectin for identification of late onset neonatal sepsis; to define the optimal cutoff value for each marker in preterm neonates; to assess whether these markers could assist in early discontinuation of antibiotics in non-infected cases; and to delineate the profile of these markers during systemic infection and in relation to successful treatment. METHODS—Very low birthweight infants in whom clinical sepsis was suspected when they were >72 hours of age were eligible for study. A full sepsis screen was performed in each episode. Cytokines, C-reactive protein, and E-selectin were serially measured on days 0 (at the time of sepsis evaluation), 1, 2, 4 and 7. The optimal cutoff value for each marker was calculated after minimising the number of misclassified episodes over all possible cutoff values for days 0 and 1. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for each test and combination of tests for predicting systemic infection were also determined. RESULTS—One hundred and one episodes of suspected clinical sepsis were investigated in 68 infants. Forty five episodes were proved to be infections. The optimal cutoff values were IL-6 31 pg/ml, TNFα 17 pg/ml, IL-1β 1 pg/ml, C reactive protein 12 mg/l and E-selectin 174 ng/ml. IL-6 had the highest sensitivity (89%) and negative predictive value (91%) for detecting late onset infection on day 0. However, between 24 and 48 hours of onset, C-reactive protein was the best single marker, with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 96%, respectively. The use of serial and multiple markers in the first 48 hours further enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of these tests. Performing IL-6 and C-reactive protein on day 0, together with either TNFα on day 1 or C-reactive protein on day 2, showed the best overall sensitivity (98%) and specificity (91%) for the diagnosis of late onset infection. CONCLUSIONS—Optimal cutoff values for these markers in detecting late onset systemic infection in very low birthweight infants have been defined. Withholding antibiotic treatment at the onset of infection could be fatal and is not recommended, but the concomitant use of IL-6 and C-reactive protein or TNFα should allow antimicrobial treatment to be discontinued at 48 hours without waiting for microbiological results, provided that the infants are in good clinical condition. Keywords: C-reactive protein; E-selectin; interleukin 1β; interleukin-6; tumour necrosis factor α; very low birthweight