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Showing papers by "Indian Institute of Management Bangalore published in 2004"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the critical elements that affect the ability of firms in developing countries to cultivate their technological capability through imported technology, and proposed both internal and external factors contribute to the technological capability of the recipient firms.

111 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a first empirical attempt at understanding the scale and type of skilled migration from the Indian software sector and the consequences for firms experiencing loss of skilled workers.
Abstract: We provide a first empirical attempt at understanding the scale and type of skilled migration from the Indian software sector and the consequences for firms experiencing loss of skilled workers. The paper draws on some unique survey evidence of software firms in India. The results are not generally consistent with an adverse or brain drain story but provide a more nuanced interpretation. Not only has skilled migration taken a variety of firms - including significant temporary migration - but the evidence suggests that the impact of mobility on performance in the sending firms has not been unambiguously adverse. There is some evidence of associated wage pressure at the height of the software boom in the late 1990s. But there is also evidence of a strong supply side response as workers acquired training and entered the sector.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is a systematic imbalance in medical journals: research into diseases that predominate in the poorest regions of the world is less likely to be published and biases against researchers from poorer regions and women areCorrecting biases against poverty and gender in research content and processes is needed.
Abstract: Despite the magnitude of the problem of health inequity within and between countries, little systematic research has been done on the social causes of ill-health. Health researchers have overwhelmingly focused on biomedical research at the level of individuals. Investigations into the health of groups and the determinants of health inequities that lie outside the control of the individual have received a much smaller share of research resources. Ignoring factors such as socioeconomic class, race and gender leads to biases in both the content and process of research. We use two such factors — poverty and gender — to illustrate how this occurs. There is a systematic imbalance in medical journals: research into diseases that predominate in the poorest regions of the world is less likely to be published. In addition, the slow recognition of women's health problems, misdirected and partial approaches to understanding women's and men's health, and the dearth of information on how gender interacts with other social determinants continue to limit the content of health research. In the research community these imbalances in content are linked to biases against researchers from poorer regions and women. Researchers from high-income countries benefit from better funding and infrastructure. Their publications dominate journals and citations, and these researchers also dominate advisory boards. The way to move forward is to correct biases against poverty and gender in research content and processes and provide increased funding and better career incentives to support equity-linked research. Journals need to address equity concerns in their published content and in the publishing process. Efforts to broaden access to research information need to be well resourced, publicized and expanded.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2004
TL;DR: This study based on an ethnographic analysis of two technical communities, identifies seven distinct roles: core organiser, experts, problem poser, implementer, integrator, institutionaliser, and philosopher, and the impact of each of the roles on knowledge management activities is discussed.
Abstract: The internet is a heterogeneous network of millions of computers that is continuously evolving. The interaction among people around the world on the internet has led to the formation of communities. Technical communities are groups who share a common interest in a technology. The literature on technology communities lacks a conceptual understanding of the roles of various players in the online community. An understanding of the different roles the members of the community assume at different phases, and the impact of the roles on knowledge management is crucial to manage and sustain such online technical communities. This study based on an ethnographic analysis of two technical communities, identifies seven distinct roles: core organiser, experts, problem poser, implementer, integrator, institutionaliser, and philosopher. The impact of each of the roles on knowledge management activities is discussed.

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An aspect of subjective interestingness called “item-relatedness” is introduced, a consequence of relationships that exist between items in a domain, and three mechanisms for extending this measure from a two-item set to an association rule consisting of a set of more than two items.
Abstract: In Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD)/Data Mining literature, “interestingness” measures are used to rank rules according to the “interest” a particular rule is expected to evoke. In this paper, we introduce an aspect of subjective interestingness called “item-relatedness”. Relatedness is a consequence of relationships that exist between items in a domain. Association rules containing unrelated or weakly related items are interesting since the co-occurrence of such items is unexpected. ‘Item-Relatedness’ helps in ranking association rules on the basis of one kind of subjective unexpectedness. We identify three types of item-relatedness – captured in the structure of a “fuzzy taxonomy” (an extension of the classical concept hierarchy tree). An “item-relatedness” measure for describing relatedness between two items is developed by combining these three types. Efficacy of this measure is illustrated with the help of a sample taxonomy. We discuss three mechanisms for extending this measure from a two-item set to an association rule consisting of a set of more than two items. These mechanisms utilize the relatedness of item-pairs and other aspects of an association rule, namely its structure, distribution of items and item-pairs. We compare our approach with another method from recent literature.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used survey data from rural Andhra Pradesh to show that the utility's cost of power exceeds the income generated by the power and that subsidies are regressive with income.

24 citations


Book ChapterDOI
30 Aug 2004
TL;DR: The Bhoomi model of digitizing land records and implementing a system of easy access to records, for verification and changes, is being adopted by the Government of India to replicate on a nationwide basis.
Abstract: The Bhoomi e-government project of Karnataka is fast gaining recognition as one of the best-implemented projects in India. As of this writing, the Bhoomi model of digitizing land records and implementing a system of easy access to records, for verification and changes, is being adopted by the Government of India to replicate on a nationwide basis. This follows a felt need by the government to improve services for the bulk of India’s over 1 billion population that is engaged in agriculture. The Bhoomi project is designed for the computerization of land records and all operations that surround it, such as, obtaining a copy of a land record, correction of errors on a land record, the mutation of land records, etc. The process was initiated in 1991 and to date about 20 million land records have been digitized covering the land holdings of some 6.7 million farmers in the state. Bhoomi kiosks are now located in all 177 taluks (a division of a district) of the state’s 27 districts.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper modelled the above problem using facility location and vehicle-routing models and found that this OR-based methodology can help the decision maker to raise leaf output substantially under existing budget limitations.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of bank asset allocation decision under minimum capital adequacy requirement was analyzed in a two-period model of a bank and the results of the optimization exercise showed that when the bank is severely capital constrained such as when the initial capital level has a positive effect on loan allocation, minimum capital level is negatively related to loan allocation.
Abstract: The regulatory capital standards for banks have moved towards risk based approaches ever since the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) sponsored Basle Capital Accord of 1988 has been implemented. The Basle Accord linked the capital requirement of banks to the risk of the assets of the bank with risk weights assigned to different asset categories. The Basle Accord was partly in response to a series of international bank failures and concern over unequal national capital standards. The Basle Accord was questioned on several fronts. One issue that received attention of researchers was whether the Basle Accord was responsible for the global economic slowdown in the early 1990s. The empirical evidence on the impact of BIS capital standards on bank asset allocation is mixed. While some studies find evidence of banks reducing their loan allocation (Shrieves and Dahl (1992), Nigro and Jacques (1997) and Aggarwal and Jacques (1997), Rime (1998), Peek and Rosenberg (1997)) others such as Burger and Udell (1994), find results inconsistent with the proposition that capital pressure was the origin of the US credit crunch in the early 1990s. In this paper, a two period model of a bank is used to analyze the impact of bank asset allocation decision under minimum capital adequacy requirement. In period zero, the bank has no minimum capital requirements and banks allocate resources in period zero to meet cash reserve requirement (CRR) and a treasury investment requirement, which in India is referred to as the statutory liquidity requirement (SLR) both of which are imposed by the regulator. Since yield on loans is higher than the yield on treasury investments, a revenue maximizing bank would allocate the maximum assets to loans after meeting the minimum regulatory CRR and SLR norms. In period one, the bank is faced with an additional regulatory burden in the form of a minimum capital adequacy ratio. The bank has to choose to allocate its assets so as to maximize revenue subject to the CRR, SLR and minimum capital adequacy constraint. It is found that while the initial capital level has a positive effect on loan allocation, minimum capital adequacy requirement is negatively related to loan allocation. The other results are that the efficiency of the bank, which is captured by the return on assets ratio, has a positive impact on loan allocation while the risk weight on loans have a negative effect on the supply of loans. The results of the optimization exercise show that when the bank is severely capital constrained such as when the initial capital ratio is 6%, and the minimum capital adequacy ratio is 9%, the bank would reduce the supply of loans. This shows that capital constrained banks would reduce the supply of loans. Regulators while designing and implementing risk based capital standards would need to balance the concerns regarding bank safety with the availability of bank credit in the economy.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A study on maternal (obstetric) morbidity was conducted in three districts of West Bengal, India, where focus group discussions (FGD) revealed women’s perceptions, knowledge and awareness of lacunae in the health system.
Abstract: The determinants of maternal morbidity are now receiving considerable attention. A study on maternal (obstetric) morbidity was conducted in three districts of West Bengal, India, where focus group discussions (FGD) revealed women’s perceptions, knowledge and awareness of lacunae in the health system. Women’s perspectives culled through FGD need to be incorporated into health policy and administration to improve women’s reproductive healthcare and reduce mortality.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss some basic concepts while comparing different types of economic organization, and illustrate them with a few empirical examples to bring out the conditions under which cooperative arrangements can generate economic surplus and alleviate poverty.
Abstract: Cooperatives as organizational arrangements of collective economic activity can break up interlocked capital, labour and output markets in rural areas and alleviate poverty. The recent parallel law on cooperatives provides an opportunity to take a fresh look at this issue. We discuss some basic concepts while comparing different types of economic organization, and illustrate them with a few empirical examples to bring out the conditions under which cooperative arrangements can generate economic surplus and alleviate poverty. An interesting feature of the simple cooperatives we discuss is that perhaps they benefit only the poor and not those who are better off and have access to mainstream credit and markets.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study chronicles the adoption and implementation of an interorganizational, e-business system by a FMCG organization in India, focusing on the implementation process and the extent of proactive change management practices employed by the organization.
Abstract: This case study chronicles the adoption and implementation of an inter-organizational, e-business system by a FMCG organization in India. The focus of the case is on understanding the implementation process and the extent of proactive change management practices employed by the organization. The case brings out issues like the importance of building value propositions to attract the stakeholders, and providing the requisite training and incentives to commit them to the system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the interdependence among the major stock markets of the world using the monthly data from January 1993 to September 2003, using the stock market indices of India (Sensex), Hong Kong (Hang Seng), the USA (DJIA), and the UK (FTSE-100).
Abstract: Over the past 15 years, financial markets have become increasingly global. The relationship among the equity markets of the developed and the emerging countries has been examined extensively in the literature. This paper studies the interdependence among the major stock markets of the world. Using the monthly data from January 1993 to September 2003, we examine the stock market indices of India (Sensex), Hong Kong (Hang Seng), the USA (DJIA) and the UK (FTSE-100). Co-integration technique has been employed to study the long-term linkages among the markets. We found that the equity markets of India and Hong Kong are co-integrated with the other markets whereas the markets of the USA and UK are not.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the key differences among these formats in three different phases of the project: project development, project operation, and project termination, and suggest appropriate project formats for different infrastructure projects depending on their individual characteristics.
Abstract: Privately funded infrastructure projects (PFIPs) normally are financed on a project finance basis. The most common project formats that are used in PFIPs are build-operate-transfer (BOT), build-own-operate (BOO), and build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT). This article identifies the key differences among these formats in three different phases of the project: project development, project operation, and project termination. Successful project completion requires identifying an appropriate project structure that can match the project characteristics. Using empirical evidence, this article suggests appropriate project formats for different infrastructure projects depending on their individual characteristics.

Book ChapterDOI
16 Dec 2004
TL;DR: The main result developed in this paper is that every finite game can be converted into an equivalent bargaining game on temporal tableau, where the players negotiate the equilbrium outcome.
Abstract: We use linear time temporal logic formulas to model strategic and extensive form games. This allows us to use temporal tableau to reason about the game structure. We order the nodes of the tableau according to the players’ preferences. Using this, we can derive a decision procedure for reasoning about the equilibria of these games. The main result developed in this paper is that every finite game can be converted into an equivalent bargaining game on temporal tableau, where the players negotiate the equilbrium outcome. The decision method proposed in this paper has a number of merits compared to others that can be found in the growing literature connecting games to logic – it captures a wide variety of game forms, it is easy to understand and implement, and it can be enhanced to take into account bounded rationality assumptions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the factors that determine micro level firm level productivity in the context of a developing economy that had undertaken the policy reforms towards a freer market were investigated and a few hypotheses on the basis of firm level panel data for a set of Indian industries were econometrically tested.
Abstract: Several developing economies, such as India, that had implemented policy reforms towards market mechanism have been experiencing high economic growth. This paper brings out the factors that determine micro level firm level productivity in the context of a developing economy that had undertaken the policy reforms towards a freer market. It econometrically tests a few hypotheses on the basis of firm level panel data for a set of Indian industries. One of the strong results of the paper is that firm level outward orientation of exports and imports contributes significantly and positively to firm level productivity. This finding supports one of the propositions of the new growth theory that developing economies benefit significantly with free trade with developed economies through free flow of new ideas and technologies and externalities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors characterized the optimal solution of the uncapacitated K-commodity network design problem with zero flow costs for the case when K = 3, where n is the number of nodes in the network.
Abstract: Extending Sastry's result on the uncapacitated two-commodity network design problem, we completely characterize the optimal solution of the uncapacitated K-commodity network design problem with zero flow costs for the case when K = 3. By solving a set of shortest-path problems on related graphs, we show that the optimal solutions can be found in O(n3) time when K = 3, where n is the number of nodes in the network. The algorithm depends on identifying a list of “basic patterns”; the number of basic patterns grows exponentially with K. We also show that the uncapacitated K-commodity network design problem can be solved in O(n3) time for general K if K is fixed; otherwise, the time for solving the problem is exponential. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the emerging information and communication technologies (ICTs) are beneficial for the following reasons: they have led to the emergence of new modes of governance.
Abstract: There is a fundamental shift in economics of information due to emerging information and communication technologies (ICTs). This shift has resulted in what is popularly called the ‘information revolution.’ Most people are quite familiar with arguments that suggested the death of organizations as we know them. While a lot of such writing was hyped, there is a definite impact of the emerging ICTs on fundamental organizing principles leading to some real changes in organizations. This paper attempts to understand and explicate some of these influences by expanding the framework offered by Transaction Cost Theory (TCT). TCT assumes that economic actors (individuals or firms) display bounded rationality and opportunism. Bounded rationality suggests that people cannot be truly rational despite their desire to be so. Opportunism suggests that people often cheat to gain at the expense of the other party in a transaction. Hence, organizations are designed to reduce the impact of bounded rationality and safeguard against opportunism. Transaction costs are incurred in ensuring efficient and fair exchanges between economic actors. There are three kinds of transaction costs: information costs related to the search, acquisition, storing, processing, and dissemination of information associated with the transactions contracting costs which refer to the cost of negotiations and contract development coordination costs related to the activity concerned with satisfying each party to an exchange that the value given and received is in accordance with the formal contractual agreements and expectation. The most efficient forms of organizations result when governance mechanisms reduce the transactions costs. Traditionally, TCT suggested that market, hierarchy, and clan were three governance mechanisms that were efficient in three different contexts. This paper argues that the internet has increased the efficiency of market governance leading to transactions that were not feasible earlier. Large and reputed organizations now have an opportunity to reach out to customers and also increase their participation in transactions. The internet has also led to the emergence of virtual organizations based on a new mode of governance called self-governance. Organizations can now encourage their employees to be part of communities of practice for mutual benefit. Extranets have enhanced the scope of network organizations by making network governance more viable. They provide a means of developing a reliable vendor network that gives the large organizations the benefits of the market while maintaining appropriate hierarchical control. Finally, intranets have improved the efficiency of hierarchical governance thus expanding its scope of application. They have improved the efficiency of matrix organizations and facilitated the management of integrated and centralized organizations. Intranets have also made clan governance more feasible. This will allow large companies to build organic solidarity in a geographically distributed team to create new products. In essence, the emerging information technologies are beneficial for the following reasons: They have led to the emergence of new modes of governance. They have increased the opportunity to govern a greater range of exchanges than was possible without them. They have altered the conditions under which the alternate modes of governance are suitable. However, organizational designers need to acquaint themselves with the limitations before designing organizational forms. KEY WORDS

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide evidence from one-day cricket international (ODI) matches played by India that there is a significant negative impact on the daily stock market returns when the national team loses.
Abstract: There is increasing evidence of the inadequacy of ‘rational’ explanations of asset pricing. It has been established empirically that mood, induced by such natural phenomena as lunar phases or sunshine, affects asset prices. This paper provides evidence from one‐day cricket international (ODI) matches played by India that there is a significant negative impact on the daily stock market returns when the national team loses. Empirically, losing in India matters somewhat more than losing outside. The mood induced by losing a match appears conditioned by history, in that losing to nations that represent the ‘colonizers’ matters but losing to nations that share India's experience of being ‘colonized’ does not.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the multifarious effects of ageing on the economy and critically examine the existing policies for the aged in India and propose a new policy for the elderly.
Abstract: With the proportion of people above 60 years of age crossing 7% of the total population, India will soon be joining the list of aged countries by the next 50 years. Given the socio-economic structure and being the second largest most populated country in the world, the process of demographic transition in India would be different from that of the developed world. With around 72% people living in the rural areas, it is all probable that ageing in India would predominantly be a rural phenomenon. This process of rural ageing would further be accelerated by the process of migration of young from the rural areas to urban areas and returning of old back to their native villages. The article aims to analyze the multifarious effects of ageing on the economy and critically examines the existing policies for the aged.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the habit-forming effects in the context of rural India - considering rural parts of 4 Indian States, Punjab, Gujarat, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. But no such formal analysis has been done with Indian data.
Abstract: Dependence of present consumption over the past levels' was first proposed by Polak (1970). Since then many extensive studies have been done to test the presence of habit-forming effects in food and non-food commodities in the context of many different countries. But no such formal analysis has been done with Indian data. This paper examines the habit-forming effects in the context of rural India - considering rural parts of 4 Indian States, Punjab, Gujarat, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. The demand system used is the flexible AIDS model incorporating demography. It is found that habit effects are significant for all states considered.