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Showing papers by "Indiana University published in 1972"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sulfolobus apparently has no close relationship with any previously described bacteria, either heterotrophic or autrotrophic, and may be an important geochemical agent in the production of sulfuric acid from sulfur in high temperature hydrothermal systems.
Abstract: Sulfolobus is a new genus of bacteria characterized as follows: 1. generally spherical cells producing frequent lobes; 2. facultative autotrophy with growth on sulfur or on a variety of simple organic compounds; 3. unusual cell wall structure devoid of peptidoglycan; 4. acidophilic, pH optimum of 2–3 and range from 0.9–5.8; 5. thermophilic with temperature optimum of 70–75°C and range from 55–80°C (one strain grew at 85°C). The DNA base composition of five strains was determined by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation and found to be 60–68% guanine plus cytosine. Sulfolobus apparently has no close relationship with any previously described bacteria, either heterotrophic or autrotrophic. Techniques are presented for distinguishing Sulfolobus from Thermoplasma, another genus of acidophilic thermophilic spherically shaped organisms. Sulfolobus has been isolated from a variety of natural acidic thermal habitats, both terrestrial and aquatic. Most isolations have been from habitats in Yellowstone National Park, but strains were also isolated from Italy, Dominica and El Salvador. It is suggested that Sulfolobus may be an important geochemical agent in the production of sulfuric acid from sulfur in high temperature hydrothermal systems.

1,106 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effects on product ratings of both overstatement and understatement of product quality, and found that common marketing practice in that overstatement re-estimate product quality.
Abstract: This study experimentally investigated the effects on product ratings of both overstatement and understatement of product quality. Results support common marketing practice in that overstatement re...

497 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Sidney Ochs1
21 Apr 1972-Science
TL;DR: The use of monochromatized x-radiation results in improved resolution and the freedom from satellites, and the reduced background improves the information content of the ESCA spectra significantly.
Abstract: ing state of atoms in chemical compounds, surface chemistry and surface physics, particularly catalysis and adsorption phenomena, and elemental analysis and structural analysis of chemical substances, to mention a few. The use of monochromatized x-radiation results in improved resolution and the freedom from satellites. The reduced background improves the information content of the ESCA spectra significantly. Often, the actual shape of the ESCA line or the energy band 'becomes more clearly visible since it is less distorted by instrumental line shape. The signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved and the instrumental background is purely statistical and independent of energy. Thus, the instrumental background does not introduce any structure into the ESCA spectrum which could be mistaken for actual information.

365 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an epreuve adaptee du Sigel Cognitive Style Test (SCT) was appliqué a 316 eleves americains and 221 eleves chinois (Taiwan) du quatrieme et cinquieme degre de l'ecole elementaire.
Abstract: Une epreuve adaptee du Sigel Cognitive Style Test a ete appliquee a 316 eleves americains et 221 eleves chinois (Taiwan) du quatrieme et cinquieme degre de l'ecole elementaire. Il etait suppose que, par rapport a leurs condisciples chinois, les ecoliers americains obtiendraient des resultats 1) superieurs pour le style descriptif-analytique; 2) inferieurs pour le style descriptif-global; 5) inferieurs pour le mode relation-contexte; 4) superieurs pour le style inference-categorie. Les resultats ont confirme les hypotheses (1), (3) et (4) pour les deux niveaux scolaires et pour les garcons aussi bien que les jeunes filles. On a pu conclure que les eleves chinois ont prefere categoriser les stimuli selon leur interdependance ou leurs rapports, tandis que les sujets americains ont classifie les stimuli D'apres les caracteristiques inferees de ces stimuli, en analysant les composantes observables de l'assemblage-stimulus.

300 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The semantics of entailment in modal logics have been studied in this paper, where a ternary relation R is proposed to take the place for the relevant logics of the Kripke binary relation for standard modal and intuitionistic logics.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the semantics of entailment. Earlier, modal logics had no semantics. Bearing a real world G, a set of worlds K, and a relation R of relative possibility between worlds, Saul Kripke beheld this situation and saw that it was formally explicable and made model structures. It came to pass that soon everyone was making model structures, and some were deontic, some were temporal, and some were epistemic, according to the conditions on the binary relation R. The models made by Kripke, Hintikka, and Thomason were, however, not relevant. Central to the semantics being developed is a ternary relation R that takes the place for the relevant logics of the Kripke binary relation for standard modal and intuitionistic logics.

274 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that during early life, psychotic children, unlike the subnormal who have less severe visual-motor or language processing handicaps, cannot use parents' help to interpret environment.
Abstract: Experimental psychotic children, 9 boys and 3 girls (mean age=66.9 mos.) were compared with 5 non-psychotic subnormal boys (mean age=72 mos.) in body imitation, motor-object imitation and spontaneous object use and also for influence of task class and difficulty using each subject's adaptive age as referant. Psychotic children did poorly in body, better in motor-object imitation and best in object use. Controls achieved higher body and motor-object imitation scores. Task difficulty equally affected the performances of subjects and controls. Body imitation failure, traced to neurophysiological deficiencies, combined with severe central language disorders in the psychotic group, precluded non-verbal and verbal interpersonal communication. It is suggested that during early life, psychotic children, unlike the subnormal who have less severe visual-motor or language processing handicaps, cannot use parents' help to interpret environment.

241 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that the receptive fields of lateral geniculate (LGN) and striate cortex cells were essentially normal except for cortical ocular dominance patterns.

234 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A fast algorithm is given to produce a small set of short sentences from a context free grammar such that each production of the grammar is used at least once.
Abstract: A fast algorithm is given to produce a small set of short sentences from a context free grammar such that each production of the grammar is used at least once. The sentences are useful for testing parsing programs and for debugging grammars (finding errors in a grammar which causes it to specify some language other than the one intended). Some experimental results from using the sentences to test some automatically generated simpleLR(1) parsers are also given.

210 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The internal left ventricular dimension measured by ultrasound was standardized by using the mitral valve as a landmark and by recording the motion of the left side of the interventricular septum and endocardial surface of the posteriorleft ventricular wall simultaneously.
Abstract: Ultrasound echocardiograms from the septal and posterior left ventricular walls were displayed with a simultaneously recorded electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and indirect carotid pulse. These echoes differed in both amplitude and waveform. The contour of the posterior wall echo resembled an inverted ventricular volume curve, while the septal echo was of smaller amplitude and had a characteristic notched appearance. Most of the movement of the left ventricular walls relative to the ultrasound transducer was attributable to systolic contraction and diastolic expansion of the cavity. However, superimposed on this motion due to change in cavity size was movement of the left ventricle as a whole, first anteriorly toward the ultrasound transducer during late systole then posteriorly away from it at the beginning of left ventricular relaxation. These movements added to the amplitude of posterior wall motion but subtracted from the motion of the septum and were responsible for the notch in the waveform of thi...

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Sep 1972-Science
TL;DR: When presentation of a retractable lever always preceded food delivery, rats licked or gnawed the lever and evoked directed skeletal responses whose specific form depended on the forthcoming unconditioned stimulus.
Abstract: When presentation of a retractable lever always preceded food delivery, rats licked or gnawed the lever. They also approached but seldom orally contacted a lever signaling brain-stimulation reinforcement; instead, subjects sniffed, pawed, or "explored" the lever. Therefore, a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus evoked directed skeletal responses whose specific form depended on the forthcoming unconditioned stimulus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High hematocrit values of about 60%, and a high oxygen capacity of 27.5 vol % of P. hastatus blood, must represent important adaptations for enabling the flying bat to maintain such a high metabolic rate.
Abstract: 1. The energetics and physiological responses to flight of the echolocating bat Phyllostomus hastatus were studied to determine the energy requirements and physiological adaptations for mammalian flight. 2. The metabolic cost of bat flight is approximately comparable to that of bird flight and requires a metabolic rate appreciably greater than has been reported for terrestrial mammals during exercise. During flight P. hastatus consumed between 24.7 and 29.1 ml O2 (g h)-1, which is about four times its metabolic rate immediately prior to flight and more than 30 times its oxygen consumption while resting with a TR of 36.5 °C in a small chamber. 3. The onset of flight is accompanied by an abrupt increase in both the heart rate, from about 8.7 to 13 beats/sec, and the respiratory rate, from 3 to about 9.6/sec. Rectal temperature is elevated during flight and maintained at about 41.8 °C. The respiratory quotient, which averages 0.83 in a quietly resting bat, rises to a little over 1.0 during the first few minutes of flight. 4. The minimum estimated tidal volume during flight is about 1.4 ml. One respiratory cycle occurs with each wingbeat, corresponding to an estimated minute volume of 840 ml, which is comparable to that reported for the flying budgerigar. The amount of oxygen extracted by P. hastatus from a given volume of tidal air is also comparable to the efficiency of ventilation reported for this bird. 5. High hematocrit values of about 60%, and a high oxygen capacity of 27.5 vol % of P. hastatus blood, must represent important adaptations for enabling the flying bat to maintain such a high metabolic rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two linear orderings of the form A > B > C > D were incorporated into a meaningful paragraph by describing the pairwise relations between the four terms, and subjects were given the paragraph to study, and were then tested for their knowledge of the two orderings.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The absence of mode-of-prese ntation effects, serial position effects, and sequential dependencies means that pictures are processed one by one for exactly the duration of presentation.
Abstract: before each test. Two modes of presentation were employed differing in whether exposure time within a series was constant (uniform rate) or variable (mixed rate). Noting the absence of mode-of-prese ntation effects, serial position effects, and sequential dependencies, Potter and Levy concluded that pictures are processed one by one for exactly the duration of presentation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The possible mechanisms underlying the high incidence of false negative exercise electrocardiographic tests in patients with disease isolated to the right coronary or left circumflex artery are discussed.
Abstract: Graded treadmill exercise testing and coronary cinearteriographic studies were carried out on 86 patients with angina pectoris. At rest, all patients demonstrated a normal S-T segment on the modified bipolar lead V 5 recording used. The computer-quantitated S-T segment response to exercise was correlated with the location and extent of obstructive coronary artery disease. The coronary cineartertograms were reviewed by 3 physicians and stenosis of 75 percent or greater was considered significant. All patients showed at least this degree of stenosis in 1 or more major coronary arteries, and 83 of 86 exhibited 90 percent or greater stenosis in at least 1 artery. Thirty-one patients had stenosis in a single artery, 43 had stenosis in 2 arteries and 12 had significant lesions in all 3 major arteries. In 70 of the 86 (82 percent) patients, a positive S-T segment response developed during or immediately after exercise. In 12 of the 16 with a negative response, disease was limited to a single artery. In 11 of the 12 the disease was restricted to the right coronary or left circumflex arteries. Of the 12 patients with an isolated stenosis of the left anterior descending artery, 11 (92 percent) had a positive S-T segment response. Of 55 patients with 2- or 3-vessel disease, 51 (93 percent) demonstrated a positive S-T response. Graded treadmill exercise testing in 80 patients with chest pain, normal coronary art eriograms and normal left ventricular function revealed 4 (5 percent) with a false positive S-T segment response. The possible mechanisms underlying the high incidence of false negative exercise electrocardiographic tests in patients with disease isolated to the right coronary or left circumflex artery are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Levels of five lipogenic enzymes of rat liver cytosol rise or fall coordinately in response to nutritional variation, and evaluation of S and k in the transition from an initial level of enzyme to a final steady state tissue concentration indicates that the synthetic parameter is the major determinant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For various loss functions, the behavior of the optimal interval is investigated, a comparison is made with the usual non-decision-theoretic interval estimates, and applications and examples are discussed.
Abstract: Under an appropriate loss function, interval estimation may be regarded as a Bayesian decision-making procedure in which the objective is to find an interval that minimizes expected loss. For various loss functions, the behavior of the optimal interval is investigated, a comparison is made with the usual non-decision-theoretic interval estimates, and applications and examples are discussed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All indications are that the use of ultrasound to examine the cardiovascular system, and especially the heart, should expand markedly in the near future and play an increasingly valuable role in clinical cardiology.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that AChE was being carried by the fast axoplasmic transport system, which in earlier studies was estimated to have a characteristic rate close to 410 mm/day.
Abstract: — Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) is carried down mammalian nerve fibres by the fast axoplasmic transport system. This conclusion was derived from experiments involving the ligation of cat sciatic nerves at two sites placed 83.5 mm apart. The enzyme accumulated in segments of nerve proximal to the upper ligation in a linear fashion over a period of at least 20 h. At approximately 5 h the accumulation of enzyme ceased in the nerve segment proximal to the distal ligation within the isolated length of nerve, an observation indicating that the portion of AChE free to move within the isolated nerve had been depleted during this period of time. The freely moving fraction of AChE was estimated to be 15% of the total enzyme activity present in the nerve (10% in the proximo-distal direction and 5% in the retrograde direction). The rate of AChE downflow (as estimated from the intercept of the curve plotting accumulation with the line denoting when depletion started) was 431 mm/day within a 95% confidence interval of 357–543 mm/day. In view of the variability, our results demonstrated that AChE was being carried by the fast axoplasmic transport system, which in earlier studies was estimated to have a characteristic rate close to 410 mm/day. An accumulation of AChE was also found on the distal side of the ligations that represented a movement of AChE in the distal-proximal direction in the fibres. This retrograde transport was smaller in amount (about one-half) than the proximo-distal rate of transport, or close to 220 mm/day. The rate of AChE transport was discussed in relation to the ‘transport filament’ hypothesis of fast axoplasmic transport.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Unlike liver slices or the isolated perfused liver, these cells show increasing gluconeogenic rates with increasing lactate concentrations above 20 mM, and these cells actively incorporate NaHC14O3 into glucose and protein in the presence of lactate, alanine and pyruvate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The appearance of unifocal ventricular premature complexes during maximal or near maximal exercise testing should not be equated with the presence of clinically significant cardiac disease.
Abstract: The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias observed during maximal treadmill exercise testing was studied in 650 men aged 25 to 54 years. In 561 there was no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease; 89 were classified as having definite or suspected cardiovascular disease. The patients were divided into 3 age groups—25 to 34, 35 to 44 and 45 to 54 years—to define any age-related differences in the incidence of arrhythmias during exercise. Single or consecutive ventricular premature complexes were observed in 31 percent of the 25 to 34 year olds, 38 percent of the 35 to 44 year olds and 49 percent of the 45 to 54 year olds; the incidence of supraventricular premature complexes was 7, 10 and 14 percent, respectively. The incidence of both ventricular and supraventricular complexes increased with age. For any given age group the incidence of ventricular premature complexes was greater in patients with definite or suspected cardiovascular disease. These patients were more prone to demonstrate frequent ventricular premature complexes and had a higher incidence of multifocal ventricular premature beats and ventricular tachycardia. The ventricular premature complexes were also more likely to appear at lower heart rates during exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, the appearance of unifocal ventricular premature complexes during maximal or near maximal exercise testing should not be equated with the presence of clinically significant cardiac disease.


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1972-Genetics
TL;DR: Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis that glucose-metabolic enzymes are less genetically variable than non-glucose-metabolizing enzymes and that allozyme variation is maintained in natural populations by some form of balancing selection.
Abstract: The semispecies composing the superspecies, Drosophila paulistorum, have been analyzed for genetic variation at 17 enzyme loci. On the average a population of D. paulistorum is polymorphic for 55-67% of its loci and an average individual is heterozygous at 21% of its loci. The pattern of genetic variability found supports the hypothesis that allozyme variation is maintained in natural populations by some form of balancing selection. Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis that glucose-metabolizing enzymes are less genetically variable than non-glucose-metabolizing enzymes. The known genetic relationships between the semispecies of D. paulistorum are discussed in the light of the frequencies of alleles at allozyme loci.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nine cases of atrial myxoma, seven left and two right, have been diagnosed and successfully treated in the past five years, and the phonocardiography, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic features are discussed in detail.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the reinforcing value of a stimulus depends on the positive or negative direction of its correlation with primary reinforcement, rather than upon the amount of information that it conveys.
Abstract: Five pigeons were used to test the hypothesis that the source of reinforcement for observing behavior is the information that it provides concerning the schedule of primary reinforcement. On a variable-interval schedule, pecking the left-hand key produced a 30-sec display of such information. During this 30-sec period, when pecking the right-hand key was reinforced on a random-interval schedule, both keys were green; when no reinforcement was scheduled (extinction) both keys were red. Later, this baseline procedure, in which both red and green were available, was replaced for blocks of sessions by procedures in which either (a) the red was eliminated and only the green could be produced; or (b) the green was eliminated and only the red could be produced. The results were that green maintained rates of pecking on the left key that were as high or higher than when both colors were available and that red maintained no responding. It was concluded that the reinforcing value of a stimulus depends on the positive or negative direction of its correlation with primary reinforcement, rather than upon the amount of information that it conveys.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence and arguments are presented to support a thesis that central language deficits related to those found in children with developmental aphasia, but more severe, may be the necessary and sufficient cause of behavior which marks children as autistic and schizophrenic.
Abstract: Evidence and arguments are presented to support a thesis that central language deficits related to those found in children with developmental aphasia, but more severe, may be the necessary and sufficient cause of behavior which marks children as autistic and schizophrenic. Deficits which may cut across sensory modalities and differ between individuals, but remain stable within, can be identified in both groups. The two groups also share difficulties such as sequencing problems and deficiencies related to meaning of words that are more subtle than echolalia and pronominal reversal. Language deficits, however, are not said to be the only ones, as other handicaps may account for some variability in clinical cases. Also presented are two case reports illustrating results of an experimental nine-word language used in training and testing of psychotic children.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the difference threshold (DL) for brief tactile stimuli (taps) and vibrotactile stimuli (vibrations) was determined using a 2IFC procedure.
Abstract: The difference threshold (DL) for brief tactile stimuli (taps) and vibrotactile stimuli was determined using a 2IFC procedure. The measurements were made at several intensities both in quiet and in the presence of a background vibration. The results show that in the absence of background vibration the DLs for higher intensity stimuli are similar for both taps and vibration, whereas at lower intensities the DL is larger for taps. In the presence of background vibration the DL for vibratory stimuli is elevated to a much greater extent than it is for tap stimuli. The DL is affected by both the intensity of the signal and the intensity of the background vibration.