Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

About: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur is a education organization based out in Kharagpur, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Computer science & Dielectric. The organization has 16887 authors who have published 38658 publications receiving 714526 citations.

Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries

Abstract: The paper examines the long-run relationship between innovation and per capita economic growth in the 19 European countries over the period 1989–2014. This study uses six different indicators of innovation: patents-residents, patents-non-residents, research and development expenditure, researchers in research and development activities, high-technology exports, and scientific and technical journal articles to examine this long-run relationship with per capita economic growth. Using cointegration technique, the study finds evidence of long-run relationship between innovation and per capita economic growth in most of the cases, typically with reference to the use of a particular innovation indicator. Using Granger causality test, the study finds the presence of both unidirectional and bidirectional causality between innovation and per capita economic growth. These results vary from country to country, depending upon the types of innovation indicators that we use in the empirical investigation process. Most importantly, the study finds that all these innovation indicators are considerably linked with per capita economic growth. This particular linkage is either supply-leading or demand-following in some occasions, while it is the occurrence of both in some other occasions. The policy implication of this study is that countries should recognize the differences in innovation and per capita economic growth in order to maintain sustainable development in these countries.

Artificial neural network-based nonlinearity estimation of pressure sensors

Abstract: A new approach to pressure sensor modeling based on a simple functional link artificial neural network (FLANN) is proposed. The response of the sensor is expressed in terms of its input by a power series. In the direct modeling, using a FLANN trained by a simple neural algorithm, the unknown coefficients of the power series are estimated accurately. The FLANN-based inverse model of the sensor can estimate the applied pressure accurately. The maximum error between the measured and estimated values is found to be only /spl plusmn/2%. The existing techniques utilize ROM or nonlinear schemes for linearization of the sensor response. However, the proposed inverse model approach automatically compensates the effect of the associated nonlinearity to estimate the applied pressure. Frequent modification of the ROM or nonlinear coding data is required for correct readout during changing environmental conditions. Under such conditions, in the proposed technique, for correct readout, the FLANN is to be retrained and a new set of coefficients is entered into the plug-in module. Thus this modeling technique provides greater flexibility and accuracy in a changing environment. >

Microalgae as rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Abstract: Microalgae are rich source of poly unsaturated fatty acids and therefore, extraction and purification of poly unsaturated fatty acids from algal strains are emerging steeply to nourish the nutritional needs of the population. Recently, various cost-effective and efficient approaches are being explored to increase the poly unsaturated fatty acids yield in algae. In this juncture, this article attempted to connect extraction of lipid using different methods, and accumulation of lipid under various stress conditions, and accumulation of poly unsaturated fatty acids under various stress conditions. Initially, extraction of lipid from various algal strains using different techniques was discussed in detail. Then, accumulation of lipid in microalgae under the influence of various stimuli has been critically flagged, in order to enable researchers to choose an optimal lipid induction condition for food and fuel production. Later, impact of various factors or culture condition on the poly unsaturated fatty acids accumulation in algae has been extensively assessed and presented in the perspective of increasing its production for food supplement. Finally, recent literature pertaining to the lipid and poly unsaturated fatty acids production in microalgae is reviewed, and summarized.