Showing papers by "Hungarian Academy of Sciences published in 2010"
TL;DR: An online tool to draw survival plots, which can be used to assess the relevance of the expression levels of various genes on the clinical outcome both in untreated and treated breast cancer patients, and which validated the capability of microarrays to determine estrogen receptor status in 1,231 patients.
Abstract: Validating prognostic or predictive candidate genes in appropriately powered breast cancer cohorts are of utmost interest. Our aim was to develop an online tool to draw survival plots, which can be used to assess the relevance of the expression levels of various genes on the clinical outcome both in untreated and treated breast cancer patients. A background database was established using gene expression data and survival information of 1,809 patients downloaded from GEO (Affymetrix HGU133A and HGU133+2 microarrays). The median relapse free survival is 6.43 years, 968/1,231 patients are estrogen-receptor (ER) positive, and 190/1,369 are lymph-node positive. After quality control and normalization only probes present on both Affymetrix platforms were retained (n = 22,277). In order to analyze the prognostic value of a particular gene, the cohorts are divided into two groups according to the median (or upper/lower quartile) expression of the gene. The two groups can be compared in terms of relapse free survival, overall survival, and distant metastasis free survival. A survival curve is displayed, and the hazard ratio with 95% confidence intervals and logrank P value are calculated and displayed. Additionally, three subgroups of patients can be assessed: systematically untreated patients, endocrine-treated ER positive patients, and patients with a distribution of clinical characteristics representative of those seen in general clinical practice in the US. Web address: www.kmplot.com . We used this integrative data analysis tool to confirm the prognostic power of the proliferation-related genes TOP2A and TOP2B, MKI67, CCND2, CCND3, CCNDE2, as well as CDKN1A, and TK2. We also validated the capability of microarrays to determine estrogen receptor status in 1,231 patients. The tool is highly valuable for the preliminary assessment of biomarkers, especially for research groups with limited bioinformatic resources.
2,395 citations
TL;DR: A network based on genetic interaction profiles reveals a functional map of the cell in which genes of similar biological processes cluster together in coherent subsets, and highly correlated profiles delineate specific pathways to define gene function.
Abstract: A genome-scale genetic interaction map was constructed by examining 5.4 million gene-gene pairs for synthetic genetic interactions, generating quantitative genetic interaction profiles for ~75% of all genes in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A network based on genetic interaction profiles reveals a functional map of the cell in which genes of similar biological processes cluster together in coherent subsets, and highly correlated profiles delineate specific pathways to define gene function. The global network identifies functional cross-connections between all bioprocesses, mapping a cellular wiring diagram of pleiotropy. Genetic interaction degree correlated with a number of different gene attributes, which may be informative about genetic network hubs in other organisms. We also demonstrate that extensive and unbiased mapping of the genetic landscape provides a key for interpretation of chemical-genetic interactions and drug target identification.
2,225 citations
TL;DR: It is shown theoretically that recurrent neural networks can generate an asynchronous state characterized by arbitrarily low mean spiking correlations despite substantial amounts of shared input, which generates negative correlations in synaptic currents which cancel the effect of sharedinput.
Abstract: Correlated spiking is often observed in cortical circuits, but its functional role is controversial. It is believed that correlations are a consequence of shared inputs between nearby neurons and could severely constrain information decoding. Here we show theoretically that recurrent neural networks can generate an asynchronous state characterized by arbitrarily low mean spiking correlations despite substantial amounts of shared input. In this state, spontaneous fluctuations in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory populations accurately track each other, generating negative correlations in synaptic currents which cancel the effect of shared input. Near-zero mean correlations were seen experimentally in recordings from rodent neocortex in vivo. Our results suggest a reexamination of the sources underlying observed correlations and their functional consequences for information processing.
1,102 citations
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile1, University of Hertfordshire2, Queen Mary University of London3, European Southern Observatory4, National University of Cordoba5, University of Michigan6, University of La Serena7, University of Florida8, University of São Paulo9, Space Telescope Science Institute10, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul11, Valparaiso University12, University of Chile13, Chinese Academy of Sciences14, University of Sheffield15, Hungarian Academy of Sciences16, Imperial College London17, National University of La Plata18, University of Concepción19, Max Planck Society20, University of Cambridge21, University of Manchester22, Spanish National Research Council23, University of Southampton24, INAF25, Rochester Institute of Technology26, European Space Research and Technology Centre27, University of Padua28, Andrés Bello National University29, Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory30, University of Leicester31, University of Kent32
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of single-input single-output (SISO) communication in the context of artificial neural networks (ANNs).
927 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that hierarchical organization of group flight may be more efficient than an egalitarian one, at least for those flock sizes that permit regular pairwise interactions among group members, during which leader–follower relationships are consistently manifested.
Abstract: Animals that travel together in groups display a variety of fascinating motion patterns thought to be the result of delicate local interactions among group members. Although the most informative way of investigating and interpreting collective movement phenomena would be afforded by the collection of high-resolution spatiotemporal data from moving individuals, such data are scarce and are virtually non-existent for long-distance group motion within a natural setting because of the associated technological difficulties. Here we present results of experiments in which track logs of homing pigeons flying in flocks of up to 10 individuals have been obtained by high-resolution lightweight GPS devices and analysed using a variety of correlation functions inspired by approaches common in statistical physics. We find a well-defined hierarchy among flock members from data concerning leading roles in pairwise interactions, defined on the basis of characteristic delay times between birds' directional choices. The average spatial position of a pigeon within the flock strongly correlates with its place in the hierarchy, and birds respond more quickly to conspecifics perceived primarily through the left eye-both results revealing differential roles for birds that assume different positions with respect to flock-mates. From an evolutionary perspective, our results suggest that hierarchical organization of group flight may be more efficient than an egalitarian one, at least for those flock sizes that permit regular pairwise interactions among group members, during which leader-follower relationships are consistently manifested.
898 citations
Queen Mary University of London1, University of Groningen2, Utrecht University3, University of Debrecen4, National Institutes of Health5, University of Milan6, University Medical Center Utrecht7, Hungarian Academy of Sciences8, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza9, King's College London10, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute11, University of Tampere12, Trinity College, Dublin13, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital14, Sapienza University of Rome15, Leiden University16, Mayo Clinic17, University of California, Los Angeles18, University of Helsinki19, University of Naples Federico II20, Beckman Research Institute21, University of Milano-Bicocca22
TL;DR: This article performed a second-generation genome-wide association study of 4,533 individuals with celiac disease (cases) and 10,750 control subjects, and genotyped 113 selected SNPs with P(GWAS) < 10(-4) and 18 SNPs from 14 known loci in a further 4,918 cases and 5,684 controls.
Abstract: We performed a second-generation genome-wide association study of 4,533 individuals with celiac disease (cases) and 10,750 control subjects. We genotyped 113 selected SNPs with P(GWAS) < 10(-4) and 18 SNPs from 14 known loci in a further 4,918 cases and 5,684 controls. Variants from 13 new regions reached genome-wide significance (P(combined) < 5 x 10(-8)); most contain genes with immune functions (BACH2, CCR4, CD80, CIITA-SOCS1-CLEC16A, ICOSLG and ZMIZ1), with ETS1, RUNX3, THEMIS and TNFRSF14 having key roles in thymic T-cell selection. There was evidence to suggest associations for a further 13 regions. In an expression quantitative trait meta-analysis of 1,469 whole blood samples, 20 of 38 (52.6%) tested loci had celiac risk variants correlated (P < 0.0028, FDR 5%) with cis gene expression.
894 citations
Queen Mary University of London1, University of Groningen2, Utrecht University3, University of Debrecen4, National Institutes of Health5, University of Milan6, University Medical Center Utrecht7, Hungarian Academy of Sciences8, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza9, King's College London10, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute11, University of Tampere12, Trinity College, Dublin13, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital14, Sapienza University of Rome15, Leiden University16, Mayo Clinic17, University of California, Los Angeles18, University of Helsinki19, University of Naples Federico II20, Beckman Research Institute21, University of Milano-Bicocca22
TL;DR: Variants from 13 new regions reached genome-wide significance and most contain genes with immune functions, with ETS1, RUNX3, THEMIS and TNFRSF14 having key roles in thymic T-cell selection.
Abstract: We performed a second-generation genome-wide association study of 4,533 individuals with celiac disease (cases) and 10,750 control subjects. We genotyped 113 selected SNPs with P(GWAS) < 10(-4) and 18 SNPs from 14 known loci in a further 4,918 cases and 5,684 controls. Variants from 13 new regions reached genome-wide significance (P(combined) < 5 x 10(-8)); most contain genes with immune functions (BACH2, CCR4, CD80, CIITA-SOCS1-CLEC16A, ICOSLG and ZMIZ1), with ETS1, RUNX3, THEMIS and TNFRSF14 having key roles in thymic T-cell selection. There was evidence to suggest associations for a further 13 regions. In an expression quantitative trait meta-analysis of 1,469 whole blood samples, 20 of 38 (52.6%) tested loci had celiac risk variants correlated (P < 0.0028, FDR 5%) with cis gene expression.
845 citations
Vardan Khachatryan, Albert M. Sirunyan, Armen Tumasyan, Wolfgang Adam1 +2197 more•Institutions (149)
TL;DR: The pre-print version of the Published Article can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 Springer Verlag as discussed by the authors, which can be viewed as a preprint of the published article.
Abstract: This is the pre-print version of the Published Article, which can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 Springer Verlag
717 citations
TL;DR: Results from a sample of 1,265 children in Grade 2 showed that phonological awareness was the main factor associated with reading performance in each language, however, its impact was modulated by the transparency of the orthography, being stronger in less transparent orthographies.
Abstract: Alphabetic orthographies differ in the transparency of their letter-sound mappings, with English orthography being less transparent than other alphabetic scripts. The outlier status of English has led scientists to question the generality of findings based on English-language studies. We investigated the role of phonological awareness, memory, vocabulary, rapid naming, and nonverbal intelligence in reading performance across five languages lying at differing positions along a transparency continuum (Finnish, Hungarian, Dutch, Portuguese, and French). Results from a sample of 1,265 children in Grade 2 showed that phonological awareness was the main factor associated with reading performance in each language. However, its impact was modulated by the transparency of the orthography, being stronger in less transparent orthographies. The influence of rapid naming was rather weak and limited to reading and decoding speed. Most predictors of reading performance were relatively universal across these alphabetic languages, although their precise weight varied systematically as a function of script transparency.
685 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that learning an internal model of the sensory environment is another key aspect of the same statistical inference procedure and thus perception and learning need to be treated jointly.
664 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the first measurement of charged particle elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) p = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider was performed in the central pseudorapidity region.
Abstract: We report the first measurement of charged particle elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) p = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (vertical bar eta vertical bar < 0.8) and transverse momentum range 0.2 < p(t) < 5.0 GeV/c. The elliptic flow signal v(2), measured using the 4-particle correlation method, averaged over transverse momentum and pseudorapidity is 0.087 +/- 0.002(stat) +/- 0.003(syst) in the 40%-50% centrality class. The differential elliptic flow v(2)(p(t)) reaches a maximum of 0.2 near p(t) = 3 GeV/c. Compared to RHIC Au-Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV, the elliptic flow increases by about 30%. Some hydrodynamic model predictions which include viscous corrections are in agreement with the observed increase.
TL;DR: It is shown that adults and 7-month-olds automatically encode others” beliefs, and that, surprisingly, others’ beliefs have similar effects as the participants’ own beliefs.
Abstract: Human social interactions crucially depend on the ability to represent other agents' beliefs even when these contradict our own beliefs, leading to the potentially complex problem of simultaneously holding two conflicting representations in mind. Here, we show that adults and 7-month-olds automatically encode others' beliefs, and that, surprisingly, others' beliefs have similar effects as the participants' own beliefs. In a visual object detection task, participants' beliefs and the beliefs of an agent (whose beliefs were irrelevant to performing the task) both modulated adults' reaction times and infants' looking times. Moreover, the agent's beliefs influenced participants' behavior even after the agent had left the scene, suggesting that participants computed the agent's beliefs online and sustained them, possibly for future predictions about the agent's behavior. Hence, the mere presence of an agent automatically triggers powerful processes of belief computation that may be part of a "social sense" crucial to human societies.
Leibniz Association1, Deutscher Wetterdienst2, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology3, Stockholm University4, University of Birmingham5, University of Vienna6, Hungarian Academy of Sciences7, Ghent University8, National Institutes of Health9, National Research Council10, University of Augsburg11, University of Huelva12, Eötvös Loránd University13, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands14, Environment Agency15
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize data on aerosol (particulate matter, PM) physical and chemical characteristics, which were obtained over the past decade in aerosol research and monitoring activities.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that nodule-specific cysteine-rich NCR peptides are targeted to the bacteria and enter the bacterial membrane and cytosol and reveal a previously unknown innovation of the host plant that adopts effectors of the innate immune system for symbiosis to manipulate the cell fate of endosymbiotic bacteria.
Abstract: Legume plants host nitrogen-fixing endosymbiotic Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules In Medicago truncatula, the bacteria undergo an irreversible (terminal) differentiation mediated by hitherto unidentified plant factors We demonstrated that these factors are nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides that are targeted to the bacteria and enter the bacterial membrane and cytosol Obstruction of NCR transport in the dnf1-1 signal peptidase mutant correlated with the absence of terminal bacterial differentiation On the contrary, ectopic expression of NCRs in legumes devoid of NCRs or challenge of cultured rhizobia with peptides provoked symptoms of terminal differentiation Because NCRs resemble antimicrobial peptides, our findings reveal a previously unknown innovation of the host plant, which adopts effectors of the innate immune system for symbiosis to manipulate the cell fate of endosymbiotic bacteria
TL;DR: Genetic heterogeneity in the 11 double stranded RNA segments across different rotavirus strains has provided evidence for frequent intersections between the evolution of human and animal rotaviruses, as a result of multiple, repeated events of interspecies transmission and subsequent adaptation.
Space Telescope Science Institute1, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network2, Aarhus University3, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven4, Université Paris-Saclay5, Yale University6, University of Sydney7, University of Birmingham8, University of Porto9, Royal Observatory of Belgium10, Los Alamos National Laboratory11, University of Vienna12, Iowa State University13, Hungarian Academy of Sciences14, University of Central Lancashire15, National Center for Atmospheric Research16, Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute17, Spanish National Research Council18, Ames Research Center19, Goddard Space Flight Center20, Harvard University21, Fermilab22
TL;DR: The first 43 days of the Kepler asteroseismology program were reported in this paper, showing that the unique capabilities of Kepler in providing a revolutionary advance in stellar astrophysics are already well in evidence.
Abstract: .Asteroseismology involves probing the interiors of stars and quantifying their global properties, such as radius and age, through observations of normal modes of oscillation. The technical requirements for conducting asteroseismology include ultrahigh precision measured in photometry in parts per million, as well as nearly continuous time series over weeks to years, and cadences rapid enough to sample oscillations with periods as short as a few minutes. We report on results from the first 43 days of observations, in which the unique capabilities of Kepler in providing a revolutionary advance in asteroseismology are already well in evidence. The Kepler asteroseismology program holds intrinsic importance in supporting the core planetary search program through greatly enhanced knowledge of host star properties, and extends well beyond this to rich applications in stellar astrophysics.
TL;DR: In this article, a process of wet chemical purification, oxidation and functionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is investigated to determine the structural and chemical changes in atomic bonding caused by oxidation in an aqueous solution of concentrated (68%) HNO3 at 120 C.
Vardan Khachatryan, Albert M. Sirunyan, Armen Tumasyan, Wolfgang Adam1 +2087 more•Institutions (132)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV with the inner tracking system of the CMS detector at the LHC.
Abstract: Charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV are measured with the inner tracking system of the CMS detector at the LHC. The charged-hadron yield is obtained by counting the number of reconstructed hits, hit pairs, and fully reconstructed charged-particle tracks. The combination of the three methods gives a charged-particle multiplicity per unit of pseudorapidity dN(ch)/d eta vertical bar(vertical bar eta vertical bar<0.5) = 5.78 +/- 0.01(stat) +/- 0.23(stat) for non-single-diffractive events, higher than predicted by commonly used models. The relative increase in charged-particle multiplicity from root s = 0.9 to 7 TeV is [66.1 +/- 1.0(stat) +/- 4.2(syst)]%. The mean transverse momentum is measured to be 0.545 +/- 0.005(stat) +/- 0.015(syst) GeV/c. The results are compared with similar measurements at lower energies.
TL;DR: In this paper, the production of e(+)e(-) pairs for m(e+e-) < 0.3 GeV/c(2) and 1 < p(T) < 5 GeV /c is measured in p + p and Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV.
Abstract: The production of e(+)e(-) pairs for m(e+e-) < 0.3 GeV/c(2) and 1< p(T) < 5 GeV/c is measured in p + p and Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. An enhanced yield above hadronic sources is observed. Treating the excess as photon internal conversions, the invariant yield of direct photons is deduced. In central Au + Au collisions, the excess of the direct photon yield over p + p is exponential in transverse momentum, with an inverse slope T = 221 +/- 19(stat) +/- 19(syst) MeV. Hydrodynamical models with initial temperatures ranging from T-init similar to 300-600 MeV at times of similar to 0.6-0.15 fm/c after the collision are in qualitative agreement with the data. Lattice QCD predicts a phase transition to quark gluon plasma at similar to 170 MeV.
TL;DR: A mechanism how inflammatory molecules modulate PPARγ signaling in distinct subsets of cells is demonstrated, representing a unique way of controlling nuclear receptor signaling by inflammatory molecules in immune cells.
TL;DR: Stable and unstable motions are described that may give the skeleton of traffic dynamics, and the effects of driver behaviour are emphasized in determining the emergent state in a vehicular system.
Abstract: This introductory paper reviews the current state-of-the-art scientific methods used for modelling, analysing and controlling the dynamics of vehicular traffic. Possible mechanisms underlying traffic jam formation and propagation are presented from a dynamical viewpoint. Stable and unstable motions are described that may give the skeleton of traffic dynamics, and the effects of driver behaviour are emphasized in determining the emergent state in a vehicular system. At appropriate points, references are provided to the papers published in the corresponding Theme Issue.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that performance changes related to different levels of expectancy originate in dynamic modulation of delta oscillation phase and that the fastest reactions occurred during the delta phase that most commonly coincided with the target event in high expectancy conditions.
Abstract: The more we anticipate a response to a predictable stimulus, the faster we react. This empirical observation has been confirmed and quantified by many investigators suggesting that the processing of behaviorally relevant stimuli is facilitated by probability-based confidence of anticipation. However, the exact neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are largely unknown. Here we show that performance changes related to different levels of expectancy originate in dynamic modulation of delta oscillation phase. Our results obtained in rhythmic auditory target detection tasks indicated significant entrainment of the EEG delta rhythm to the onset of the target tones with increasing phase synchronization at higher levels of predictability. Reaction times correlated with the phase of the delta band oscillation at target onset. The fastest reactions occurred during the delta phase that most commonly coincided with the target event in the high expectancy conditions. These results suggest that low-frequency oscillations play a functional role in human anticipatory mechanisms, presumably by modulating synchronized rhythmic fluctuations in the excitability of large neuronal populations and by facilitating efficient task-related neuronal communication among brain areas responsible for sensory processing and response execution.
Albert Einstein Institution1, Ewha Womans University2, University of Oxford3, Hungarian Academy of Sciences4, University of Savoy5, CERN6, Uppsala University7, King's College London8, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute9, Jagiellonian University10, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University11, École Normale Supérieure12, Princeton University13, University of Copenhagen14, University of Lyon15, University of Miami16, Imperial College London17, Pennsylvania State University18, University of California, Santa Barbara19, Humboldt University of Berlin20, University of York21, Utrecht University22, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics23
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the achievements and the status of integrability in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence as of the year 2010.
Abstract: This is the introductory chapter of a review collection on integrability in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. In the collection we present an overview of the achievements and the status of this subject as of the year 2010.
TL;DR: Investigating the mouse whisker system, this work found an additional and equally direct pathway for cortical motor control driven by the primary somatosensory cortex, providing a rapid negative feedback signal for sensorimotor integration.
Abstract: Classical studies of mammalian movement control define a prominent role for the primary motor cortex. Investigating the mouse whisker system, we found an additional and equally direct pathway for cortical motor control driven by the primary somatosensory cortex. Whereas activity in primary motor cortex directly evokes exploratory whisker protraction, primary somatosensory cortex directly drives whisker retraction, providing a rapid negative feedback signal for sensorimotor integration. Motor control by sensory cortex suggests the need to reevaluate the functional organization of cortical maps.
TL;DR: The DynTex database of high-quality dynamic texture videos is presented and a scheme for the manual annotation of the sequences based on a detailed analysis of the physical processes underlying the dynamic textures is proposed.
TL;DR: The recognition of the optical activity of organic compounds, followed by the detailed analysis of optical isomerism, laid the foundation for the development of asymmetric syntheses, a group of reactions of fundamental significance.
Abstract: The recognition of the optical activity of organic compounds, followed by the detailed analysis of optical isomerism,1 laid the foundation for the development of asymmetric syntheses, a group of reactions of fundamental significance. Asymmetric syntheses, available in great varieties, are the indispensable source of a large number of chiral compounds that have become essential for human society. Some of the most important procedures that belong to this group are asymmetric organocatalytic, asymmetric homogeneous and heterogeneous metal catalytic reactions, and enzymecatalyzed procedures. One of the main tasks of pertinent research is the development of chiral catalysts that enable the preparation of the required product in the highest possible enantiomeric excess (ee). The value of ee depends on a number of known and yet unknown factors not only for a given reaction but also for each individual compound within a reaction type.
Proceedings Article•
15 Jul 2010TL;DR: A general overview of the CoNLL-2010 Shared Task, including the annotation protocols of the training and evaluation datasets, the exact task definitions, the evaluation metrics employed and the overall results is provided.
Abstract: The CoNLL-2010 Shared Task was dedicated to the detection of uncertainty cues and their linguistic scope in natural language texts. The motivation behind this task was that distinguishing factual and uncertain information in texts is of essential importance in information extraction. This paper provides a general overview of the shared task, including the annotation protocols of the training and evaluation datasets, the exact task definitions, the evaluation metrics employed and the overall results. The paper concludes with an analysis of the prominent approaches and an overview of the systems submitted to the shared task.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured charged-particle pseudo-rapidity density at the LHC with the ALICE detector at centre-of-mass energies 0.9 TeV and 2.36 TeV in the pseudorapidity range.
Abstract: Charged-particle production was studied in proton-proton collisions collected at the LHC with the ALICE detector at centre-of-mass energies 0.9 TeV and 2.36 TeV in the pseudorapidity range vertical bar eta vertical bar < 1.4. In the central region (vertical bar eta vertical bar < 0.5), at 0.9 TeV, we measure charged-particle pseudo-rapidity density dN(ch)/d eta = 3.02 +/- 0.01(stat.)(-0.05)(+0.08)(syst.) for inelastic interactions, and dN(ch)/d eta = 3.58 +/- 0.01 (stat.)(-0.12)(+0.12)(syst.) for non-single-diffractive interactions. At 2.36 TeV, we find dN(ch)/d eta = 3.77 +/- 0.01(stat.)(-0.12)(+0.25)(syst.) for inelastic, and dN(ch)/d eta = 4.43 +/- 0.01(stat.)(-0.12)(+0.17)(syst.) for non-single-diffractive collisions. The relative increase in charged-particle multiplicity from the lower to higher energy is 24.7% +/- 0.5%(stat.)(-2.8)(+5.7)%(syst.) for inelastic and 23.7% +/- 0.5%(stat.)(-1.1)(+4.6)%(syst.) for non-single-diffractive interactions. This increase is consistent with that reported by the CMS collaboration for non-single-diffractive events and larger than that found by a number of commonly used models. The multiplicity distribution was measured in different pseudorapidity intervals and studied in terms of KNO variables at both energies. The results are compared to proton-antiproton data and to model predictions.
TL;DR: These long‐range connections of the barrel cortex with other specific cortical and subcortical brain regions are likely to play a crucial role in sensorimotor integration, sensory perception and associative learning.
Abstract: The primary somatosensory barrel cortex processes tactile vibrissae information, allowing rodents to actively perceive spatial and textural features of their immediate surroundings. Each whisker on the snout is individually represented in the neocortex by an anatomically identifiable 'barrel' specified by the segregated termination zones of thalamocortical axons of the ventroposterior medial nucleus, which provide the primary sensory input to the neocortex. The sensory information is subsequently processed within local synaptically connected neocortical microcircuits, which have begun to be investigated in quantitative detail. In addition to these local synaptic microcircuits, the excitatory pyramidal neurons of the barrel cortex send and receive long-range glutamatergic axonal projections to and from a wide variety of specific brain regions. Much less is known about these long-range connections and their contribution to sensory processing. Here, we review current knowledge of the long-range axonal input and output of the mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex. Prominent reciprocal projections are found between primary somatosensory cortex and secondary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, perirhinal cortex and thalamus. Primary somatosensory barrel cortex also projects strongly to striatum, thalamic reticular nucleus, zona incerta, anterior pretectal nucleus, superior colliculus, pons, red nucleus and spinal trigeminal brain stem nuclei. These long-range connections of the barrel cortex with other specific cortical and subcortical brain regions are likely to play a crucial role in sensorimotor integration, sensory perception and associative learning.
TL;DR: The first measurement of the charged particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV is presented in this paper.
Abstract: The first measurement of the charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV is presented. For an event sample corresponding to the most central 5% of the hadronic cross section, the pseudorapidity density of primary charged particles at midrapidity is 1584 +/- 4(stat) +/- 76(syst), which corresponds to 8.3 +/- 0.4(syst) per participating nucleon pair. This represents an increase of about a factor 1.9 relative to pp collisions at similar collision energies, and about a factor 2.2 to central Au-Au collisions at root s(NN) = 0.2 TeV. This measurement provides the first experimental constraint for models of nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC energies.