Showing papers by "Indiana University published in 1982"
01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define the differences between the two paradigms and suggest criteria for ensuring the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiry, and propose that naturalistic Inquiry better serves the social/ behavioral sciences.
Abstract: How suitable is the rationalistic paradigm for research focusing on human behavior? Proposing that naturalistic inquiry better serves the social/ behavioral sciences, the authors define the differences between the two paradigms and suggest criteria for ensuring the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiry.
1,307 citations
01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: Research in closely related fields (involving, for example, nonrepresentational pictures, graphic organizers, learner-produced drawings) is looked at, offering guidelines for practice.
Abstract: Can illustrations aid learning of text material? These authors review the results of 55 experiments comparing learning from illustrated text with learning from text alone. They go on to look at research in closely related fields (involving, for example, nonrepresentational pictures, graphic organizers, learner-produced drawings) and conclude by offering guidelines for practice.
832 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that biased attributions of aggressive boys may have some basis in their experience, in that they were frequently the targets of peers' aggressive behavior, but their own aggressive behavior toward peers, however, occurred at a much higher rate than the rate at which they were the target of aggression.
Abstract: 3 studies are reported which assess the nature and limits of a known bias on the part of aggressive boys to overattribute hostile intentions to peers. The first study determined that this bias is restricted to attributions of a peer's behavior toward an aggressive boy, and not to attributions of a peer's behavior toward a second peer. Biased attributions were implicated as a direct precedent to aggressive responses. The second study assessed the role of selective attention to and recall of hostile social cues in the formation of a biased attribution. It was found that selective recall of hostile cues did lead to a biased attribution, but that selective recall did not fully account for the attributional differences between aggressive and nonaggressive boys. Also, specific deficits in recall by aggressive boys were identified. The third study involved naturalistic observation of the peer-directed aggressive behaviors of boys in a controlled setting. It was found that the biased attributions of aggressive boys may have some basis in their experience, in that they were frequently the targets of peers' aggressive behavior. Their own aggressive behavior toward peers, however, occurred at a much higher rate than the rate at which they were the targets of aggression. These findings led to the formation of a social-information-processing model of aggressive behavior. Language: en
809 citations
01 Jan 1982
803 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the accessibility of attitudes from memory as a function of the manner of attitude formation and found that the attitude formation affects attitude-behavior consistency, and that repeated association of the attitude object and the attitudinal evaluation enhanced both attitude accessibility and attitude-behaviour consistency.
621 citations
TL;DR: A method that blocks unoccupied protein binding sites on NCM with the nonionic detergent Tween 20, rather than proteins, proved to be equivalent or superior to other methods evaluated in the detection of immunoreactive proteins, and permitted staining of the NCM for protein after immunological probing.
542 citations
TL;DR: Vitamin D administration may raise plasma cholesterol but there is no convincing evidence that the risk of myocardial infarction is increased, and the recommended total supply for the elderly of 20 micrograms/day is most unlikely to be harmful, except in patients with sarcoidosis or renal calculi.
506 citations
TL;DR: A new “integrated information response model” is proposed that appears to be in close accord with existing evidence on advertising response theories including the hierarchy of effects and low involvement learning models.
Abstract: This article reviews the development of advertising response theories including the hierarchy of effects and low involvement learning models. By combining concepts from several areas, a new “integr...
420 citations
01 Jan 1982
385 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a causal model of student attrition developed by the author (Bean, 1981) was reduced to 10 independent variables and the overall ranking of the independent variables in influencing dropout in descending order of importance was as follows: intent to leave; grades; opportunity to transfer; practical value; certainty of choice; loyalty; family approval; courses; student goals; and major and job certainty.
Abstract: A causal model of student attrition developed by the author (Bean, 1981) was reduced to 10 independent variables. Background variables were excluded from the analysis. The sample was partitioned into high- and low-confidence men and women based on interaction effects. The model was estimated using a sample of 1,574 college freshmen. TheR
2 for dropout ranged from .42 to .50. Based on the effects coefficients, the overall ranking of the independent variables in influencing dropout in descending order of importance was as follows: intent to leave; grades; opportunity to transfer; practical value; certainty of choice; loyalty; family approval; courses; student goals; and major and job certainty.
377 citations
TL;DR: Calcium nutrition is considerably more important in the genesis of osteoporosis than has been commonly thought for the past 35 yr, and the RDA for adults should surely not be lowered below its current level (800 mg), but that it ought to be raised.
TL;DR: Behaviorally-oriented program, often with special attention to changing the environment in which patients care for themselves, were consistently more successful at improving the clinical course of chronic disease.
TL;DR: Only performance-contingent reward behavior was found to affect subordinate performance significantly and positive relationships were found between leader contingent reward behavior and employee satisfaction.
Abstract: This study investigated the nature of the relationships between leader reward and punishment behaviors and subordinate performance and satisfaction. Only performance-contingent reward behavior was found to affect subordinate performance significantly. Positive relationships were found between leader contingent reward behavior and employee satisfaction. Contingent punishment had no effects on subordinate performance or satisfaction.
TL;DR: Sociometric nominations were used to select groups of popular, average, rejected, and neglected third- and fifth-grade children and the peer interactive behaviors of these children were naturalistically observed in their classrooms and on the playground.
Abstract: Sociometric nominations were used to select groups of popular, average, rejected, and neglected third- and fifth-grade children. In two studies, the peer interactive behaviors of these children were naturalistically observed in their classrooms and on the playground. In contrast to popular children, rejected children displayed fewer task-appropriate behaviors and more task-inappropriate and aggressive behaviors. Whereas rejected children prosocially approached peers as frequently as did popular children, peer responses to the approaches of rejected children were more likely to be negative. Neglected children, on the other hand, displayed relatively few task-inappropriate and aggressive behaviors, and socially approached peers infrequently. Their approaches also met with frequent rebuff by peers. The findings were discussed in terms of the behavioral bases of sociometric status. Suggestions were made for clinical researchers interested in behavioral change with rejected and neglected children.
TL;DR: Review of previous angiographic studies during life of 31 patients reported to have origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva indicated that 9 had symptoms of cardiac dysfunction in the absence of intraluminal coronary narrowing or associated noncoronary cardiac disease.
Abstract: Clinical and necropsy findings are described in 10 patients in whom the right coronary artery arose from the left coronary sinus and then passed to the right atrioventricular (A-V) sulcus by coursing between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. In 7 of the 10 patients, the coronary anomaly never caused symptoms of cardiac dysfunction. In the other three, all of whom died suddenly, the coronary anomaly was the only significant abnormality found at necropsy: One patient had recurring ventricular tachycardis, one had typical angina pectoris and, in one, sudden death was the initial manifestation of cardiac dysfunction. Review of previous angiographic studies during life of 31 patients reported to have origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva indicated that 9 had symptoms of cardiac dysfunction in the absence of intraluminal coronary narrowing or associated noncoronary cardiac disease. Thus, origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus may produce cardiac dysfunction that can be fatal.
TL;DR: Tumor deposits in these 11 nodal zones were correlated with the side of the primary lesion (right versus left side) and the extent of metastatic disease (B1, B2 or B3).
TL;DR: In this article, an electronic structural model for the absorption spectra of the ions M(bpy)/sub 3/sup 2 +/ (M = Fe, Ru, Os; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine).
Abstract: An electronic structural model, which includes spin-orbit coupling, is developed for the absorption spectra of the ions M(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ (M = Fe, Ru, Os; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). It is found that, even for Os, the excited states can be classified as singlets and triplets although there is considerable mixing between the pure spin states. Consequently, the luminescent excited states of Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ and Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ are assigned as being states largely triplet in character. Explicit assignments of the absorption spectra for the complexes are proposed. The implications of the present treatment relative to other theoretical analyses are discussed. 8 figures, 7 tables.
TL;DR: In this article, a unified approach to many recently established correlation inequalities was presented, and a simple proof of the mass gap for the λ(φ4)2 quantum field model was obtained.
Abstract: Ferromagnetic lattice spin systems can be expressed as gases of random walks interacting via a soft core repulsion. By using a mixed spinrandom walk representation we present a unified approach to many recently established correlation inequalities. As an application of these inequalities we obtain a simple proof of the mass gap for the λ(φ4)2 quantum field model. We also establish new upper bounds on critical temperatures.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of intramolecular isotopic analyses are combined with molecular-average isotopic compositions determined by total combustion in order to show that fatty acids biosynthesized by Escherichia coli grown aerobically with glucose as the sole carbon source and harvested at late log phase are depleted by approximately 3% in 13 C relative to the glucose.
TL;DR: A taxonomy of functional turnover and managerial control that may reduce this tendency is suggested in this paper, with implications for practitioners and organizational theorists, and the taxonomy is discussed in detail.
Abstract: The issue is the measurement of turnover. The traditional reliance on a metric derived from a dichotomy which describes turnover as either voluntary or involuntary has the clear effect of overstating the gravity of turn-over for any organization. It also serves to perpetuate the notion that voluntary turnover invariably is detrimental to the organization. A taxonomy, which introduces the notions of functional turnover and managerial control that may reduce this tendency, is suggested. Implications for practitioners and organizational theorists are discussed.
TL;DR: Regional brain levels of serotonin, dopamine, dopamine and norepinephrine were determined in alcohol-naive rats from lines selectively bred for alcohol preference (P) and alcohol aversion (nonpreference, NP), possibly suggesting an involvement of these regional serotonergic systems in alcohol preference.
Abstract: Regional brain levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were determined in alcohol-naive rats from lines selectively bred for alcohol preference (P) and alcohol aversion (nonpreference, NP). Based on comparison by a standard t-test, the P rats had 12% lower NE in the pons-medulla, 20% higher NE and 16% lower DA content in the cerebral cortex (CX) than did the NP rats. However, the predominant finding was that the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA were 12-26% lower for the P than for the NP rats in the CX, hippocampus (HIP), corpus striatum (STR), thalamus (TH) and hypothalamus (HY). Regional CNS monoamines from a group of independently bred, stock Wistar rats were also compared with the NP and P groups to determine if the selectively bred rats differed widely from an unselected population. In most instances, the NP and P rats fell within the range of the stock group. When the stock group was included in an analysis of variance of the data, post-hoc differences between the NP and P groups that remained significant were the lower levels of 5-HT (and in some cases 5-HIAA) in the CX, HIP, STR, TH and HY of the P group. In the HY and HIP, the 5-HT levels of the P and NP animals diverged significantly in opposite directions from those of the stock group, possibly suggesting an involvement of these regional serotonergic systems in alcohol preference.
TL;DR: P Pulse labeling of proteins, in vivo, followed by indirect immunoprecipitation of the vitellogenin polypeptides, has shown that not only the thoracic and abdominal fat bodies but also the ovary devote a significant percentage of their synthetic capacity to viteLLogenin (VG) production.
TL;DR: The noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic cell groups of the brain stem and caudal diencephalon, and their projections, were examined in neonatal and adult squirrel monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and stump-tail monkeys utilizing the Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde condensation reaction.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the beta 2-tubulin subunit that forms the Drosophila sperm axoneme is not functionally restricted but serves multiple functions in spermatogenesis, including the assembly of both singlet and doublet tubules.
TL;DR: Atropine and atropine plus propranolol shorten the Q-T interval independent of rate, demonstrating a direct vagal effect on the Q -T interval.
Abstract: Drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system can influence the Q-T interval directly or by changing the heart rate. Bazett's formula to correct for rate may be misleading after certain drug interventions. This hypothesis was tested in 20 patients receiving both propranolol (0.15 mg/kg intravenously) and atropine (0.03 mg/kg intravenously). Six patients received propranolol first, 7 patients received atropine first, and 7 patients received atropine plus propranolol simultaneously. During control and after drug intervention, the Q-T interval was measured directly in sinus rhythm and during a fixed atrial paced rate, and was calculated using Bazett's formula. The ventricular effective refractory period was also determined in 6 patients after administration of atropine plus propranolol. The sinus cycle length (836 ± 156 to 648 ± 84 ms, mean ± standard deviation), measured Q-T interval (367 ± 26 to 329 ± 26 ms), and atrially paced Q-T interval (330 ± 28 to 315 ±27 ms) shortened after atropine plus propranolol (p <0.001), but the corrected Q-T interval with use of Bazett's formula did not change (402 ± 33 to 412 ± 24 ms). The ventricular effective refractory period also shortened from 241 to 20 to 218 ± 21 ms after atropine plus propranolol (p <0.02). The sinus cycle length increased after propranolol (750 ± 97 to 907 ± 108 ms, p <0.001), but no change occurred in the measured Q-T interval or atrial paced Q-T interval although the corrected Q-T interval using Bazett's formula was greatly shortened (428 ± 15 to 391 ±22 ms, p <0.001). The sinus cycle length, measured Q-T interval, and atrially paced Q-T interval decreased after atropine (p <0.01), but the corrected Q-T interval lengthened (375 ± 29 to 418 ± 28 ms, p <0.01).
In summary, atropine and atropine plus propranolol shorten the Q-T interval independent of rate, demonstrating a direct vagal effect on the Q-T interval. Bazett's formula inaccurately predicts the Q-T interval after administration of atropine, propranolol, and atropine plus propranolol.
TL;DR: The value of a newly described echocardiographic sign for the detection of cardiac tamponade was retrospectively evaluated in 91 patients and appears to be a reliable indicator that the pericardial effusion is exerting little effect on overall cardiac function.
Abstract: The value of a newly described echocardiographic sign for the detection of cardiac tamponade was retrospectively evaluated in 91 patients. M-mode echocardiograms were reviewed in 86 patients, 36 of whom had concurrent two-dimensional echocardiographic examinations; in five patients, only two-dimensional echocardiography was performed. Cardiac tamponade was clinically present in 17 patients, 14 of whom had abnormal posterior motion of the right ventricular free wall in early diastole. Two of the 17 patients with tamponade had equivocally abnormal motion and one had normal wall motion. The patient with normal wall motion was later proved to have predominantly constrictive pericardial disease. In all cases, the abnormal wall motion reverted to normal after a definitive drainage procedure. Two-dimensional echocardiography confirmed that the abnormal right ventricular wall motion represented a true collapse of the right ventricular cavity in early diastole. Of the 69 patients without clinical cardiac tamponade, only seven had abnormal right ventricular wall motion. Detection of abnormal diastolic right ventricular free wall motion may be a sensitive indicator or a hemodynamically significant pericardial effusion. Conversely, the presence of normal motion of the right ventricular free wall appears to be a reliable indicator that the pericardial effusion is exerting little effect on overall cardiac function.
TL;DR: The compositional differences in preterm milk (increased protein and mineral content) are generally characteristic of colostrum and may reflect a prolonged colostral phase in premature mothers who are establishing lactation by artificial means during periods of emotional stress.
Abstract: The composition of human milk from mothers delivering prematurely (PT) and at term (T) was studied over the first weeks of lactation. Complete 24 h milk expressions were obtained by electric pump at weekly or biweekly intervals through 44 wk conceptual age (120 samples from 20 PT mothers and 28 samples from 7 T mothers). PT milk was found to contain significantly higher concentrations than T milk of the following nutrients: total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, sodium, chloride, magnesium and iron. No differences were found between T and PT milk for nonprotein nitrogen, volume, solids, total calories, lactose, fat, fatty acids, potassium or calcium. The nutrients supplied to a 33 wk preterm infant fed 200 ml/kg/day of "average" PT milk were in excess of theoretic intrauterine requirements for all substrates except calcium and phosphorus. PT human milk is theoretically more suitable for the premature infant than either mature or term human milk, but may be deficient in specific nutrients for the very low birth weight baby.