IBM

About: IBM is a company organization based out in Armonk, New York, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Layer (electronics) & Cache. The organization has 134567 authors who have published 253905 publications receiving 7458795 citations. The organization is also known as: International Business Machines Corporation & Big Blue.

A Practical Public Key Cryptosystem Provably Secure Against Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext Attack

Abstract: A new public key cryptosystem is proposed and analyzed. The scheme is quite practical, and is provably secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack under standard intractability assumptions. There appears to be no previous cryptosystem in the literature that enjoys both of these properties simultaneously.

Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface.

Abstract: A method for confining electrons to artificial structures at the nanometer lengthscale is presented. Surface state electrons on a copper(111) surface were confined to closed structures (corrals) defined by barriers built from iron adatoms. The barriers were assembled by individually positioning iron adatoms with the tip of a 4-kelvin scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A circular corral of radius 71.3 A was constructed in this way out of 48 iron adatoms. Tunneling spectroscopy performed inside of the corral revealed a series of discrete resonances, providing evidence for size quantization. STM images show that the corral's interior local density of states is dominated by the eigenstate density expected for an electron trapped in a round two-dimensional box.

Towards a theory of declarative knowledge

Abstract: We identify a useful class of logic programs with negation, called stratified programs, that disallow certain combinations of recursion and negation. Programs in this class have a simple declarative and procedural meaning based, respectively, on model theory and a back-chaining interpreter. The standard model of a stratified program, which gives the program a declarative meaning and is independent of the stratification, is characterized in two ways. One is based on a fixed point theory of nonmonotonic operators and the other on an abstract declarative characterization. The back-chaining interpreter also determines the standard model. Finally, we prove the consistency of Clark's completion for stratified programs and attempt to clarify the sources of some previously reported difficulties with negation in logic programming.

Optimal Transmission Ranges for Randomly Distributed Packet Radio Terminals

Abstract: In multihop packet radio networks with randomly distributed terminals, the optimal transmission radii to maximize the expected progress of packets in desired directions are determined with a variety of transmission protocols and network configurations. It is shown that the FM capture phenomenon with slotted ALOHA greatly improves the expected progress over the system without capture due to the more limited area of possibly interfering terminals around the receiver. The (mini)slotted nonpersistent carrier-sense-multiple-access (CSMA) only slightly outperforms ALOHA, unlike the single-hop case (where a large improvement is available), because of a large area of "hidden" terminals and the long vulnerable period generated by them. As an example of an inhomogeneous terminal distribution, the effect of a gap in an otherwise randomly distributed terminal population on the expected progress of packets crossing the gap is considered. In this case, the disadvantage of using a large transmission radius is demonstrated.

Flocks, herds, and schools: A quantitative theory of flocking

Abstract: We present a quantitative continuum theory of ``flocking'': the collective coherent motion of large numbers of self-propelled organisms. In agreement with everyday experience, our model predicts the existence of an ``ordered phase'' of flocks, in which all members of even an arbitrarily large flock move together with the same mean velocity $〈\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{v}〉\ensuremath{ e}0.$ This coherent motion of the flock is an example of spontaneously broken symmetry: no preferred direction for the motion is picked out a priori in the model; rather, each flock is allowed to, and does, spontaneously pick out some completely arbitrary direction to move in. By analyzing our model we can make detailed, quantitative predictions for the long-distance, long-time behavior of this ``broken symmetry state.'' The ``Goldstone modes'' associated with this ``spontaneously broken rotational symmetry'' are fluctuations in the direction of motion of a large part of the flock away from the mean direction of motion of the flock as a whole. These ``Goldstone modes'' mix with modes associated with conservation of bird number to produce propagating sound modes. These sound modes lead to enormous fluctuations of the density of the flock, far larger, at long wavelengths, than those in, e.g., an equilibrium gas. Our model is similar in many ways to the Navier-Stokes equations for a simple compressible fluid; in other ways, it resembles a relaxational time-dependent Ginsburg-Landau theory for an $n=d$ component isotropic ferromagnet. In spatial dimensions $dg4,$ the long-distance behavior is correctly described by a linearized theory, and is equivalent to that of an unusual but nonetheless equilibrium model for spin systems. For $dl4,$ nonlinear fluctuation effects radically alter the long distance behavior, making it different from that of any known equilibrium model. In particular, we find that in $d=2,$ where we can calculate the scaling exponents exactly, flocks exhibit a true, long-range ordered, spontaneously broken symmetry state, in contrast to equilibrium systems, which cannot spontaneously break a continuous symmetry in $d=2$ (the ``Mermin-Wagner'' theorem). We make detailed predictions for various correlation functions that could be measured either in simulations, or by quantitative imaging of real flocks. We also consider an anisotropic model, in which the birds move preferentially in an ``easy'' (e.g., horizontal) plane, and make analogous, but quantitatively different, predictions for that model as well. For this anisotropic model, we obtain exact scaling exponents for all spatial dimensions, including the physically relevant case $d=3.$