Showing papers by "Indiana University published in 1971"
TL;DR: The effectiveness of firms in originating, developing, and implementing technical innovations is viewed as a function of three sets of factors: (1) characteristics of the firm's environment, (2) in....
Abstract: The effectiveness of firms in originating, developing, and implementing technical innovations is viewed as a function of three sets of factors: (1) characteristics of the firm's environment, (2) in...
565 citations
[...]
447 citations
TL;DR: This chapter examines several aspects of its fitness for survival in the lower intestine and has shown that E. coli is designed for efficient growth in its high viscosity habitat with its sporadic nutrient input.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a creature adapted to its ecological niche. This chapter examines several aspects of its fitness for survival in the lower intestine and has shown that E. coli is designed for efficient growth in its high viscosity habitat with its sporadic nutrient input. Effective use of resources to produce functioning organisms implies that macromolecular synthesis is properly divided between structural and enzymic units on one hand and the means of production that include ribosomes and t-RNA on the other. In an expanding economy all elements must increase, but the manufacture of means of production themselves must be more sensitively geared to the rate of expansion than to the actual quantity of goods produced. E. coli are not constructed to be efficient at allocating resources for nucleic acid and protein synthesis from the point of view of an ideal, non-fluctuating continuous culture. An analysis of the efficiency of the transport machinery that allows E. coli to compete with its neighbors for carbon and nitrogen sources, growth factors, or trace elements is presented. It is concluded that the transport mechanisms for several compounds have evolved to the degree where diffusion through the viscous natural environment is limiting.
387 citations
TL;DR: The increased RVD Index and abnormal septal motion observed in the patients with atrial sePTal defects provided an ultrasound complex that could clearly separate these patients from normal individuals, those with ventricular septals defect and patent ductus arteriosus, and those with uncomplicated right ventricular pressure overload.
Abstract: Echocardiographic studies were performed on 39 adult patients with atrial septal defects. Findings were compared with those from normal subjects, patients with other congenital left-to-right shunts (ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus), patients with uncomplicated right ventricular pressure overload (pulmonic stenosis and pulmonary hypertension), and patients with pulmonary hypertension complicated by tricuspid regurgitation. Two echocardiographic features were assessed: 1) a right ventricular dimension, or RVD Index, representing the distance between the right ventricular epicardial echoes and echoes from the right side of the interventricular septum divided by the patient's body surface area, and 2) motion of the interventricular septum. The increased RVD Index and abnormal septal motion observed in the patients with atrial septal defects provided an ultrasound complex that could clearly separate these patients from normal individuals, those with ventricular septal defect and patent d...
267 citations
229 citations
TL;DR: The inference is that oxidative metabolism supplies the energy required by the molecular mechanism underlying fast axoplasmic transport as well as Tetrodotoxin and procaine, agents which block excitation of the membrane, had no effect on fast transport.
Abstract: —A crest of labelled activity moving down the sciatic nerve at 401 ± 35 mm/day after injection of the L7 dorsal root ganglion of the cat with L-[3H]leucine characterizes fast axoplasmic transport of materials and has been studied with regard to its dependence on oxidative metabolism. Transport of labelled materials in vitro occurred if the nerve was supplied with O2 or 95 % O2+ 5 % CO2. Transport was not dependent upon continuity of the fibres with the ganglionic soma. Asphyxiation (N2) rapidly blocked fast transport in vitro. Likewise NaCN or dinitrophenol in an O2 atmosphere both effectively block fast transport within 15 min. Tetrodotoxin and procaine, agents which block excitation of the membrane, had no effect on fast transport. The inference is that oxidative metabolism supplies the energy required by the molecular mechanism underlying fast axoplasmic transport.
176 citations
TL;DR: Echocardiography should be a very useful noninvasive, yet direct, method for diagnosing, studying, and following patients with prolapse of the mitral valve.
Abstract: The echocardiographic findings are described for five patients who had the prolapsed mitral valve syndrome, proven by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography In all five patients, the echocardiograms demonstrated posterior displacement of the posterior mitral leaflet during systole In four of the patients there was also posterior displacement of the anterior leaflet Four of the five patients had mitral insufficiency, demonstrated by cineangiography These four patients demonstrated echocardiographic separation of the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve in late systole The fifth patient did not show this separation, and she had no mitral insufficiency by selective cineangiography Two patients were given amyl nitrite during the echocardiographic examination, and the echogram showed earlier separation of the anterior and posterior leaflets as well as lengthening of the murmur Echocardiography should be a very useful noninvasive, yet direct, method for diagnosing, studying, and following patients with prolapse of the mitral valve
174 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electronic structure of binary alloys is discussed for a system in which both the atomic energy levels and the hopping integrals are random quantities, and three self-consistent equations are obtained that must be solved simultaneously; these replace the single CPA equation.
Abstract: The electronic structure of binary alloys is discussed for a system in which both the atomic energy levels and the hopping integrals are random quantities. This paper is a detailed study of the generalization of the coherent-potential approximation (CPA) introduced earlier by the present authors. We show that a locator description provides a particularly suitable formalism for setting up this generalized problem and how, with the aid of a simple device, configuration averaging may be performed by the use of established techniques. The approximation used is, as in the case of the usual CPA, a single-site one. Three self-consistent equations are obtained that must be solved simultaneously; these replace the single CPA equation. Numerical results are displayed for a series of alloys, and a discussion of certain aspects of the theory, such as its moment-preserving properties, is also included.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a wave function for the ground state of the beryllium atom was constructed from a basis set consisting of $s$ and $p$ Slater-type orbitals and powers of interelectronic coordinates.
Abstract: A method is proposed for the accurate determination of atomic wave functions and energies by the explicit introduction of interelectronic coordinates into a configuration-interaction wave function. This is accomplished by choosing the configurations in the wave function to be antisymmetrized projected products of one-electron functions with powers of interelectronic coordinates. A 107-configuration wave function for the ground state of the beryllium atom was constructed from a basis set consisting of $s$ and $p$ Slater-type orbitals and powers of interelectronic coordinates: ${r}_{\mathrm{ij}}^{v} (v.=0,1,2)$. The energy obtained from this wave function ($E=\ensuremath{-}14.66654$ a.u.) is an upper bound to the "exact" nonrelativistic energy of this state and it is believed to be within 0.0002a. u. of the "exact" value. The advantages that the present method offers for extending accurate Hylleraas-method calculations to atomic systems with $Ng3$ are discussed.
152 citations
TL;DR: The results reported here show that methods such as scoring rules and bets are useful in leading individuals to make careful probability assessments, with predictions determined by mechanical schemes and by the organized betting market proving superior to those of many of the subjects.
Abstract: This article concerns a study in which personal probability assessments regarding the outcomes of football games were obtained. The results reported here, which include a detailed investigation of the assessments, an evaluation of the assessments in an inferential context and in a decision-theoretic context, and a discussion of the performance of a consensus, show that methods such as scoring rules and bets are useful in leading individuals to make careful probability assessments. Considerable variability existed among subjects, however, with predictions determined by mechanical schemes and by the organized betting market proving superior to those of many of the subjects.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a simplification of the path integral solution of the Schrodinger equation in terms of coordinates which need not be Cartesian and discussed the relationship between the distance and time differentials.
Abstract: In this paper we present a simplification of the path integral solution of the Schrodinger equation in terms of coordinates which need not be Cartesian. After presenting the existing formula, we discuss the relationship between the distance and time differentials. Making this relationship precise through the technique of stationary phase, we are able to simplify the path integral. The resulting expression can be used to obtain a Hamiltonian path integral. Finally, we comment on a similar phenomenon involving differentials in the Ito integral.
TL;DR: In this paper, a functional view of short-term memory was suggested, in which retention is based on sensory buffers and rehearsal processes without postulating a structural shortterm store separate from a long-term store.
TL;DR: In this article, the Raman scattering spectrum of V${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ was reported between 4.2 and 6.2 K. This evidence supports a recently proposed phenomenological mechanism for the semiconductor-to-metal transition.
Abstract: The Raman scattering spectrum of V${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is reported between 4.2 and 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the semiconducting monoclinic phase only sharp phonon structure is observed. The metallic rutile phase exhibits a pronounced softening and damping in the observed phonon spectrum. This evidence supports a recently proposed phenomenological mechanism for the semiconductor-to-metal transition.
TL;DR: In this article, the stochastic and kinetics of the reaction between various Grignard reagents and alkyl halides with an iron catalyst have been examined in tetrahydrofuran solutions.
TL;DR: This study is a continuation of previous efforts combining population genetics and ecology to provide predictive insight into population fluctuations of small rodents, and to establish the temporal and spatial replicability of these genetic changes.
Abstract: Microtine rodents undergo periodic fluctuations in population density (Krebs et al., 1969). Ecologists have searched unsuccessfully for the driving force behind these fluctuations, invoking environmental factors such as weather (Elton, 1929), nutrition (Pitelka, 1964), disease (Elton, 1925), and predation (Pearson, 1966). What has been conspicuously ignored in most studies on the regulation of rodent numbers is the genetic composition of the population. This study is a continuation of previous efforts (Krebs et al., 1969; Tamarin and Krebs, 1969) combining population genetics and ecology to provide predictive insight into population fluctuations of small rodents. The purpose of the study was threefold: (1) to demonstrate how the genetic architecture of a population changes with different phases of a population fluctuation, (2) to correlate genetic changes with demographic events occurring in the population, and (3) to establish the temporal and spatial replicability of these genetic changes. Several attempts have been made to monitor genetic changes in fluctuating rodent populations. Canham (1969), studying transferrin and albumin polymorphisms in fluctuating populations of Peromyscus maniculatus, Cleithrionomys rutilus, and C. gapperi, found that heterozygote fitness
TL;DR: A modified biuret assay has been developed that is more sensitive and is not subject to interference as is the case with either the usual procedure or other published variations and can be used with whole bacteria as well as with pure proteins.
TL;DR: Cellulolytic rates of several of the thermophilic species, tested at 45° C, were 2–3 times those of the mesophilicspecies Chaetomium globosum Kunze ex Fries and Trichoderma viride PersoonEx Fries, tests at 25°C.
Abstract: The relative ability of species of thermophilic fungi to degrade cellulose was measured using an agar-diffusion technique based on the clearing of acid-swollen cellulose.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the product distributions of Bacillus amyloliquefefaciens amylase acting on homologous maltodextrins and used them to map the active site of the enzyme.
TL;DR: It was found that motor and mental performance as well as stability of stance deteriorated in a linearly dose‐dependent fashion.
Abstract: Fifteen volunteers smoked marihuana cigarettes under controlled laboratory conditions on five occasions. The cigarettes were calibrated to deliver doses of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 εg per kilogram of Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol(THC). A randomized block, double‐blind design was used. It was found that motor and mental performance as well as stability of stance deteriorated in a linearly dose‐dependent fashion. Heart rate and corüunctioal redness increased with dose as did scores on sensation and mood questionnaires.
TL;DR: It is concluded that a continuous process ofprotein degradation occurs in bacterial cells at all times, and an additional process of protein degradation concomitant with nucleic acid degradation is initiated following starvation of nutrients.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the relationship between innovativeness and opinion leadership and the extent and character of generalized innovateativeness. And they found that these relationships vary with produ...
Abstract: This article analyzes the relationship between innovativeness and opinion leadership and the extent and character of generalized innovativeness. The data suggest these relationships vary with produ...
TL;DR: Findings are in accord with the classical concept shown earlier for muscle that iodoacetate blocks glycolysis by its action on glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and the fast axoplasmic transport of materials in mammalian nerve.
Abstract: — Cat sciatic nerves were exposed to iodoacetate for a period of 5–10 min and after washing out the iodoacetate, the enzymes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NAD oxidoreductase (phosphorylating); EC 1.2.1.12) and lactate dehydrogenase (l-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.27) were extracted from the high-speed supernatant fraction of nerve homogenates. Concentrations of iodoacetate as low as 2.5 mm could completely block activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase but had no effect on lactate dehydrogenase. These findings are in accord with the classical concept shown earlier for muscle that iodoacetate blocks glycolysis by its action on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. A complete block of activity of the enzyme was found after treatment with 2 to 5 mm-iodoacetate for a period of 10 min and such blocks were irreversible for at least 3 h. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was NAD specific, with NADP unable to substitute for NAD. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of iodoacetate in blocking glycolysis and in turn the fast axoplasmic transport of materials in mammalian nerve.
TL;DR: It was found that the high dose of THC produced Significant impairment in performance of both mental and motor tasks and that alcohol induced an additional effect.
Abstract: Twelve healthy male volunteers smoked marihuana cigarettes calibrated to deliver 0, 2.5, or 5 mg. of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) either alone or in combination with either a plain fruit-flavored beverage or the same beverage containing 15 ml. of alcohol per 50 pounds of body weight. Each subject received all 6 possible combinations in a double-blind randomized block experiment. The parameters measured were four pursuit meter tests (motor performance), nine delayed auditory feedback tests (mental performance), pulse rate, conjunctival injection, and subjective effects (Cornell Medical Index). It was found that the high dose of THC produced Significant impairment in performance of both mental and motor tasks and that alcohol induced an additional effect. There was little difference between the response to 2.5 and 5.0 mg. of THC on these parameters. Conjunctival injection, ptllse rate, and subjective effects were dose dependent and alcohol was additive.
TL;DR: In analogy to muscle where ATP is required to supply the energy required for the cross-bridges, fast axoplasmic transport in the nerve fiber also has been found to depend on oxidative metabolism supplying ATP.
Abstract: Fast axoplasmic transport at a characteristic rate close to 400 mm/day is seen in a variety of different mammalian species. Particulates, proteins, polypeptide, and free amino acids are all carried down the fibers at the same rate. An hypothesis to account for such a heterogeneous transport is based on the sliding filament theory of muscle. In the neuron, a “transport filament” is synthesized in the cell body and to it the various transported species are bound. The transporting filament moves down the nerve by means of cross-bridges. In analogy to muscle where ATP is required to supply the energy required for the cross-bridges, fast axoplasmic transport in the nerve fiber also has been found to depend on oxidative metabolism supplying ATP.
01 Jun 1971-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of mutagenesis on Paramecium aurelia mutants are discussed, showing that the mutant "Paranoiac" spontaneously goes into continuous ciliary reversal (a type of behavior correlated with membrane depolarization) and two types of mutants show abnormally high speed in forward movement.
Abstract: Phenotypes of recently discovered behavioral mutants in Paramecium aurelia are described. The mutant “Paranoiac” spontaneously goes into continuous ciliary reversal (a type of behavior correlated with membrane depolarization). Two types of “Fast” mutants show abnormally high speed in forward movement (correlated with hyperpolarization). While Paranoiac overreacts to Na-Ca stimulation, some Fasts are relatively insensitive. The mutant “Pawn”, unable to reverse in most conditions, does not react to Na-Ca, K-Ca or mechanical stimuli. Reactions of different strains to solutions of different [Na+]/ or
$$\sqrt {[Ca^{ + + } } ]$$
or [K+]/
$$\sqrt {[Ca^{ + + } } ]$$
are qualitatively (Fig. 3, 4) and quantitatively (Fig. 5) studied. The ability to perform negative geotaxis upon transfer into solutions of high [Na+]/
$$\sqrt {[Ca^{ + + } } ]$$
of a Fast mutant and of the wild type is compared (Fig. 7). These genie mutants apparently carry molecular lesions in the system of excitation, probably in the excitable membrane. The significance of mutagenesis on these excitable cells is discussed.
TL;DR: An extremely simple, rapid method is described for simultaneously determining methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, and low-boiling hydrocarbons associated with glue sniffing.
Abstract: An extremely simple, rapid method is described for simultaneously determining methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, and low-boiling hydrocarbons associated with glue sniffing. Less than 1 µl of blood, mixed with an internal standard, is injected directly into a low-cost gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector. No extraction, distillation, and (or) sample preparation is required, and the method is sensitive to less than 10 µg of alcohol per ml.