Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

About: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur is a education organization based out in Kharagpur, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Computer science & Dielectric. The organization has 16887 authors who have published 38658 publications receiving 714526 citations.

A comprehensive review on harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel – Key challenges and future directions

Abstract: Economically viable microalgal biodiesel production is unrealistic and unsustainable owing to expensive harvesting or dewatering techniques. Hence, immense and meticulous exploration of harvesting process is essential to identify knowledge leads by which suitable harvesting technique could be ascertained for lucrative biodiesel production. With this in view, this review aims to collate and highlight the spectrum of harvesting techniques applied to microalgae, i.e., conventional – modern, high cost- inexpensiveness, energy efficient- energy consuming process. At the outset, global energy outlook and demand had been critically addressed, and the scientific ways to tackle or satiate the fuel demand had also been highlighted in this reveiw. This review manuscript has thrown widespread light on the physical harvesting methods namely centrifugation, sedimentation, filtration, flotation and technical advantages thereof. Due to the energy-intensive and cost barrier of physical harvesting techniques, chemical methods entailing organic, inorganic, and electroflocculation have come to limelight and in this regard, microalgae used, floc recovery and the dose of flocculants have been compared and presented in detail. Further, state of the art harvesting techniques viz., bioflocculation by microalgae/bacteria, flocculation by pH adjustment, and magnetic nanocomposite based microalgal harvesting had been critically articulated. Besides discussing the several methods, this paper has summarized the key challenges in conventional and advanced harvesting techniques and also provided the scope thereof. Hence, the key suggestions and findings given in this manuscript would positively offer a well-defined roadmap in choosing foreseeable harvesting technology for cost-effective microalgal biofuel development.

A novel defected ground structure for planar circuits

Abstract: A new compact defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed for the microstrip line. The structure is compact in microstrip line direction. Here, this DGS is used to design a compact low pass filter (LPF) that is at least 26.3% more compact lengthwise than other reported compact structures and has sharper transition knee.

A Compact Koch Fractal UWB MIMO Antenna With WLAN Band-Rejection

Abstract: In this letter, a compact octagonal shaped fractal ultrawideband multiple-input–multiple-output antenna is presented, and its characteristics are investigated In order to achieve the desired miniaturization and wideband phenomena, self-similar and space filling properties of Koch fractal geometry are used in the antenna design These fractal monopoles are placed orthogonal to each other for good isolation Moreover, grounded stubs are used in the geometry to provide further improvement in the isolation The band rejection phenomenon in wireless local area network band is achieved by etching a C-shaped slot from the monopole of the antenna The proposed antenna has compact dimensions of $45~\hbox{mm} \times 45~\hbox{mm}$ and exhibits quasi-omnidirectional radiation pattern In addition, it shows an impedance bandwidth ( ${{\rm S}_{11}}\! ) from 2 to 106 GHz with isolation better than 17 dB over the entire ultra-wideband range Diversity performance is also evaluated in terms of envelope correlation coefficient and capacity loss The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones