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Showing papers by "IE University published in 2010"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the environmental performance of family and non-family public corporations between 1998 and 2002, using a sample of 194 U.S. firms required to report their emissions.
Abstract: This paper compares the environmental performance of family and nonfamily public corporations between 1998 and 2002, using a sample of 194 U.S. firms required to report their emissions. We found that family-controlled public firms protect their socioemotional wealth by having a better environmental performance than their nonfamily counterparts, particularly at the local level, and that for the nonfamily firms, stock ownership by the chief executive officer (CEO) has a negative environmental impact. We also found that the positive effect of family ownership on environmental performance persists independently of whether the CEO is a family member or serves both as CEO and board chair.

1,281 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical framework is developed to explore the diversity of eco-innovations according to several key dimensions (design, user, product service, and governance) in order to analyze a set of case studies of ecoinnnovation processes.

789 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the integration of social issues in the management of supply chains from an operations management perspective and develop a set of scales to measure multiple dimensions of supplier socially responsible practices.
Abstract: Purpose – This paper seeks to explore the integration of social issues in the management of supply chains from an operations management perspective. Further, this research aims to develop a set of scales to measure multiple dimensions of supplier socially responsible practices. Finally, the paper examines the importance of three dimensions of supply chain structure, namely transparency, dependency and distance, for the adoption of these socially responsible practices.Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on literature from several theoretical streams, current best‐practice in leading firms and emerging international standards, four dimensions of supplier socially responsible practices were identified. Also, a multi‐dimensional conceptualization of supply chain structure, including transparency, dependency and distance, was synthesized from earlier research. Using this conceptual development, a large‐scale survey of plant managers in three industries in Canada provided an empirical basis for validating the...

464 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors view the contracts of top managers from an integrated agency theory-trust perspective, arguing that two conditions reflecting CEO risk bearing, top management team (TMT) behavioral uncertainty and CEO vulnerability, are negatively related to a CEO's perceptions of TMT benevolence toward him/herself, which in turn influence the protective features of the TMT contracts.
Abstract: In this study, we view the contracts of top managers from an integrated agency theory-trust perspective, arguing that two conditions reflecting CEO risk bearing, top management team (TMT) behavioral uncertainty and CEO vulnerability, are negatively related to a CEO's perceptions of TMT benevolence toward him-/herself, which in turn influence the protective features of TMT contracts. Model tests on data from 122 family-owned firms in Spain support our hypotheses overall. Agency theory may be enhanced by accounting for a CEO's perceptions (as principal) of TMT benevolence and for the effect of those perceptions on contracts with TMT members (as agents).

438 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors developed an organizing framework based on three levels of network analysis (the dyad, the ego, and the whole network) and four theoretical mechanisms (resource access, trust, power/control, and signaling) to organize and review the key findings and debates in the interorganizational network literature.
Abstract: Executive Overview The application of social network analysis to interorganizational contexts has seen an explosion of interest in the past several years. We argue that not only does the network or structural perspective add explanatory power to scholarly understanding of organizations' behavior and outcomes, but that it expands the universe of observed phenomena from an autonomous to a relational view for studying and explaining organizational action and outcomes. We develop an organizing framework based on three levels of network analysis (the dyad, the ego, and the whole network) and four theoretical mechanisms (resource access, trust, power/control, and signaling) to organize and review the key findings and debates in the interorganizational network literature. We point to avenues for future research based on the linkages across the boxes in our framework, gaps in the framework, and finally, extensions beyond the framework.

362 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors empirically study the link between competition and firms' social performance and find that firms in more competitive industries have better social ratings and that more product competition is associated with a larger within-industry CSR variance.
Abstract: We test whether Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is driven by strategic considerations by empirically studying the link between competition and firms' social performance. We find that firms in more competitive industries have better social ratings. In particular, we show that (i) different market concentration proxies are negatively related to widely used CSR measures; (ii) that an increase in competition due to higher import penetration leads to superior CSR performance; (iii) that firms in more competitive environments have a superior environmental performance, measured by firm pollution levels; and (iv) that more product competition is associated to a larger within-industry CSR variance. We interpret these results as evidence that CSR is strategically chosen.

295 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An updated synthesis of the interwoven patterns of the spread of various rice varieties throughout Asia and to Madagascar can be suggested in which rice reached most of its historical range of important cultivation by the Iron Age.
Abstract: Major leaps forward in understanding rice both in genetics and archaeology have taken place in the past decade or so—with the publication of full draft genomes for indica and japonica rice, on the one hand, and with the spread of systematic flotation and increased recovery of archaeological spikelet bases and other rice remains on early sites in China, India and Southeast Asia. This paper will sketch a framework that coherently integrates the evidence from these burgeoning fields. This framework implies a reticulate framework in the phylogeny of early cultivated rice, with multiple starts of cultivation (two is perhaps not enough) but with the key consolidations of adaptations that must have been spread through hybridisation and therefore long-distance cultural contacts. Archaeobotanical evidence allows us to document the gradual evolutionary process of domestication through rice spikelet bases and grain size change. Separate trends in grain size change can be identified in India and China. The earliest centre of rice domestication was in the Yangtze basin of China, but a largely separate trajectory into rice cultivation can be traced in the Ganges plains of India. Intriguingly, contact-induced hybridisation is indicated for the early development of indica in northern India, ca. 2000 BC. An updated synthesis of the interwoven patterns of the spread of various rice varieties throughout Asia and to Madagascar can be suggested in which rice reached most of its historical range of important cultivation by the Iron Age.

279 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Strong evidence is provided that voluntarily disclosing items concerning information security is associated positively with the market value of a firm, based on the use of a market-value relevance model, as well as a bid-ask spread analysis.
Abstract: Information security is a fundamental concern for corporations operating in today's digital economy. The number of firms disclosing items concerning their information security on reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has increased in recent years. A question then arises as to whether or not there is value to the voluntary disclosures concerning information security. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to assess empirically the market value of voluntary disclosures of items pertaining to information security. Based on a sample of 1,641 disclosing and 19,266 non-disclosing firm-years in a cross-sectional pooled model, our primary findings provide strong evidence that voluntarily disclosing items concerning information security is associated positively with the market value of a firm. These findings are based on the use of a market-value relevance model, as well as a bid-ask spread analysis. The study's findings are robust to alternative statistical analyses. The findings also provide support for the signaling argument, which states that managers disclose information in a manner consistent with increased firm value. Finally, the study findings provide some insight into the strategic choice that firms make regarding voluntary disclosures about information security.

199 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study analyzes cross-sectional data obtained from respondents in neo-Nazi online discussion forums and textual data from postings to these forums to assess the impact of participation in radical and homogeneous online groups on opinion extremism and whether this impact depends on political dissimilarity of strong and weak offline ties.
Abstract: This study analyzes cross-sectional data obtained from respondents in neo-Nazi online discussion forums and textual data from postings to these forums. It assesses the impact of participation in radical and homogeneous online groups on opinion extremism and probes whether this impact depends on political dissimilarity of strong and weak offline ties. Specifically, does dissimilarity attenuate (as deliberative theorists hope) or rather exacerbate (as research on biased processing predicts) extreme opinions? As expected, extremism increases with increased online participation, likely due to the informational and normative influences operating within online groups. Supporting the deliberative and biased processing models, both like-minded and dissimilar social ties offline exacerbate extremism. Consistent with the biased processing model, dissimilar offline ties exacerbate the effects of online groups. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

187 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A structural demand model is developed that endogenously captures the effect of out-of-stocks on customer choice by simulating a time-varying set of available alternatives and allows for flexible substitution patterns that can accommodate categorical and continuous product characteristics.
Abstract: We develop a structural demand model that endogenously captures the effect of out-of-stocks on customer choice by simulating a time-varying set of available alternatives. Our estimation method uses store-level data on sales and partial information on product availability. Our model allows for flexible substitution patterns, which are based on utility maximization principles and can accommodate categorical and continuous product characteristics. The methodology can be applied to data from multiple markets and in categories with a relatively large number of alternatives, slow-moving products, and frequent out-of-stocks (unlike many existing approaches). In addition, we illustrate how the model can be used to assist the decisions of a store manager in two ways. First, we show how to quantify the lost sales induced by out-of-stock products. Second, we provide insights on the financial consequences of out-of-stocks and suggest price promotion policies that can be used to help mitigate their negative economic impact, which run counter to simple commonly used heuristics.

172 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the syndication of investments novel to a VC firm as a function of the firm's need and opportunity to do so, and found that novel investments are more likely to be syndicated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the determinants of shareholder voting and its relation to CEO pay in the UK and found that less than 10 per cent of shareholders abstain or vote against the mandated Directors' Remuneration Report (DRR) resolution.
Abstract: Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: The paper investigates the determinants of shareholder voting and its relation to CEO pay in the UK. The context of the study is the Directors' Remuneration Report (DRR) Regulations of 2002. This legislation gave shareholders a mandatory non-binding vote on boardroom pay in the UK. Research Findings/Insights: First, we find that less than 10 per cent of shareholders abstain or vote against the mandated Directors' Remuneration Report (DRR) resolution. This percentage is falling over time. Second, investors are more likely to vote against DRR resolutions compared to non-pay resolutions. Third, shareholders are more likely to vote against general executive pay resolutions, such as stock options, long-term incentive plans, and bonus resolutions compared to non-pay resolutions. Forth, firms with higher CEO pay attract greater voting dissent. Fifth, there is little evidence that CEO pay is lower in firms that previously experienced high levels of shareholder dissent. In addition, there is little evidence that the fraction of CEO equity pay, representing owner-manager alignment, is greater in such firms. Currently, we find limited evidence that, on average, “say on pay” materially alters the subsequent level and design of CEO compensation. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The study provides new insights on shareholder voting and CEO pay. Theoretically, shareholder voting is endogenously determined. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The study provides insights for practitioners and policy makers interested in shareholder rights, the effects on corporate governance, and say on pay in the UK. Shareholder voting appears to have limited effects on curbing excess CEO pay. Boards and compensation committees may want to communicate better policies on executive compensation to avert shareholder dissent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the effect of transgovernmental cooperation on domestic policy and find that direct ties to powerful regulators increase a jurisdiction's likelihood of adopting internationally promoted policies such as insider-trading rules.
Abstract: Cross-border cooperation among domestic regulators and public officials has become a defining feature of global governance. While a number of studies have tracked the emergence and institutionalization of such transgovernmental networks, less is known about their effect on domestic policy. This study explores this link for the important case of insider-trading regulation in original data for 116 countries between 1977 and 2006. It offers quantitative evidence that transgovernmental cooperation is related to domestic policy convergence but that the relationship is more complex than often assumed. Direct ties to powerful regulators increases a jurisdiction's likelihood of adopting internationally promoted policies such as insider-trading rules. Separately, membership in the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), a forum designed to diffuse best practices among regulators, increases a jurisdiction's likelihood of subsequently enforcing newly adopted policies. The findings in this study suggest that different network components are associated with distinct aspects of domestic policy convergence. The results are directly relevant for current public policy debates about the reregulation of global financial markets as transgovernmental networks among domestic regulators have assumed a critical role.

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Jul 2010-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: The robustness of this HP module in relation to the order the variables have in the analysis was assessed and a considerable effect of the variable order on the amount of independent variance explained by predictors for models with >9 explanatory variables was indicated.
Abstract: Background Hierarchical partitioning (HP) is an analytical method of multiple regression that identifies the most likely causal factors while alleviating multicollinearity problems. Its use is increasing in ecology and conservation by its usefulness for complementing multiple regression analysis. A public-domain software “hier.part package” has been developed for running HP in R software. Its authors highlight a “minor rounding error” for hierarchies constructed from >9 variables, however potential bias by using this module has not yet been examined. Knowing this bias is pivotal because, for example, the ranking obtained in HP is being used as a criterion for establishing priorities of conservation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether daily recovery inhibiting and enhancing conditions predict day-levels of work-family conflict (WFC), workfamily facilitation (WFF), exhaustion and vigor.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This preliminary study shows that array-CGH is useful for detecting CNVs in cases of RPL, and further investigations of CNVs, particularly those involving genes that are imprinted in placenta, in women with RPL could be worthwhile.
Abstract: Background Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), defined as two or more miscarriages, affects 3-5% of couples trying to establish a family. Despite extensive evaluation, no factor is identified in ∼40% of cases. In this study, we investigated the possibility that submicroscopic chromosomal changes, not detectable by conventional cytogenetic analysis, exist in miscarriages with normal karyotypes (46,XY or 46,XX) from couples with idiopathic RPL. Methods Array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) was used to assess for DNA copy number variants (CNVs) in 26 miscarriages with normal karyotypes. Parental array-CGH analysis was performed to determine if miscarriage CNVs were de novo or inherited. Results There were 11 unique (previously not described) CNVs, all inherited, identified in 13 miscarriages from 8 couples. The maternal origin of two CNVs was of interest as they involved the imprinted genes TIMP2 and CTNNA3, which are only normally expressed from the maternal copy in the placenta. Two additional cohorts, consisting of 282 women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) and 61 fertile women, were screened for these two CNVs using a Quantitative Multiplex Fluorescent PCR of Short Fragments assay. One woman with RM, but none of the fertile women, carried the CTNNA3-associated CNV. Conclusions This preliminary study shows that array-CGH is useful for detecting CNVs in cases of RPL. Further investigations of CNVs, particularly those involving genes that are imprinted in placenta, in women with RPL could be worthwhile.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2010-Placenta
TL;DR: Within-placenta correlations in expression and methylation from unrelated genes raise the possibility that methylation and expression variation may potentially reflect cell composition differences between samples rather than true differences occurring at the cellular level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a sample of participants in online groups that discussed legalization of same-sex marriage, examined whether exposure to perceived disagreement decreases or increases as the research on confirmation bias predicts strongly held predilections.
Abstract: This study draws on a sample of participants in online groups that discussed legalization of same‐sex marriage, to examine whether exposure to perceived disagreement decreases—as the deliberative theorists hope—or rather increases—as the research on confirmation bias predicts—strongly held predilections. Overall, participants' views towards same‐sex marriage and sexual minority rights remained largely unchanged after deliberating, regardless of the ideological composition of their groups. Consistent with the confirmation bias model, those who strongly opposed same‐sex marriage and sexual minority rights prior to the discussions and who perceived that others disagreed with them became even more opposed, and this effect was not a short‐term shift. Strong proponents, on the other hand, did not polarize in their views, but instead became slightly less favorable towards same‐sex marriage and sexual minority rights as a result of disagreement. Implications of these findings for deliberation of contentious issues are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors posit that the effects of R&D investment on financing choices depend on the degree of intervention barriers and appropriation discrepancy between capital providers and the firm, and categorize financing instruments into four types: common equity (common stock), convertible securities (preferred stock and convertible debt), transactional debt (corporate bonds), and relational debt (bank and commercial loans).

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Aug 2010-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: A model in which a crop disperses through a landscape that is represented by a conductance matrix is presented, which makes possible the integrative inference of crop dispersal processes, while controlling model complexity and computational requirements.
Abstract: Author(s): van Etten, Jacob; Hijmans, Robert J | Abstract: BackgroundThe study of the prehistoric origins and dispersal routes of domesticated plants is often based on the analysis of either archaeobotanical or genetic data. As more data become available, spatially explicit models of crop dispersal can be used to combine different types of evidence.Methodology/principal findingsWe present a model in which a crop disperses through a landscape that is represented by a conductance matrix. From this matrix, we derive least-cost distances from the geographical origin of the crop and use these to predict the age of archaeological crop remains and the heterozygosity of crop populations. We use measures of the overlap and divergence of dispersal trajectories to predict genetic similarity between crop populations. The conductance matrix is constructed from environmental variables using a number of parameters. Model parameters are determined with multiple-criteria optimization, simultaneously fitting the archaeobotanical and genetic data. The consilience reached by the model is the extent to which it converges around solutions optimal for both archaeobotanical and genetic data. We apply the modelling approach to the dispersal of maize in the Americas.Conclusions/significanceThe approach makes possible the integrative inference of crop dispersal processes, while controlling model complexity and computational requirements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the relative effect of two environmental variables, dynamism and complexity, on the product development knowledge strategy and find that in environments characterized by high levels of both dynamism or complexity, product development efforts pursue and reinforce both explorative and exploitative activities through a knowledge strategy of ambidexterity.
Abstract: Focusing on product development, this study extends the understanding of the environment-strategy framework and investigates the relative effect of two environmental variables, dynamism and complexity, on the product development knowledge strategy. Adopting a knowledge-based view, and assuming that the strategy's locus is knowledge creation (exploration) and knowledge application (exploitation), the study suggests that the development of a knowledge strategy is a managerial strategic choice that is related to the environment. The results of a survey on product development managers generally indicate that exploration and exploitation must be combined according to environmental factors by generating the alternative knowledge strategies of ambidexterity or punctuated equilibrium. Particularly, the study finds that in environments characterized by high levels of both dynamism and complexity product development efforts pursue and reinforce both explorative and exploitative activities through a knowledge strategy of ambidexterity. Though not perfectly supported, punctuated equilibrium seems to be a more plausible knowledge strategy in environmental contexts where either dynamism or complexity prevails. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The decision to internalize corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, to buy (outsource) them in the form of corporate philanthropy, or to collaborate with other organizations is of great importance as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The decision to internalize corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, to buy (outsource) them in the form of corporate philanthropy, or to collaborate with other organizations is of great s...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mantere et al. as discussed by the authors conducted a prospective latent analysis study of psychiatric comorbidity of DSM-IV bipolar I and II disorders and found that depression and anxiety covary strongly cross-sectionally and longitudinally in BD.
Abstract: Mantere O, Isometsa E, Ketokivi M, Kiviruusu O, Suominen K, Valtonen HM, Arvilommi P, Leppamaki S. A prospective latent analyses study of psychiatric comorbidity of DSM-IV bipolar I and II disorders. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 271–284. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: To test two hypotheses of psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar disorder (BD): (i) comorbid disorders are independent of BD course, or (ii) comorbid disorders associate with mood. Methods: In the Jorvi Bipolar Study (JoBS), 191 secondary-care outpatients and inpatients with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder (BD-I) or bipolar II disorder (BD-II) were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders, with psychotic screen, plus symptom scales, at intake and at 6 and 18 months. Three evaluations of comorbidity were available for 144 subjects (65 BD-I, 79 BD-II; 76.6% of 188 living patients). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine correlations between mood symptoms and comorbidity. A latent change model (LCM) was used to examine intraindividual changes across time in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Current mood was modeled in terms of current illness phase, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Young Mania Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; comorbidity in terms of categorical DSM-IV anxiety disorder diagnosis, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) score, and DSM-IV-based scales of substance use and eating disorders. Results: In the SEM, depression and anxiety exhibited strong cross-sectional and autoregressive correlation; high levels of depression were associated with high concurrent anxiety, both persisting over time. Substance use disorders covaried with manic symptoms (r = 0.16–0.20, p < 0.05), and eating disorders with depressive symptoms (r = 0.15–0.32, p < 0.05). In the LCM, longitudinal intraindividual improvements in BDI were associated with similar BAI improvement (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Depression and anxiety covary strongly cross-sectionally and longitudinally in BD. Substance use disorders are moderately associated with manic symptoms, and eating disorders with depressive mood.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that follow-up political engagement among strong ideologues is primarily affected by their prior civic and political participation, while weak ideologue are mobilized through cognitive reactions to perceived diversity, and moderate through affective reactions.
Abstract: We draw on a nationally representative sample of American adults who reported having participated in face-to-face deliberation (N = 756). We use structural equation modeling to first ask whether perceived political diversity differently influences follow-up engagement in various civic or political activities among strong, weak, and moderate ideologues. We also examine the processes-cognitive and affective-that lead from perceived diversity to follow-up engagement, and assess whether these processes depend on ideological strength. We find that follow-up political engagement among strong ideologues is primarily affected by their prior civic and political participation. Weak ideologues, in turn, are mobilized through cognitive reactions to perceived diversity, and moderates through affective reactions. Our results add to the debate on deliberative versus participatory democracy, suggesting that research should more closely attend to individual characteristics and underlying mechanisms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that CEOs with a functional background in operations attain higher post-succession performance than CEOs with other functional backgrounds, and that the likelihood that newly appointed CEOs have a background in operation is greater in succession events that have taken place more recently and in situations that occurred in the face of poor firm financial performance.
Abstract: With this study, we update research by Ocasio and Kim (1999) by testing whether the trends that favored the prevalence of CEOs with an operations background in the 1980s and early 1990s continued between 1992 and 2005. Given that supply chain management became a top business priority during this period, we expect a greater prevalence of CEOs with an operations background. This is because, traditionally, executives belonging to the operations function have assumed responsibility for supply chain management issues. Our results, based on a sample of 437 CEOs who lead large-sized U.S. firms in eight industries, provide partial support for the hypothesis that CEOs with a functional background in operations attain higher post-succession performance than CEOs with other functional backgrounds. In addition, we find that the likelihood that newly appointed CEOs have a background in operations is greater in succession events that have taken place more recently and in situations that occurred in the face of poor firm financial performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the impact of hunting on the ecology and conservation of the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), a scavenger with a relevant function in the ecosystem, in the Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain.
Abstract: Management of hunting activity to serve as a tool for sustainable development has become a key issue in conservation biology. However, little evidence is available showing positive impacts of hunting on ecosystem conservation, limiting its capability to be used as a conservation tool. We analysed hunting and its positive influence on the ecology and conservation of the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), a scavenger with a relevant function in the ecosystem, in the Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain. Use of the area by vultures was addressed by looking for cliffs used as roosts or colonies, and consumption of game species by vultures was evaluated through field surveys and questionnaires to hunters. Results revealed a strong spatiotemporal adjustment in the use of the area by vultures and hunting events, especially of red deer and wild boar. Vultures occupied roosting sites very close to the main hunting sectors of these game species and often were seen consuming their carcasses. The spatiotemporal pattern of roost use by vultures strongly overlapped with hunting of red deer. The numbers of both red deer and wild boar hunting episodes within 3.5 km around the roosts were the best predictors of vulture occurrence and number. Our estimates show that hunting could feed around 1,800 vultures/6 months. Hunting can thus influence species at the top of the ecosystem (scavengers) and could aid sustainable management of griffon vulture populations, reconciling hunting and conservation. However, negative and positive impacts should be taken into account simultaneously for an overall evaluation of hunting on ecosystem conservation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the expectations of a realist account focused on market size and a liberal functionalist argument centered on the role of market friction with a historical institutionalist explanation stressing the relative sequential development over time of domestic regulatory capacity in leading markets.
Abstract: Over the last three decades, the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries have become increasingly global. To ensure product safety and consumer protection, regulators in leading markets have applied domestic rules extraterritorially and have joined forces to harmonize rules through transgovernmental cooperation. Yet whereas the United States has long been the dominant player in international market regulation of pharmaceuticals, the European Union has decisively shaped global rules for cosmetics. What explains differences in agenda setting power across the two closely-related industries? We compare and contrast the expectations of a realist account focused on market size and a liberal functionalist argument centered on the role of market friction with a historical institutionalist explanation stressing the relative sequential development over time of domestic regulatory capacity in leading markets. The empirical evidence shows that domestic regulatory institutions systematically shape internation...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine a firm's decision to enter new markets as related to the depth and breadth of its experience and the relative distance of those markets, and find that VC firms overall are less likely to enter distant markets; those with broader experience are more likely to make first-round entries.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine a firm's decision to enter new markets as related to the depth and breadth of its experience and the relative distance of those markets. We situate our discussion and analysis in the context of the venture capital (VC) industry, and examine whether and when US VC firms enter five high-technology investment markets through first- or later-round investments. This setting allows us to observe both the firms that chose to enter a new market and those that did not, and analyse the antecedents of these decisions. We find that VC firms overall are less likely to enter distant markets; those with broader experience are more likely to make first-round entries. In addition, VC firms with deeper investment experience are more likely to make first-round entries in proximate markets and less likely to enter distant markets and make later-round entries. These results offer interesting implications for the literature on organizational learning and entrepreneurship.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate how disclosure indices design influences results, and find that determinants of more specific information attributes are different than those that influence less specific attributes, independently of the information attribute that is measured.
Abstract: Theories have been developed in the disclosure literature to explain the reasons behind the decision to disclose more information. Empirical evidence does not consistently support disclosure theories and results found are contradictory. The difficulty in measuring voluntary disclosure might be one of the reasons influencing on these divergences. In this paper, we investigate two key questions related to disclosure measurement. First, we aim to empirically test if use of disclosure indices that measure different information attributes determines validity of disclosure theories. Second, we investigate how disclosure indices design influences results. Results show that determinants of more specific information attributes are different than those that influence less specific attributes. Furthermore, independently of the information attribute that is measured, disclosure measure design influences results.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use case studies of 31 innovation outsourcing projects at Siemens to develop grounded theory on provider selection criteria and on project management success drivers, and offer guidelines for innovation managers on how to select innovation providers and how to manage them during the project.
Abstract: It is becoming increasingly common to involve external technology providers in developing new technologies and new products. Two important phases involved in working with technology vendors are vendor selection and vendor management. Since for both steps theory development of key decision guidelines is still immature, we use detailed case studies of 31 innovation outsourcing projects at Siemens to develop grounded theory on provider selection criteria and on project management success drivers. A selection criterion often associated with successful outsourcing is the provider’s “track record” or previous experience. Our cases suggest that there is no standard “track record” for success but that a “match” between the client firm’s outsourcing motivation and the provider’s strengths appears to be a necessary condition for a successful outsourcing collaboration. As to the second phase – managing the vendor – we identify a number of operational project success drivers. There seems to be no universal checklist, but the most important drivers seem to be contingent on the type of vendor chosen and on the maturity of the technology. We compare five provider types – universities, competitors, customers, start-up companies and component suppliers – and find that some success drivers are common to all providers, while others are relevant only for certain types of provider. Moreover, drivers in the case of a mature technology are more focused on successful transfer to manufacturing than on development itself. Our findings offer guidelines for innovation managers on how to select innovation providers and how to manage them during the project.