Showing papers by "Indiana University published in 1984"

The Body Esteem Scale: multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population.

Abstract: Norms and reliability and validity data are presented for an objectively scored Body Esteem Scale. Factor analysis of the scale revealed that body esteem is a multidimensional construct which differs for males and females. For males, the body esteem dimensions dealt with physical attractiveness, upper body strength, and physical condition. For females, the dimensions dealt with sexual attractiveness, weight concern, and physical condition. The three aspects of males' body esteem were more highly intercorrelated than those of the females, indicating a greater degree of body esteem differentiation for females than for males.

A New Look at Dissonance Theory

Abstract: Publisher Summary Cognitive dissonance occurs when a cognition that a person holds follows from the obverse of another. This chapter examines those relationships and proposes a new definition of cognitive dissonance. The state of the empirical findings to move toward a more comprehensive view of dissonance is reviewed in the chapter. When one understands what produces dissonance, it still needs further elaboration of the process to understand adequately the cognitive changes that ensue. The concept of dissonance must be differentiated into the concepts of dissonance arousal and dissonance motivation. It leads to the cognitive changes that are generally associated with cognitive dissonance. The integrative review of dissonance research is provided in the chapter. This survey narrows the scope of the theory, because it identifies the limited conditions under which dissonance effects are most likely to arise; cognitive dissonance is not the product of opposing cognitions. Dissonance theory concepts are applied to a broad range of phenomena so that the formulation remains exceedingly important.

Instrument development for health belief model constructs

Abstract: Research was conducted to develop valid and reliable scales to test the Health Belief Model (HBM). The dependent variable chosen for scale development was frequency of breast self-examination. Independent variables were constructs related to the HBM: susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, and health motivation. Analyses for construct validity and theory testing included factor analysis and multiple regression. Chronbach Alpha and Pearson r were used to compute reliabilities. Scales that were judged valid and reliable were susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, and health motivation.

Interfirm Influence Strategies and Their Application within Distribution Channels

Abstract: This article focuses on the use of influence strategies by boundary personnel within distribution channel relationships. Alternative strategies are discussed in terms of their operational character...

The assessment of intention-cue detection skills in children: implications for developmental psychopathology.

Abstract: A reliable measure of children's skills in discriminating intention cues in others was developed for this investigation in order to test the hypothesis that intention-cue detection skill is related to social competence in children Videotapes were prepared in which one child provoked another child The intention of the first child varied across videotapes The subject's task was to discriminate among types of intentions Care was taken to ensure that scores on this measure were not confounded by a child's verbal capacity or general discrimination skill This instrument was administered to 176 children in kindergarten, second grade, and fourth grade, who were identified by sociometric measures as having a peer status as popular, average, socially rejected, or socially neglected Scores on this measure were found to increase as a function of increasing age, and normal children (popular and average) were found to score more highly than deviant children (neglected and rejected) The errors by deviant children tended to consist of erroneous labels of prosocial intentions as hostile Also, children's statements about their probable behavioral responses to provocations by peers were found to vary as a function of subjects' perceptions of the intention of the peer causing the provocation, not as a function of the actual intention portrayed by the peer Sociometric status differences in these responses were also found These findings were consistent with a hypothesis of a developmental lag among socially deviant children in the acquisition of intention-cue detection skills

Predicting the Onset of Cigarette Smoking in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract: In a longitudinal study, the second-year-smoking status of adolescents who were initially Nonsmokers or Triers was predicted from their Year 1 standing on three types of social psychological variables: Ajzen and Fishbein's factors (predicting smoking transitions from attitudes, normative beliefs and behavioral intentions about smoking); Jessor and Jessor's distal variables (predicting smoking transitions from more generalized personality and perceived environment factors), and smoking environment variables (predicting smoking transitions from the extent of smoking models in an adolescent's social milieu). The predictive power of these three categories of factors was compared. All three classes of social psychological variables were statistically significant predictors of smoking transition, although the Ajzen and Fishbein variables were more important for Triers while the Jessor and Jessor and smoking environment variables were more important for initial Never Smokers. Moreover, each category of variables made independent contributions to the prediction of smoking transition. Finally, there were several age and sex differences in the relative importance of predictor variables. Implications of these findings for the design of effective smoking prevention programs are discussed. Smoking prevention programs might be more effective if they were aimed at a specific high risk audience (as identified by the current study) rather than at a general adolescent population.

Ultrafast Voltammetry and Voltammetry in Highly Resistive Solutions with Microvoltammetric Electrodes

Abstract: On peut realiser des etudes de voltammetrie cyclique en presence d'electrodes microvoltammetriques, a des vitesses de balayage tres rapides (jusqu'a 100 kVs −1 ) ou dans des solutions a forte resistivite par suite d'une chute ohmique reduite et de la capacite de la double couche

The Relationships Among Beliefs, Organizational Position, and Whistle-Blowing Status: A Discriminant Analysis

Abstract: Survey data from a random sample of 8,500 employees were examined to determine whether persons who report perceived organizational wrongdoing differ from other employees as to their beliefs about o...

The development of non-germ cell malignancies within germ cell tumors : a clinicopathologic study of 11 cases

Abstract: Eleven male patients had germ cell tumors of the testis (7), mediastinum (3), or retroperitoneum (1) in which non-germ cell malignancies developed. Such malignant non-germ cell elements were present in the primary excisions of five patients and were subsequently found in additional resected tissue in 10 of 11 patients. In the patients who had multiple pathology specimens examined, a progression from atypia to predominant non-germ cell malignancy was often found. The authors believe these malignant elements arose within teratomatous foci, since eight of nine cases had teratoma in the primary tumor, and teratoma was found in subsequently resected tissue in one additional case. Cisplatin therapy frequently "unmasked" the non-germ cell malignant elements by destroying the more chemosensitive germ cell cancers. The prognosis was worst for five patients who developed progressive embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: two of these patients died of local spread of tumor, whereas a third died of metastatic sarcoma. Only one patient, who had total surgical excision of rhabdomyosarcoma, survived. Other forms of sarcoma that developed within germ cell tumors did not appear to adversely affect the prognosis beyond that of teratoma. It is currently recommended, when feasible, that patients with teratoma and sarcoma undergo total surgical excision. Further treatment with cisplatin regimens, after eradication of the germ cell component, has not been helpful. The role of other forms of chemotherapy remains speculative.

Aluminum Intoxication from Aluminum-Containing Phosphate Binders in Children with Azotemia Not Undergoing Dialysis

Abstract: Aluminum intoxication developed in three infants with azotemia who were not undergoing dialysis and who had been treated with aluminum hydroxide from the first month of life. Biopsies of the iliac crest demonstrated the presence of severe osteomalacia and massive deposition of aluminum in the bone. Serum aluminum levels were significantly (P<0.001) higher in these 3 infants and in 1 other, all of whom received more than 100 mg of elemental aluminum per kilogram of body weight per day (mean ±S.D., 371.0+178.9 ng per milliliter [13.75+6.6±6.6 μmol per liter]) than they were in 8 older children with azotemia who were not undergoing dialysis and who received less than 100 mg of elemental aluminum per kilogram per day (27.0±18.6 ng per milliliter [1.0±0.68 μmol per liter]), 7 such children who did not receive aluminum hydroxide (20.28±9.2 ng per milliliter [0.75±0.34 μmol per liter]), and 16 children with normal renal function (21.04±4.9 ng per milliliter [0.78±0.18 μmol per liter]). In all the childr...

Social information processing in child psychiatric populations

Abstract: This study examined three kinds of social information-processing deficits in child psychiatric populations. The deficits studied were response decision biases, hostile attributional biases, and cue-utilization deficiencies. Subjects were diagnosed as hyperactive/aggressive (H/A) (n = 24), exclusively hyperactive (n = 14), exclusively aggressive (n = 14), psychiatric control (n = 23), and normal control (NC) (n = 60) boys according to procedures suggested by Loney and Milich (1982). They were administered several tasks to solicit information-processing patterns. The H/A group was found to be deficient in all three areas assessed, relative to the NC group. They were also deficient in response decisions and cue-utilization, relative to the other three groups of psychiatrically referred boys. Discriminant function analyses demonstrated that the H/A group displayed a distinct processing pattern. These results were found to be relevant to the study of behavior disorders, to social information processing theory, and to intervention efforts with these boys.

Brown & Hanlon revisited: mothers' sensitivity to ungrammatical forms*

Abstract: Brown & Hanlon (1970) reported that parents' explicit approval or disapproval of their child's utterances was not contingent on the well-formedness of that utterance. Rather, parents seemed attuned to the semantic value of their child's speech. Using 40 mother–child dyads, 10 from each of four age groups, 2–5 years, we replicated these results. We expanded upon this earlier work, however, to suggest that parents are not totally indifferent to the grammatical form of their child's utterances. Focusing on repetitions, we found that mothers are more inclined to repeat ungrammatical than grammatical sentences generated by 2- year-old subjects. This indicates that the language learning environment does present subtle cues that distinguish between well-formed and ill-formed sentences. Whether the child is capable of capitalizing on these cues remains unanswered.

Using television to alleviate boredom and stress: Selective exposure as a function of induced excitational states

Abstract: Bored versus stressed subjects were provided with opportunities to watch television. Bored subjects more frequently selected exciting than relaxing programs, while stressed subjects selected similar quantities of each program type.

The renal metabolism of insulin.

Abstract: The kidney plays a pivotal role in the clearance and degradation of circulating insulin and is also an important site of insulin action. The kidney clears insulin via two distinct routes. The first route entails glomerular filtration and subsequent luminal reabsorption of insulin by proximal tubular cells by means of endocytosis. The second involves diffusion of insulin from peritubular capillaries and subsequent binding of insulin to the contraluminal membranes of tubular cells, especially those lining the distal half of the nephron. Insulin delivered to the latter sites stimulates several important processes, including reabsorption of sodium, phosphate, and glucose. In contrast, insulin delivered to proximal tubular cells is degraded to oligopeptides and amino-acids by one of two poorly delineated enzymatic pathways. One pathway probably involves the sequential action of insulin protease and either GIT or non-specific proteases; the other probably involves the sequential action of GIT and lysosomal proteases. The products of insulin degradation are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries, apparently via simple diffusion. Impairment of the renal clearance of insulin prolongs the half-life of circulating insulin by a number of mechanisms and often results in a decrease in the insulin requirement of diabetic patients. Much needs to be learned about these metabolic events at the subcellular level and how they are affected by disease states. Owing to the heterogeneity of cell types within the kidney and to their anatomical and functional polarity, investigation of these areas will be challenging indeed.

Effects of static and cyclic compressive loading on articular cartilage plugs in vitro.

Abstract: The influence of static and intermittent stress on articular cartilage metabolism was examined in vitro. Full-thickness plugs of cartilage from femoral condyles of normal adult dogs were cultured while static or cyclic stresses were applied for 2 hours. The plugs were then incubated under atmospheric pressure for 2 hours in medium containing radioactive label, to provide measurements of net synthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) or protein. As a control, cartilage from the same knee was cultured in the apparatus at atmospheric pressure. When cartilage plugs were exposed to static stress, or to cyclic stresses at a duty cycle of 60 seconds on/60 seconds off, net GAG synthesis was suppressed to 30-60% of that in controls. In contrast, when a duty cycle of 4 seconds on/11 seconds off was used, GAG synthesis was increased by 34%. The duty cycle which increased GAG synthesis did not affect protein synthesis or tissue contents of DNA, uronic acid, or water. At the cycle which suppressed GAG synthesis, protein synthesis and uronic acid content were decreased, and water content was increased. As judged by uptake of 14C-aminoisobutyric acid and 14C-xylose, the above changes in GAG synthesis do not appear to have been due to changes in diffusion of nutrient molecules through the cartilage during loading.

Electron transfer from aromatic hydrocarbons and their .pi.-complexes with metals. Comparison of the standard oxidation potentials and vertical ionization potentials

Abstract: Les parametres energetiques du transfert d'electrons pour une serie d'alkylbenzenes substitues sont mesures en solution et en phase gazeuse. Les potentiels d'oxydation standards E Ar 0 sont obtenus a partir de voltammogrammes cycliques reversibles dans l'acide fluorhydrique en presence d'electrodes microvoltammetriques. Les valeurs obtenues sont en bonne correlation avec les potentiels d'ionisation des hydrocarbures aromatiques en phase gazeuse. Cas aussi, des polyalkylbenzenes. Donnees, de plus, sur les hydrocarbures aromatiques complexes π au chrome tricarbonyle

Automatic and Controlled Processing Revisited

Abstract: The theory of automatic and controlled processing outlined in Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and in Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) is defended in the present note. We argue that the criticisms of Ryan (1983) range from irrelevant to incorrect, based on a brief review of data from the 1977 articles and on some more recent publications. The evidence Ryan discusses comes from the prememorized-list paradigm, a paradigm that undoubtedly involves automatic and controlled processes but probably not automatic detection and controlled search. We argue that a variety of mechanisms consistent with our general theory, some automatic and some controlled, could be operating in the prememorized-list paradigm and can explain the observed results. A theory of automatic and controlled processing was outlined and given empirical support in the articles of Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977). The characteristics of both types of processes were established through examination of particular examples of each of these classes of processes. These examples, of critical importance in many search and attention tasks, were termed automatic detection and controlled search, and their characteristics were determined empirically. In particular, in memory- or visual-search tasks, consistent mapping (CM) refers to paradigms in which targets and distractors never exchange roles over trials of the study. Varied mapping (VM) refers to paradigms in which targets on one trial may be distractors on another, and vice versa. We demonstrated that extended testing in CM paradigms led to a marked flattening of the set-size functions and to a number of other prominent effects. We termed the processes used by subjects, automatic detection. In contrast, the use of a VM procedure, however extended, leaves intact the form and the slope of the set-size function. We termed the processes used in this situation, controlled search. Based on the findings, we postulated that automatic processing is generally a fast, parallel, fairly

Subaerial Debris-Flow Deposition in the Upper Paleozoic Cutler Formation, Western Colorado

Abstract: Outcrops of the lower part of the Cutler Formation near Gateway, Colorado, contain proximal alluvial-fan deposits of two principal lithofacies. The diamictite lithofacies (D) consists of a variety of sharply bounded, massive, muddy beds which are interpreted as deposits of subaerial debris flows. The gravelly sandstone lithofacies (S) consists of amalgamated beds of laminated and cross-bedded conglomeratic sandstones which are interpreted as water-deposited sediments. Clasts in S are rarely larger than 0.5 m in maximum diameter, but clasts in D are commonly much larger (up to 8 m). Both normal and inverse grading are visible in D, but grading is generally not well developed in either lithofacies. Imbrication of clasts, although more pronounced and more consistent in S, is fairly commo in both lithofacies. Four subfacies of diamictite are distinguishable on the basis of clast packing and grading: massive matrix-supported (Dram), graded matrix-supported (Dmg), inversely graded clast-supported (Dci), and massive clast-supported (Dcm). Given the hydrodynamic and rheologic properties of debris flows as reported by previous workers, four debris-flow regimes are postulated on the basis of varying water content and clast interaction. Subfacies Dram and Drag typify deposits of flows having viscous clast interactions; subfacies Dci represents deposits of flows having inertial or colliding clast interactions. Subfacies Dram comprises deposits of flows with demonstrably high yield strengths. Subfacies Dcm represents deposits of flows in which yield strength was insufficient to support most clasts. This classification specifically recognizes turbulence, selective deposition, and bedload transport of clasts as essential characteristics of certain dilute debris flows. It also accommodates as debris-flow deposits some beds which have features usually associated with aqueous deposition, including clast frameworks, channelization, imbrication, and normal grading.

Objective and subjective components in mothers' perceptions of their children from age 6 months to 3 years.

Abstract: There has been considerable discussion in the literature about the meaning of parent reports of child characteristics, particularly in the area of temperament. Some have suggested that the reports are essentially reflections of the child's ac tual, objectifiable behavior; others, that they are essentially reflections of the parents' cognitive characteristics. In the most comprehensive way to date, the current study evaluated the model that parent reports consist of both objective and subjective factors. In the context of a longitudinal study, 27 different mother-report scales were collected at the ages 6, 13, 24, and 36 months. The scales measured various constructs of temperament, mother-child relationship, child competence, and problem behavior. Factor analysis of the scales indicated that mothers' perceptions of their children were differentiated in meaningful and consistent ways throughout the years. For example, the difficultness scales from different ages loaded on the same factor and were relatively distinct from other temperament scales. Large sets of bivariate and multivariate correlations be tween the mother-report scales and mother personality, family background, ob servational, and father-report variables led to the conclusion that there is robust support for the model that mother reports consist of both objective and subjec tive components.

Alcohol preference and voluntary alcohol intakes of inbred rat strains and the National Institutes of Health heterogeneous stock of rats.

Abstract: The alcohol preference ratios and the daily free-choice ethanol intakes (10% ethanol versus water) of the newly constituted National Institutes of Health (NIH) heterogeneous stock (N/Nih) rats, and of the eight inbred strains from which N/Nih derived, were measured. Among the eight inbred strains, ACI/N, WKY/N, F344/N, BUF/N, BN/Ssn, WN/N, M520/N, and MR/N, the ACI exhibited the lowest preference and intakes and the MR and the M520 the highest. The mean values for the N/Nih animals were intermediate among those of the inbred strains. The range of intake for the N/Nih rats was 0.06-9.5 g/kg of body weight/day, indicating that they should serve as an appropriate foundation in selection studies for alcohol-drinking preference.

Attitude Accessibility as a Function of Repeated Attitudinal Expression

Abstract: The accessibility of attitudes from memory was examined as a function of the strength of the association between the attitude object and the evaluation. The strength of the object-evaluation association was manipulated by varying the number of times (zero, one, three, or six) that subjects expressed their attitudes toward a given issue on an attitude survey. Accessibility was operationalized as the latency of response to an attitudinal inquiry. A quadratic relation between number of expressions and latency was observed, such that initial expressions decreased response latency more than did subsequent expressions. The nature of the experiment also permitted a correlational examination of the relation between attitude extremity and attitude accessibility. A significant but not very substantial correlation was found. The results are discussed in terms of their implications both for the process by which attitudes guide behavior and/or attitude measurement practices.

Intragastric Self-Infusion of Ethanol by Ethanol-Preferring and -Nonpreferring Lines of Rats

Abstract: An ethanol-preferring line of rats, developed by selective breeding, consumed as much as 9.4 +/- 1.7 grams of ethanol per kilogram of body weight per day through intragastric self-infusions, yielding blood ethanol concentrations of 92 to 415 milligrams per 100 milliliters. By contrast, the ethanol- nonpreferring line self-administered only 0.7 +/- 0.2 gram per kilogram per day. These findings indicate that the reinforcing effect of ethanol is postabsorptive and is not mediated by the drug's smell or taste. Hence the ethanol-preferring line of rats may be suitable animal model of alcoholism.