Showing papers by "Indian Institute of Management Bangalore published in 2022"

Prospectively-validated deep learning model for segmenting swallowing and chewing structures in CT

Abstract: Abstract Objective. Delineating swallowing and chewing structures aids in radiotherapy (RT) treatment planning to limit dysphagia, trismus, and speech dysfunction. We aim to develop an accurate and efficient method to automate this process. Approach. CT scans of 242 head and neck (H&N) cancer patients acquired from 2004 to 2009 at our institution were used to develop auto-segmentation models for the masseters, medial pterygoids, larynx, and pharyngeal constrictor muscle using DeepLabV3+. A cascaded framework was used, wherein models were trained sequentially to spatially constrain each structure group based on prior segmentations. Additionally, an ensemble of models, combining contextual information from axial, coronal, and sagittal views was used to improve segmentation accuracy. Prospective evaluation was conducted by measuring the amount of manual editing required in 91 H&N CT scans acquired February-May 2021. Main results . Medians and inter-quartile ranges of Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) computed on the retrospective testing set ( N = 24) were 0.87 (0.85–0.89) for the masseters, 0.80 (0.79–0.81) for the medial pterygoids, 0.81 (0.79–0.84) for the larynx, and 0.69 (0.67–0.71) for the constrictor. Auto-segmentations, when compared to two sets of manual segmentations in 10 randomly selected scans, showed better agreement (DSC) with each observer than inter-observer DSC. Prospective analysis showed most manual modifications needed for clinical use were minor, suggesting auto-contouring could increase clinical efficiency. Trained segmentation models are available for research use upon request via https://github.com/cerr/CERR/wiki/Auto-Segmentation-models . Significance. We developed deep learning-based auto-segmentation models for swallowing and chewing structures in CT and demonstrated its potential for use in treatment planning to limit complications post-RT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only prospectively-validated deep learning-based model for segmenting chewing and swallowing structures in CT. Segmentation models have been made open-source to facilitate reproducibility and multi-institutional research.

The interaction between technology, business environment, society, and regulation in ICT industries

Abstract: This paper focusses on the interaction between technology, the business environment, regulation, and society in ICT industries. The role of technological advances in communication (e.g., cellular mobile, 5 G, spectrum allocation) and in computational advances (e.g., cloud, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence) along with developments in the business environment (e.g., disruption, convergence, Industry 4.0) and the regulatory environment (e.g., competition law and market regulation) in the model is explained. The economics of network industries and competition law and strategies such as vertical integration, bundling, and tying are described. The role of regulation and innovation is discussed along with some cases.

Modeling Simulation of SIR PC Infection Spreading Model with Fuzzy Parameters

Abstract: In this article, we considered SIR epidemic PC infection model with fuzzy parameters. The shortcoming that exists in the PC network by the infection contamination when the resources are revealed requires the examination of the possibility of multiplication of infection into the association. The infection rate, recovery rate, and death rate due to PC infection are all modeled as fuzzy numbers, with their membership functions employed as fuzzy parameters in the model. The fuzzy reproduction number is expressed in terms of an infection load and bifurcation parameter plays an important role in pc spreading model as well as the model’s stability discussed at both the infection-free and endemic equilibrium points.

A quadratic trend-based time series method to analyze the early incidence pattern of COVID-19

Abstract: The ongoing pandemic of Coronavirus disease has already affected more than 300,000 people. In this study, we propose an appropriate auto-regressive integrated moving-average model with time-varying parameters to analyze the trend pattern of the early incidence of COVID-19 outbreak, and subsequently, estimate the basic reproduction number R0 for different countries. We also incorporate information on total or partial lockdown into the model. The model is concise and flexible in structure. For R0 we use the maximum likelihood method and estimate it for different serial interval distributions. Proper diagnostic measures establish that a time-varying quadratic trend successfully captures the incidence pattern of the disease. We find that the number of affected cases starts increasing more rapidly three to four weeks after the first case is identified. Countrywide lockdown has been effective in reducing the growth rate of the disease in Italy. Estimated R0 of the 2019 novel Coronavirus ranges between 1.4 and 3.2 in different countries, except for the United States where it is higher. A much-needed outcome is that the method gives insight into what epidemiological stage a region is in. This has the potential to help in prompting policies to address the COVID-19 pandemic in different countries.

The Shape of Things to Come

Abstract: The advent of COVID-19 in the early months of 2020 and the lockdowns that it brought in its wake were harrowing times for arts organizations across the world. However the pandemic also opened a rare window of opportunity for museums and performing arts theatres situated in different parts of the world. As these organizations braced up to the challenge of switching over to social media platforms to live stream their products, little did they realize that they were opening their wares to a global audience! It also didn’t take them very long to realise that the transition was severely testing their abilities to manage change. The key question is whether arts organizations will able to sustain their digital tempo in a post-pandemic world. This book attempts to answer this question by diving deep into the experiences of eight arts organizations drawn from different parts of the world. The main refrain of this chapter is that the winds of transition that have overtaken the world of arts in the COVID-19 phase compel artists and managers of arts organizations to explore alternative opportunities for survival. More fundamentally, it is argued that these organizations need a raft of new managerial skills to navigate the whirlpool of change.

Economics of the Unique

Abstract: This chapter surveys the critical economic concepts of relevance to managers of arts organizations. The chapter delves on the unique character of arts resources, the difficulties of pricing intangible cultural heritage resources that do not enter the market place, and the possible manner in which non-market tools of valuation such as contingent valuation, hedonic valuation, and the travel costs method can be employed to value arts and heritage. The chapter examines how cultural and arts policies can influence consumer preferences through incentive mechanisms. Also examined is the phenomenon of asymmetric information that leads to the prevalence of trade in spurious art works. Also looked into are the systems of financing arts organizations in different parts of the world. The chapter finally explores the functioning of art auction markets, and the advent of unique financial techniques like secured lending which facilitate transactions in works of art.

New Age Technology and Geospatial Data Adoption in Rural Areas to Solve Inefficiencies in Implementation of Welfare Schemes

Abstract: Technology has developed rapidly in the past few decades, yet there is a lacuna in using new technologies for rural development. In this paper, the Author wants to review the existing methods of implementation of Government Welfare Schemes by taking Udigala Gram Panchayat of Chamarajanagar District in Karnataka as the study area and model a smart Action plan for the area using the Web and Geospatial Technologies. The geographical Information System can play an important role in helping the Village Administration in the implementation of Poverty Alleviation schemes and other schemes such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Spatial Analysis can help a in solving few of the deeply entrenched problems in administrative setups. The Paper will also look at how the integration of GIS and Web Technologies can help in deciding the building of the required infrastructure required for the development of the Area and it will also look at proposing a way to solve the problem of identification of beneficiaries for target implementation of schemes. The paper will also suggest issues and problems regarding the usage of Geospatial data. The higher administration generally is not aware of the local resources and infrastructure needed in the village. A pool of projects will be created for the Village under study taking into aspect different data.

Design of Arts Organizations

Abstract: This chapter discusses the design of arts organizations in terms of their operational processes. Based on a closer look at the organizational features and dynamics of three museums, and four theatres drawn from India, Russia, Japan, USA, and Canada, the chapter explains how arts organizations can be classified into ‘closed-loop’, ‘open-loop’, and ‘linear’ organizations. The chapter proceeds to categorize the seven arts organizations in terms of their distinct governance and business models. It is observed that arts organisations that rely on their own creative resources for running their activities tend to adopt a ‘closed-loop’ approach, while those which are adept at borrowing creative resources from external sources tend to be ‘open loop’ in structure. It is arged that organizational design influences the patterns of control that managers of exercise over their personnel. Further, it is contended that performance evaluation systems which are not sensitive to design of arts organizations will fail to assess the true worth of these organizations to its stakeholders.

Theatres

Abstract: This chapter takes a close look at four performing arts theatres, namely the Mariinsky Opera and Ballet Theatre in Russia, the Kabuki-za Theatre in Japan and the National Centre for Performing Arts (NCPA), and ‘Nepathya’ from India. While the first two are large repertory theatres, the NCPA is a non-repertory theatre. Nepathya, by contrast, is a micro-repertory theatre that specializes in Kutiyattom. The chapter revisits the organizational design of these theatres and closely examines the funding strategy and governance systems adopted by these theatres. The major proposition advanced in this chapter is that the size of a theatre has little bearing on its ownership structure, organizational design, or funding systems. Of the four theatres, Mariinsky and Nepathya are predominantly financed by the State. The Kabuki-za is financed by non-Government revenues and grants. The NCPA is also funded largely from non-Government sources. While the Mariinsky Theatre is State-owned, the Kabuki-za which is organized as a Company, is run by another Company (the Shochiku Company) on an agency mode. The NCPA, which is governed as an autonomous ‘Trust’, is neither Government owned nor Corporate controlled. The micro-theatre Nepathya, on the other hand, is registered as a ‘Society’ ( a variant of a ‘Trust’). In terms of their organizational design, the Mariinsky and the Kabuki-za Theatres are of the ‘open-loop’ type, while the NCPA is a linear organization. Nepathya, by contrast, is a closed-loop organization. The chapter surveys the common management challenges faced by the four types of theatres. It concludes with a discussion on the larger implications of performing arts theatres on cultural and arts policies.

The Future of Arts Organizations

Abstract: The final chapter surveys the impact of COVID-19 on arts organizations. It is observed that the advent of COVID-19 in early 2020 had pushed many arts organizations to transition to digital streaming media to relay their live shows. The transition resulted in a phenomenal expansion in their customer base. To a large extent, the switch-over enabled these organizations to tide over the losses brought about by the cancellation of live shows during the lockdown phase. Indeed many large museums had shifted to virtual visits during the lockdown phase of COVID-19. Many of them were able to amplify their virtual experience, thanks to digital imaging technologies. Though these Museums reverted to the pre-pandemic routines during the latter half of 2020, they did not completely abandon their forays into the virtual world. Another development during the pandemic years was the sale of art works through blockchain platforms that minted non-fungible crypto tokens. Although, it is conceded that large arts organizations are in a better position to take advantage of digital platforms and technologies, it is also argued that with better business models, it is possible for small arts organizations to avail these technologies.

Arts, Aesthetics, and Managers

Abstract: This chapter seeks to briefly survey the perspectives of the Athenian, Western, and Eastern philosophers on arts and aesthetics. In a broad sense, approaches to arts seek to explain ‘what art is’ and ‘what art does’. It is a bare fact that artist(e)s as managers have a more intimate understanding of aesthetics in comparison to professional managers of arts organizations. Indeed, professional managers who do not understand the aesthetic significance of art forms will not be in a position to assess, present and project their organizations in a convincing manner to the outside world. Further, knowledge of aesthetics helps managers gauge the larger impact of their activities on artist(e)s as well as consumers. The chapter underscores the importance of managers of arts organizations adopting the idea of wholesomeness in their approach to arts. The chapter also highlights the importance of arts organizations adopting branding efforts to project their organizations. It is argued that by creating space for artist/artiste freedom and proactively engaging with connoisseurs and other opinion creators, it is possible for arts organizations to enhance their customer base. The chapter concludes by stating that managers need to play a major role in determining how far their organization’s offerings are in tune with the cultural and arts policies laid down by the State.

A Normative View of Arts Policies

Abstract: This chapter illustrates the building blocks of Cultural and Arts Policy in terms of six elements, namely ‘Philosophy’, ‘Perspective’, ‘Organizational Systems’, ‘Enabling Systems’, ‘Impacts’, and ‘Ramifications’. It is argued that the six elements offer a normative framework for evaluating culture and arts policies. The chapter proceeds to examine the culture and arts policies of the USA, Canada, Russia, Japan, and India in terms of the six building blocks proposed. The chapter also briefly surveys the contours of the culture and arts policies of the United Kingdom, France, Brazil, and Kenya. The central point highlighted in this chapter is about the divide between countries which emphasize artistic freedom in their policies and those which consider arts and culture to be functional and germane to nation building. The chapter concludes by stating that the proposed normative framework of culture/arts policy analyses will be helpful to managers of arts organizations to analyse the culture/arts policies of the countries in which they operate and determine what strategies they need to frame and pursue in order to ensure the sustenance of their organizations.

Animating the Inanimate

Abstract: The onset of COVID-19 has altered the functioning of museums and biennials across the world. Consistent with the ‘deep dive approach’ employed in this book, the chapter takes a close look at three museums and a biennial. The museums chosen for detailed examination are ‘The Guggenheim’ (USA), the Victoria Memorial Hall (India), and the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Canada). The biennial chosen for detailed exploration is the ‘Kochi-Muziries Biennale’ (India). The objectives of the exercise are to understand the nature of operations carried out by these organizations and identifying the economic and managerial challenges faced by them prior to and during the difficult days of COVID-19. The chapter explores how the four organizations have coped with the pandemic. While Guggenheim opened up their premises on a minimal note and employed intense virtual media exposes, the Kochi-Muziries Biennale was constrained to postpone its biennial event. The Montreal Museum and the Victoria Memorial Hall also underwent protracted bouts of inactivity. The dive deep studies throw up a menu of management-related situations that holds vital lessons for budding museum managers. Similarly, the functioning of the four organizations also afford valuable lessons to the policy establishment regarding the effectiveness of cultural and arts policies.